List of heads of state of El Salvador

• Top left: Pedro Barriere, the first political chief of San Salvador
• Top right: Manuel Enrique Araujo, the only assassinated president of El Salvador
• Bottom left: Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, the longest serving president of El Salvador
• Bottom right: Nayib Bukele, the current president of El Salvador

The president of El Salvador is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of El Salvador. The office was established in 1821 as the political chief of San Salvador. From 1824 to 1841, the office was styled as head of state of El Salvador, which was then a province of the Federal Republic of Central America. After the federal republic's collapse, El Salvador became an independent country and its head of state was renamed to President.

List

Political parties

  Monarchist

  Republican

  Liberal

  Conservative

   National Democratic Party

   Salvadoran Laborist Party

   National Pro Patria Party

   Unification Social Democratic Party

   Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification

   National Conciliation Party

   Democratic Action Party

   Christian Democratic Party

   Nationalist Republican Alliance

   Grand Alliance for National Unity

   Nuevas Ideas

Other affiliations

   Military

   Independent

Status

  Denotes acting or provisional head of state

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office			Political party		Vice President		Ref.
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
Political Chief of San Salvador (1821–1824)
1		Doctor Pedro Barriere (1768–1827)	—	21 September 1821	28 November 1821	68 days		Monarchist	Office not established		[1]
2		Doctor José Matías Delgado (1767–1832)	—	28 November 1821	9 February 1823	1 year, 73 days		Republican			[2]
3		Brigadier Vicente Filísola (1789–1850)	—	9 February 1823	7 May 1823	87 days		Monarchist/Military			[3]
4		General Felipe Codallos (1790–1849)	—	7 May 1823	25 May 1823	18 days		Monarchist/Military			[4]
–		Consultive Junta	—	25 May 1823	17 June 1823	23 days		Republican/Military			[5]
–		Mariano Prado (1776–1837) Provisional Political Chief	—	17 June 1823	22 April 1824	310 days		Republican/Liberal			[6]
Head of State of the State of El Salvador (1824–1841)
5		Juan Manuel Rodríguez (1771–1847)	—	22 April 1824	1 October 1824	162 days		Independent	Office not established		[7]
6		Mariano Prado (1776–1837)	—	1 October 1824	13 December 1824	73 days		Liberal			[6]
7		Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz (1764–1828)	—	13 December 1824	1 November 1826	1 year, 323 days		Liberal		Mariano Prado	[8]
–		Mariano Prado (1776–1837) Acting Head of State	—	1 November 1826	30 January 1829	2 years, 90 days		Liberal			[6]
8		José María Cornejo (1788–1864)	1829	30 January 1829	16 February 1830	1 year, 17 days		Conservative		General Nicolás Espinoza	[9]
9		José Damián Villacorta (1796–1860)	—	16 February 1830	4 December 1830	291 days		Independent			[10]
10		José María Cornejo (1788–1864)	—	4 December 1830	3 April 1832	1 year, 121 days		Conservative			[9]
–		General Francisco Morazán (1792–1842) Provisional Head of State	—	3 April 1832	13 May 1832	40 days		Liberal/Military		Colonel Joaquín de San Martín	[11]
11		Colonel Joaquín de San Martín (1770–1854)	—	13 May 1832	25 July 1832	73 days		Liberal/Military	Office vacant		[12]
12		Mariano Prado (1776–1837)	1832	25 July 1832	1 July 1833	341 days		Liberal		Colonel Joaquín de San Martín	[13]
13		Colonel Joaquín de San Martín (1770–1854)	1833	1 July 1833	23 June 1834	357 days		Liberal/Military		Colonel Lorenzo González	[12]
–		General Carlos Salazar Castro (1800–1867) Provisional Head of State	—	23 June 1834	13 July 1834	20 days		Military	Office vacant		[14]
–		José Gregorio Salazar (1773–1838) Provisional Head of State	—	13 July 1834	30 September 1834	79 days		Independent			[15]
–		Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera (?–?) Provisional Head of State	—	30 September 1834	14 October 1834	14 days		Independent		José María Silva	[16]
–		José María Silva (1804–1876) Acting Head of State	—	14 October 1834	2 March 1835	139 days		Independent			[17]
