List of large language models

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A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language models with many parameters, and are trained with self-supervised learning on a vast amount of text.

Contents

This page lists notable large language models.

List

For the training cost column, 1 petaFLOP-day = 1 petaFLOP/sec × 1 day = 8.64E19 FLOP. Also, only the largest model's cost is written.

NameRelease date [a] DeveloperNumber of parameters (billion) [b] Corpus sizeTraining cost (petaFLOP-day)License [c] Notes
Attention Is All You Need June 2017 Vaswani et al at Google 0.21336 million English-French sentence pairs0.09 [1] UnreleasedTrained for 0.3M steps on 8 NVIDIA P100 GPUs. Training and evaluation code released under Apache 2.0 license. [2]
GPT-1 June 2018 OpenAI 0.117Unknown1 [3] MIT [4] First GPT model, decoder-only transformer. Trained for 30 days on 8 P600 GPUs.
BERT October 2018 Google 0.340 [5] 3.3 billion words [5] 9 [6] Apache 2.0 [7] An early and influential language model. [8] Encoder-only and thus not built to be prompted or generative. [9] Training took 4 days on 64 TPUv2 chips. [10]
T5 October 2019 Google 11 [11] 34 billion tokens [11] Apache 2.0 [12] Base model for many Google projects, such as Imagen. [13]
XLNet June 2019 Google 0.340 [14] 33 billion words330 Apache 2.0 [15] An alternative to BERT; designed as encoder-only. Trained on 512 TPU v3 chips for 5.5 days. [16]
GPT-2 February 2019 OpenAI 1.5 [17] 40GB [18] (~10 billion tokens) [19] 28 [20] MIT [21] Trained on 32 TPUv3 chips for 1 week. [20]
GPT-3 May 2020 OpenAI 175 [22] 300 billion tokens [19] 3640 [23] Proprietary A fine-tuned variant of GPT-3, termed GPT-3.5, was made available to the public through a web interface called ChatGPT in 2022. [24]
GPT-NeoMarch 2021 EleutherAI 2.7 [25] 825 GiB [26] Unknown MIT [27] The first of a series of free GPT-3 alternatives released by EleutherAI. GPT-Neo outperformed an equivalent-size GPT-3 model on some benchmarks, but was significantly worse than the largest GPT-3. [27]
GPT-J June 2021 EleutherAI 6 [28] 825 GiB [26] 200 [29] Apache 2.0 GPT-3-style language model
Megatron-Turing NLGOctober 2021 [30] Microsoft and Nvidia 530 [31] 338.6 billion tokens [31] 38000 [32] UnreleasedTrained for 3 months on over 2000 A100 GPUs on the NVIDIA Selene Supercomputer, for over 3 million GPU-hours [32]
Ernie 3.0 TitanDecember 2021 Baidu 260 [33] 4TBUnknown Proprietary Chinese-language LLM. Ernie Bot is based on this model.
Claude [34] December 2021 Anthropic 52 [35] 400 billion tokens [35] Unknown Proprietary Fine-tuned for desirable behavior in conversations. [36]
GLaM (Generalist Language Model)December 2021 Google 1200 [37] 1.6 trillion tokens [37] 5600 [37] Proprietary Sparse mixture of experts model, making it more expensive to train but cheaper to run inference compared to GPT-3.
GopherDecember 2021 DeepMind 280 [38] 300 billion tokens [39] 5833 [40] Proprietary Later developed into the Chinchilla model.
LaMDA (Language Models for Dialog Applications)January 2022 Google 137 [41] 1.56T words, [41] 168 billion tokens [39] 4110 [42] Proprietary Specialized for response generation in conversations.
GPT-NeoXFebruary 2022 EleutherAI 20 [43] 825 GiB [26] 740 [29] Apache 2.0 based on the Megatron architecture
Chinchilla March 2022 DeepMind 70 [44] 1.4 trillion tokens [44] [39] 6805 [40] Proprietary Reduced-parameter model trained on more data. Used in the Sparrow bot. Often cited for its neural scaling law.
PaLM (Pathways Language Model)April 2022 Google 540 [45] 768 billion tokens [44] 29,250 [40] Proprietary Trained for ~60 days on ~6000 TPU v4 chips. [40]
OPT (Open Pretrained Transformer)May 2022 Meta 175 [46] 180 billion tokens [47] 310 [29] Non-commercial research [d] GPT-3 architecture with some adaptations from Megatron. Uniquely, the training logbook written by the team was published. [48]
YaLM 100BJune 2022 Yandex 100 [49] 1.7TB [49] Unknown Apache 2.0 English-Russian model based on Microsoft's Megatron-LM
MinervaJune 2022 Google 540 [50] 38.5B tokens from webpages filtered for mathematical content and from papers submitted to the arXiv preprint server [50] Unknown Proprietary For solving "mathematical and scientific questions using step-by-step reasoning". [51] Initialized from PaLM models, then finetuned on mathematical and scientific data.
BLOOM July 2022Large collaboration led by Hugging Face 175 [52] 350 billion tokens (1.6TB) [53] UnknownResponsible AIEssentially GPT-3 but trained on a multi-lingual corpus (30% English excluding programming languages)