–		Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera (?–?) Acting Head of State	—	2 March 1835	10 April 1835	39 days		Independent	Office vacant		[16]
14		General Nicolás Espinoza (1795–1845)	1835	10 April 1835	15 November 1835	219 days		Liberal/Military		José María Silva	[18]
–		Colonel Francisco Gómez (1796–1838) Acting Head of State	—	15 November 1835	1 February 1836	78 days		Independent/Military	Office vacant		[19]
15		Diego Vigil (1799–1845)	—	1 February 1836	23 May 1837	1 year, 111 days		Liberal		Timoteo Menéndez	[20]
–		Timoteo Menéndez (?–?) Acting Head of State	—	23 May 1837	7 June 1837	15 days		Independent			[21]
16		Diego Vigil (1799–1845)	—	7 June 1837	6 January 1838	213 days		Liberal			[20]
–		Timoteo Menéndez (?–?) Acting Head of State	—	6 January 1838	23 May 1839	1 year, 137 days		Independent			[21]
–		Colonel Antonio José Cañas (1785–1844) Acting Head of State	—	23 May 1839	11 July 1839	49 days		Military	Office vacant		[22]
17		General Francisco Morazán (1792–1842)	—	11 July 1839	16 February 1840	40 days		Liberal/Military		José María Silva	[11]
–		José María Silva (1804–1876) Acting Head of State	—	16 February 1840	5 April 1840	49 days		Independent			[17]
–		Municipal Council of San Salvador	—	5 April 1840	7 April 1840	2 days		Independent	Office vacant		[23]
–		Colonel Antonio José Cañas (1785–1844) Acting Head of State	—	7 April 1840	20 September 1840	166 days		Military			[22]
–		Norberto Ramírez (1802–1856) Acting Head of State	—	20 September 1840	7 January 1841	109 days		Independent			[24]
–		Juan Lindo (1790–1857) Provisional Head of State	—	7 January 1841	30 January 1841	23 days		Conservative		Pedro José Arce	[25]
President of the Republic of El Salvador (1841–present)
–		Juan Lindo (1790–1857) Provisional President	—	30 January 1841	20 June 1841	141 days		Conservative		Pedro José Arce  [ es ]	[26]
–		Pedro José Arce  [ es ] (1801–1871) Acting President	—	20 June 1841	28 June 1841	8 days		Independent			[27]
18		Juan Lindo (1790–1857)	—	28 June 1841	1 February 1842	218 days		Conservative			[26]
–		General José Escolástico Marín (?–1846) Acting President	—	1 February 1842	12 April 1842	70 days		Military	Office vacant		[28]
19		General Juan José Guzmán (1797–1847)	—	12 April 1842	30 June 1842	79 days		Conservative/Military		Pedro José Arce  [ es ]	[29]
–		Dionisio Villacorta  [ es ] (?–1846) Acting President	—	30 June 1842	19 July 1842	19 days		Independent			[30]
–		General José Escolástico Marín (?–1846) Acting President	—	19 July 1842	26 September 1842	69 days		Military			[28]
20		General Juan José Guzmán (1797–1847)	—	26 September 1842	26 January 1843	122 days		Conservative/Military			[29]
–		Pedro José Arce  [ es ] (1801–1871) Acting President	—	26 January 1843	8 March 1843	41 days		Independent			[27]
21		General Juan José Guzmán (1797–1847)	—	8 March 1843	31 January 1844	329 days		Conservative/Military			[29]
–		Fermín Palacios (?–?) Acting President	—	1 February 1844	7 February 1844	6 days		Independent	Office vacant		[31]
22		General Francisco Malespín (1806–1846)	1844	7 February 1844	9 May 1844	92 days		Conservative/Military		Luis Ayala	[32]
										General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán
–		General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President	—	9 May 1844	16 June 1844	38 days		Conservative			[33]
23		General Francisco Malespín (1806–1846)	—	16 June 1844	25 October 1844	131 days		Conservative/Military			[32]
–		General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President	—	25 October 1844	16 February 1845	114 days		Conservative			[33]
–		Fermín Palacios (?–?) Acting President	—	16 February 1845	25 April 1845	68 days		Independent			[31]
–		General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President	—	25 April 1845	1 February 1846	282 days		Conservative			[33]
–		Fermín Palacios (?–?) Acting President	—	1 February 1846	21 February 1846	20 days		Independent	Office vacant		[31]
24		Doctor Eugenio Aguilar (1804–1879)	1846	21 February 1846	12 July 1846	141 days		Liberal		José Campo	[34]
–		Fermín Palacios (?–?) Acting President	—	12 July 1846	21 July 1846	9 days		Independent			[31]
25		Doctor Eugenio Aguilar (1804–1879)	—	21 July 1846	1 February 1848	1 year, 195 days		Liberal			[34]
–		Tomás Medina (1803–1884) Acting President	—	1 February 1848	3 February 1848	2 days		Independent	Office vacant		[35]
–		José Félix Quirós (1811–1883) Acting President	—	3 February 1848	7 February 1848	4 days		Independent		José Félix Quirós	[36]
26		Doroteo Vasconcelos (1803–1883)	1848	7 February 1848	26 January 1850	1 year, 353 days		Liberal			[37]
–		Ramón Rodríguez (1803–1884) Acting President	—	26 January 1850	1 February 1850	6 days		Independent			[38]
–		José Félix Quirós (1811–1883) Acting President	—	1 February 1850	4 February 1850	3 days		Independent			[36]
27		Doroteo Vasconcelos (1803–1883)	1850	4 February 1850	12 January 1851	342 days		Liberal			[37]
–		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884) Acting President	—	12 January 1851	19 March 1851	66 days		Conservative			[39]
–		José Félix Quirós (1811–1883) Acting President	—	19 March 1851	3 May 1851	45 days		Independent			[36]
–		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884) Acting President	—	3 May 1851	30 January 1852	272 days		Conservative			[39]
–		Colonel José María San Martín (1811–1857) Acting President	—	30 January 1852	1 February 1852	2 days		Conservative/Military			[40]
28		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884)	1852	1 February 1852	1 February 1854	2 years, 0 days		Conservative		Tomás Medina	[39]
–		Vicente Gómez (?–?) Acting President	—	1 February 1854	15 February 1854	14 days		Independent		General José Mariano Hernández	[41]
29		Colonel José María San Martín (1811–1857)	1854	15 February 1854	26 September 1854	223 days		Conservative/Military			[40]
–		General José Mariano Hernández (1786–1864) Acting President	—	26 September 1854	13 November 1854	48 days		Conservative/Military			[42]
30		Colonel José María San Martín (1811–1857)	—	13 November 1854	1 February 1856	1 year, 80 days		Conservative/Military			[40]
–		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884) Acting President	—	1 February 1856	12 February 1856	11 days		Conservative		Francisco Dueñas	[39]
31		Rafael Campo (1813–1890)	1856	12 February 1856	12 May 1856	90 days		Conservative			[43]
–		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884) Acting President	—	12 May 1856	19 July 1856	68 days		Conservative			[44]
32		Rafael Campo (1813–1890)	—	19 July 1856	1 February 1858	1 year, 197 days		Conservative			[43]
–		Lorenzo Zepeda (?–?) Acting President	—	1 February 1858	7 February 1858	6 days		Independent	Office vacant		[45]
33		General Miguel Santín del Castillo (1830–1880)	1858	7 February 1858	24 June 1858	137 days		Conservative		General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán	[46]
–		Captain General Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865) Acting President	—	24 June 1858	16 September 1858	84 days		Liberal			[47]
34		General Miguel Santín del Castillo (1830–1880)	—	16 September 1858	19 January 1859	125 days		Conservative			[46]
–		General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President	—	19 January 1859	15 February 1859	27 days		Conservative			[33]
–		José María Peralta (1807–1883) Acting President	—	15 February 1859	12 March 1859	25 days		Independent	Office vacant		[48]
–		Captain General Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865) Acting President	—	12 March 1859	1 February 1860	326 days		Liberal			[47]
35		Captain General Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865)	1859	1 February 1860	16 December 1860	319 days		Liberal		José Félix Quirós	[47]
–		José María Peralta (1807–1883) Acting President	—	16 December 1860	7 February 1861	53 days		Independent			[48]
36		Captain General Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865)	—	7 February 1861	26 October 1863	2 years, 261 days		Liberal			[47]
–		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884) Provisional President	—	26 October 1863	1 February 1865	1 year, 98 days		Conservative	Office vacant		[39]
37		Francisco Dueñas (1810–1884)	1864 1869	1 February 1865	12 April 1871	6 years, 70 days		Conservative		Gregorio Arbizú	[39]
										José María Parrilla