GalacticaNovember 2022 Meta 120106 billion tokens [54] UnknownCC-BY-NC-4.0Trained on scientific text and modalities.
AlexaTM (Teacher Models)November 2022 Amazon 20 [55] 1.3 trillion [56] Unknown Proprietary [57] Bidirectional sequence-to-sequence architecture
Llama February 2023 Meta AI 65 [58] 1.4 trillion [58] 6300 [59] Non-commercial research [e] Corpus has 20 languages. "Overtrained" (compared to Chinchilla scaling law) for better performance with fewer parameters. [58]
GPT-4 March 2023 OpenAI Unknown [f]
(According to rumors: 1760) [61] 		UnknownUnknown,
estimated 230,000		 Proprietary Available for all ChatGPT users now and used in several products.
ChameleonJune 2024 Meta AI 34 [62] 4.4 trillionUnknownNon-commercial research [63]
Cerebras-GPTMarch 2023 Cerebras 13 [64] 270 [29] Apache 2.0 Trained with Chinchilla formula.
FalconMarch 2023 Technology Innovation Institute 40 [65] 1 trillion tokens, from RefinedWeb (filtered web text corpus) [66] plus some "curated corpora". [67] 2800 [59] Apache 2.0 [68]
BloombergGPTMarch 2023 Bloomberg L.P. 50363 billion token dataset based on Bloomberg's data sources, plus 345 billion tokens from general purpose datasets [69] UnknownUnreleasedTrained on financial data from proprietary sources, for financial tasks
PanGu-Σ March 2023 Huawei 1085329 billion tokens [70] Unknown Proprietary
OpenAssistant [71] March 2023 LAION 171.5 trillion tokensUnknown Apache 2.0 Trained on crowdsourced open data
Jurassic-2 [72] March 2023 AI21 Labs UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Multilingual [73]
PaLM 2 (Pathways Language Model 2)May 2023 Google 340 [74] 3.6 trillion tokens [74] 85,000 [59] Proprietary Was used in Bard chatbot. [75]
Llama 2 July 2023 Meta AI 70 [76] 2 trillion tokens [76] 21,000 Llama 2 license 1.7 million A100-hours. [77]
Claude 2 July 2023 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Used in Claude chatbot. [78]
Granite 13b July 2023 IBM UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Used in IBM Watsonx. [79]
Mistral 7B September 2023 Mistral AI 7.3 [80] UnknownUnknown Apache 2.0
Claude 2.1 November 2023 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Used in Claude chatbot. Has a context window of 200,000 tokens, or ~500 pages. [81]
Grok 1 [82] November 2023 xAI 314UnknownUnknown Apache 2.0 Used in Grok chatbot. Grok 1 has a context length of 8,192 tokens and has access to X (Twitter). [83]
Gemini 1.0 December 2023 Google DeepMind UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Multimodal model, comes in three sizes. Used in the chatbot of the same name. [84]
Mixtral 8x7B December 2023 Mistral AI 46.7UnknownUnknown Apache 2.0 Outperforms GPT-3.5 and Llama 2 70B on many benchmarks. [85] Mixture of experts model, with 12.9 billion parameters activated per token. [86]
Mixtral 8x22B April 2024 Mistral AI 141UnknownUnknown Apache 2.0 [87]
DeepSeek-LLM November 29, 2023 DeepSeek 672T tokens [88] : table 2 12,000DeepSeek LicenseTrained on English and Chinese text. 1e24 FLOPs for 67B. 1e23 FLOPs for 7B [88] : figure 5 
Phi-2 December 2023 Microsoft 2.71.4T tokens419 [89] MIT Trained on real and synthetic "textbook-quality" data, for 14 days on 96 A100 GPUs. [89]
Gemini 1.5 February 2024 Google DeepMind UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Multimodal model, based on a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture. Context window above 1 million tokens. [90]
Gemini Ultra February 2024 Google DeepMind UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary
GemmaFebruary 2024 Google DeepMind 76T tokensUnknownGemma Terms of Use [91]
Claude 3 March 2024 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Includes three models, Haiku, Sonnet, and Opus. [92]
DBRX March 2024 Databricks and Mosaic ML 13612T tokensUnknownDatabricks Open Model License [93] [94] Training cost 10 million USD
Fugaku-LLMMay 2024 Fujitsu, Tokyo Institute of Technology, etc.13380B tokensUnknownFugaku-LLM Terms of Use [95] The largest model ever trained on CPU-only, on the Fugaku [96]
Phi-3 April 2024 Microsoft 14 [97] 4.8T tokensUnknown MIT Microsoft markets them as "small language model". [98]
Granite Code Models May 2024 IBM UnknownUnknownUnknown Apache 2.0
Qwen2 June 2024 Alibaba Cloud 72 [99] 3T tokensUnknownQwen LicenseMultiple sizes, the smallest being 0.5B.
DeepSeek-V2 June 2024 DeepSeek 2368.1T tokens28,000DeepSeek License1.4M hours on H800. [100]
Nemotron-4June 2024 Nvidia 3409T tokens200,000NVIDIA Open Model License [101] [102] Trained for 1 epoch. Trained on 6144 H100 GPUs between December 2023 and May 2024. [103] [104]