–		Marshal Santiago González (1818–1887) Provisional President	—	12 April 1871	1 February 1872	295 days		Liberal/Military	Office vacant		[49]
38		Marshal Santiago González (1818–1887)	1872	1 February 1872	10 May 1872	99 days		Liberal/Military		Manuel Méndez	[49]
–		Manuel Méndez (?–1872) Acting President	—	10 May 1872	9 July 1872	122 days		Independent			[50]
39		Marshal Santiago González (1818–1887)	—	9 July 1872	1 February 1876	3 years, 145 days		Liberal/Military	Office vacant		[49]
40		Andrés del Valle (1833–1888)	Jan. 1876	1 February 1876	1 May 1876	90 days		Liberal		Santiago González	[51]
–		Doctor Rafael Zaldívar (1834–1903) Provisional President	—	1 May 1876	1 February 1880	3 years, 276 days		Liberal	Office vacant		[52]
41		Doctor Rafael Zaldívar (1834–1903)	Jun. 1876	1 February 1880	6 April 1884	4 years, 65 days		Liberal			[52]
–		Ángel Guirola (1826–1910) Acting President	—	6 April 1884	21 August 1884	4 years, 202 days		Independent			[53]
42		Doctor Rafael Zaldívar (1834–1903)	—	21 August 1884	14 May 1885	266 days		Liberal			[52]
–		General Fernando Figueroa (1849–1919)	—	14 May 1885	18 June 1885	35 days		Liberal/Military			[54]
–		José Rosales Herrador (1827–1891) Provisional President	—	18 June 1885	22 June 1885	4 days		Independent			[55]
–		General Francisco Menéndez (1830–1890) Provisional President	—	22 June 1885	1 March 1887	1 year, 252 days		Liberal/Military			[56]
43		General Francisco Menéndez (1830–1890)	1887	1 March 1887	22 June 1890	3 years, 113 days		Liberal/Military			[56]
–		General Carlos Ezeta (1852–1903) Provisional President	—	22 June 1890	1 March 1891	252 days		Liberal/Military			[57]
44		General Carlos Ezeta (1852–1903)	1891	1 March 1891	10 June 1894	3 years, 101 days		Liberal/Military		General Antonio Ezeta	[57]
–		General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez (1845–1921) Provisional President	—	10 June 1894	1 March 1895	264 days		Liberal/Military	Office vacant		[58]
45		General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez (1845–1921)	1895	1 March 1895	14 November 1898	3 years, 258 days		Liberal/Military		Prudencio Alfaro	[58]
–		General Tomás Regalado (1861–1906) Provisional President	—	14 November 1898	1 March 1899	107 days		Liberal/Military	Office vacant		[59]
46		General Tomás Regalado (1861–1906)	1899	1 March 1899	1 March 1903	4 years, 0 days		Liberal/Military		Francisco Reyes	[59]
47		General Pedro José Escalón (1847–1923)	1903	1 March 1903	1 March 1907	4 years, 0 days		Liberal/Military		Calixto Velado Eduardo	[60]
48		General Fernando Figueroa (1849–1919)	1907	1 March 1907	1 March 1911	4 years, 0 days		Liberal/Military		Manuel Enrique Araujo	[54]
49		Doctor Manuel Enrique Araujo (1865–1913)	1911	1 March 1911	9 February 1913	1 year, 345 days		Liberal		Onofre Durán Santillana	[61]
–		Carlos Meléndez (1861–1919) Provisional President	—	9 February 1913	29 August 1914	1 year, 201 days		Liberal	Office vacant		[62]
–		Doctor Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1874–1950) Provisional President	—	29 August 1914	1 March 1915	184 days		Liberal			[63]
50		Carlos Meléndez (1861–1919)	1915	1 March 1915	21 December 1918	3 years, 295 days		Liberal		Alfonso Quiñónez Molina	[62]
–		Doctor Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1874–1950) Provisional President	—	21 December 1918	1 March 1919	70 days		National Democratic Party	Office vacant		[63]
51		Jorge Meléndez (1871–1953)	1919	1 March 1919	1 March 1923	4 years, 0 days		National Democratic Party		Alfonso Quiñónez Molina	[64]
52		Doctor Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1874–1950)	1923	1 March 1923	1 March 1927	4 years, 0 days		National Democratic Party		Pío Romero Bosque	[63]
53		Doctor Pío Romero Bosque (1860–1935)	1927	1 March 1927	1 March 1931	4 years, 0 days		National Democratic Party Independent		Gustavo Vides	[65]
54		Arturo Araujo (1878–1967)	1931	1 March 1931	2 December 1931	276 days		Salvadoran Laborist Party		General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez	[66]
–		Civic Directory	—	2 December 1931	4 December 1931	2 days		Military			[67]
–		General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882–1966) Provisional President	—	4 December 1931	28 August 1934	2 years, 267 days		Military National Pro Patria Party/Military			[68]
–		General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1879–1962) Provisional President	—	28 August 1934	1 March 1935	185 days		National Pro Patria Party/Military	Office vacant		[69]
55		General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882–1966)	1935 1939 1944	1 March 1935	9 May 1944	9 years, 69 days		National Pro Patria Party/Military			[68]
–		General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1879–1962) Provisional President	—	9 May 1944	21 October 1944	165 days		National Pro Patria Party/Military			[69]
–		Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (1889–1977) Provisional President	—	21 October 1944	1 March 1945	131 days		Military			[70]
56		General Salvador Castaneda Castro (1888–1965)	1945	1 March 1945	14 December 1948	3 years, 288 days		Unification Social Democratic Party/Military		Manuel Adriano Vilanova	[71]
–		Revolutionary Council of Government  [ es ]	—	14 December 1948	14 September 1950	1 year, 274 days		Military	Office vacant		[72]
57		Lieutenant Colonel Óscar Osorio (1910–1969)	1950	14 September 1950	14 September 1956	6 years, 0 days		Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification/Military		José María Peralta	[73]
58		Lieutenant Colonel José María Lemus (1911–1993)	1956	14 September 1956	26 October 1960	4 years, 42 days		Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification/Military		Humberto Costa	[74]
–		Junta of Government	—	26 October 1960	25 January 1961	91 days		Military	Office vacant		[75]
–		Civic-Military Directory	—	25 January 1961	25 January 1962	1 year, 0 days		Military			[76]
–		Doctor Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea (1899–1966) Provisional President	—	25 January 1962	1 July 1962	157 days		Independent			[77]
59		Lieutenant Colonel Julio Adalberto Rivera (1921–1973)	1962	1 July 1962	1 July 1967	5 years, 0 days		National Conciliation Party/Military		Francisco Roberto Lima	[78]
60		General Fidel Sánchez Hernández (1917–2003)	1967	1 July 1967	1 July 1972	5 years, 0 days		National Conciliation Party/Military		Humberto Guillermo Cuestas	[79]
61		Colonel Arturo Armando Molina (1927–2021)	1972	1 July 1972	1 July 1977	5 years, 0 days		National Conciliation Party/Military		Enrique Mayorga Rivas	[80]
62		General Carlos Humberto Romero (1924–2017)	1977	1 July 1977	15 October 1979	2 years, 106 days		National Conciliation Party/Military		Julio Astacio	[81]
–		Revolutionary Government Junta	—	15 October 1979	2 May 1982	2 years, 199 days		Military	Office vacant		[82]
63		Doctor Álvaro Magaña (1925–2001)	1982	2 May 1982	1 June 1984	2 years, 30 days		Democratic Action Party		Raúl Molina Martínez	[83]
										Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro
										Pablo Mauricio Alvergue
64		José Napoleón Duarte (1925–1990)	1984	1 June 1984	1 June 1989	5 years, 0 days		Christian Democratic Party		Rodolfo Castillo	[84]
65		Alfredo Cristiani (born 1947)	1989	1 June 1989	1 June 1994	5 years, 0 days		Nationalist Republican Alliance		José Francisco Merino	[85]
66		Doctor Armando Calderón Sol (1948–2017)	1994	1 June 1994	1 June 1999	5 years, 0 days		Nationalist Republican Alliance		Enrique Borgo Bustamante	[86]
67		Francisco Flores Pérez (1959–2016)	1999	1 June 1999	1 June 2004	5 years, 0 days		Nationalist Republican Alliance		Carlos Quintanilla Schmidt	[87]
68		Antonio Saca (born 1965)	2004	1 June 2004	1 June 2009	5 years, 0 days		Nationalist Republican Alliance		Ana Vilma de Escobar	[88]
69		Mauricio Funes (1959–2025)	2009	1 June 2009	1 June 2014	5 years, 0 days		Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front		Salvador Sánchez Cerén
70		Salvador Sánchez Cerén (born 1944)	2014	1 June 2014	1 June 2019	5 years, 0 days		Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front		Óscar Ortiz
71		Nayib Bukele (born 1981)	2019 2024	1 June 2019	Incumbent	6 years, 83 days		Grand Alliance for National Unity Nuevas Ideas		Félix Ulloa
–		Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara (born 1980/1981) Acting President	—	1 December 2023	1 June 2024	183 days		Nuevas Ideas