Claude 3.5 June 2024 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Initially, only one model, Sonnet, was released. [105] In October 2024, Sonnet 3.5 was upgraded, and Haiku 3.5 became available. [106]
Llama 3.1 July 2024 Meta AI 40515.6T tokens440,000 Llama 3 license 405B version took 31 million hours on H100-80GB, at 3.8E25 FLOPs. [107] [108]
OpenAI o1 September 12, 2024 OpenAI UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Reasoning model. [109]
Mistral Large November 2024 Mistral AI 123UnknownUnknownMistral Research LicenseUpgraded over time. The latest version is 24.11. [110]
Pixtral November 2024 Mistral AI 123UnknownUnknownMistral Research LicenseMultimodal. There is also a 12B version which is under Apache 2 license. [110]
DeepSeek-V3 December 2024 DeepSeek 67114.8T tokens56,000 MIT 2.788M hours on H800 GPUs. [111] Originally released under the DeepSeek License, then re-released under the MIT License as "DeepSeek-V3-0324" in March 2025. [112]
Amazon NovaDecember 2024 Amazon UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Includes three models, Nova Micro, Nova Lite, and Nova Pro [113]
DeepSeek-R1 January 2025 DeepSeek 671Not applicableUnknown MIT No pretraining. Reinforcement-learned upon V3-Base. [114] [115]
Qwen2.5 January 2025 Alibaba 7218T tokensUnknownQwen License7 dense models, with parameter count from 0.5B to 72B. They also released 2 MoE variants. [116]
MiniMax-Text-01January 2025 Minimax 4564.7T tokens [117] UnknownMinimax Model license [118] [117]
Gemini 2.0 February 2025 Google DeepMind UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Three models released: Flash, Flash-Lite and Pro [119] [120] [121]
Claude 3.7 February 24, 2025 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary One model, Sonnet 3.7. [122]
GPT-4.5 February 27, 2025 OpenAI UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Largest non-reasoning model. [123]
Grok 3 February 2025 xAI UnknownUnknownUnknown,
estimated 5,800,000		 Proprietary Training cost claimed "10x the compute of previous state-of-the-art models". [124]
Llama 4 April 5, 2025 Meta AI 40040T tokensUnknown Llama 4 license [125] [126]
OpenAI o3 and o4-miniApril 16, 2025 OpenAI UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Reasoning models. [127]
Qwen3 April 2025 Alibaba Cloud 23536T tokensUnknown Apache 2.0 Multiple sizes, the smallest being 0.6B. [128]
Claude 4 May 22, 2025 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Includes two models, Sonnet and Opus. [129]
Grok 4 July 9, 2025 xAI UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary
GLM-4.5July 29, 2025 Zhipu AI 35522T tokensUnknown MIT Released in 335B and 106B sizes. [130] Corpus size was calculated by combining the 15 trillion tokens and the 7 trillion tokens pre-training mix. [131]
GPT-OSS August 5, 2025 OpenAI 117UnknownUnknown Apache 2.0 Released in 20B and 120B sizes. [132]
Claude 4.1 August 5, 2025 Anthropic UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Includes one model, Opus. [133]
GPT-5 August 7, 2025 OpenAI UnknownUnknownUnknown Proprietary Includes three models, GPT-5, GPT-5 mini, and GPT-5 nano. GPT-5 is available in ChatGPT and API. It includes thinking abilities. [134] [135]
DeepSeek-V3.1August 21, 2025 DeepSeek 67115.639T MIT Training size: 14.8T tokens, of DeepSeek V3 plus 839B tokens from the extension phases (630B + 209B) [136] It is a hybrid model that can switch between thinking and non-thinking modes. [137]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This is the date that documentation describing the model's architecture was first released.
  2. ↑ In many cases, researchers release or report on multiple versions of a model having different sizes. In these cases, the size of the largest model is listed here.
  3. ↑ This is the license of the pre-trained model weights. In almost all cases the training code itself is open-source or can be easily replicated.
  4. ↑ The smaller models including 66B are publicly available, while the 175B model is available on request.
  5. ↑ Facebook's license and distribution scheme restricted access to approved researchers, but the model weights were leaked and became widely available.
  6. ↑ As stated in Technical report: "Given both the competitive landscape and the safety implications of large-scale models like GPT-4, this report contains no further details about the architecture (including model size), hardware, training compute, dataset construction, training method ..." [60]

References

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