References

Citations

1. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 5.
2. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 9.
3. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 15.
4. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 17.
5. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 19.
6. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 21.
7. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 23.
8. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 25.
9. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 27.
10. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 29.
11. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 47.
12. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 31.
13. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 21–22.
14. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 33.
15. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 35.
16. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 37.
17. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 49.
18. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 39.
19. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 41.
20. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 43.
21. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 45.
22. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 55.
23. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 51–53.
24. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 57.
25. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 59.
26. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 59–60.
27. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 71.
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30. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 65.
31. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 77.
32. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 73.
33. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 111.
34. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 79.
35. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 83.
36. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 93.
37. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 87.
38. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 91.
39. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 123–130.
40. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 97.
41. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 95.
42. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 101.
43. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 103–104.
44. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 123.
45. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 107.
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48. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 121.
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54. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 165.
55. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 145.
56. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 147–148.
57. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 151.
58. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 155.
59. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 157.
60. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 161.
61. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 169.
62. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 171.
63. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 179.
64. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 175.
65. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 183.
66. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 187.
67. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 189.
68. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 191.
69. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 199.
70. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 203.
71. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 207.
72. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 211.
73. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 213.
74. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 217.
75. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 223.
76. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 225.
77. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 227.
78. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 229.
79. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 235.
80. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 241.
81. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 249.
82. Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 253–280.
83. "Presidentes de El Salvador – Dr. Alvaro Magaña Borja" [Presidents of El Salvador – Dr. Alvaro Magaña Borja]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
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Bibliography

• Leistenschneider, María & Leistenschneider, Freddy (1980). Gobernantes de El Salvador: Biografías [Governors of El Salvador: Biographies] (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. OCLC   7876291 . Retrieved 1 August 2025.

External links

• www.presidencia.gob.sv , the official presidential website (in Spanish)