List of military installations in Newfoundland and Labrador

Last updated

This is a list of former and current military installations in Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada.

List of military installations in Newfoundland & Labrador
NameLocationOperatorBranchDateCoordinatesRef
Allan's Island Radar Station Allan's Island Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 46°50′52″N55°48′17″W / 46.84778°N 55.80472°W / 46.84778; -55.80472 (Allan's Island Radar Station) [1]
Bell Island Battery Bell Island Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 47°37′49″N52°55′36″W / 47.63039°N 52.9267°W / 47.63039; -52.9267 (Bell Island) [2]
Big Bay Radar Site Labrador Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada North American Aerospace Defense Command logo.svg NORAD 1992–present 55°44′19″N60°25′47″W / 55.73861°N 60.42972°W / 55.73861; -60.42972 (Big Bay LRR LAB-4) [3] [4]
Border Beacon Labrador Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1958–1965 55°19′58″N63°12′51″W / 55.332761°N 63.214139°W / 55.332761; -63.214139 (Border Beacon) [5]
Cape Bonavista LORAN-A Cape Bonavista Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaNaval ensign of Canada.svg  Royal Canadian Navy 1965–2012 48°41′48.5″N53°05′18.2″W / 48.696806°N 53.088389°W / 48.696806; -53.088389 (Cape Bonavista) [6]
Brig Harbour Radar Station Brig Harbour Island Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1942–1945 54°32′44″N57°10′23″W / 54.54556°N 57.17306°W / 54.54556; -57.17306 (Brig Harbour Island) [7]
Cape Bauld Radar Station Quirpon Island Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1942–1945 51°38′10″N55°25′49″W / 51.63611°N 55.43028°W / 51.63611; -55.43028 (Cape Bauld) [7]
Cape Kakiviak Radar Site Torngat Mountains Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada North American Aerospace Defense Command logo.svg NORAD 1992–present 59°59′15″N64°09′55″W / 59.98750°N 64.16528°W / 59.98750; -64.16528 (Cape Kakiviak LRR LAB-1) [4]
Cape Kiglapait Radar Site Kiglapait Mountains Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada North American Aerospace Defense Command logo.svg NORAD 1992–present 57°08′07″N61°28′32″W / 57.13528°N 61.47556°W / 57.13528; -61.47556 (Cape Kiglapait LRR LAB-3) [4]
Cape Makkovik Air Station Labrador Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1957–1961 55°13′30″N59°08′45″W / 55.22500°N 59.14583°W / 55.22500; -59.14583 (Cape Makkovik AS N-28A) [8] [9]
Cape Race LORAN-C Cape Race Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Coast Guard.svg  United States Coast Guard 1965–2012 46°46′33″N53°10′28″W / 46.77583°N 53.17444°W / 46.77583; -53.17444 (Cape Race) [10]
Cape Ray Radar Station Table Mountain Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1942–1945 47°42′39″N59°13′36″W / 47.71083°N 59.22667°W / 47.71083; -59.22667 (Cape Ray) [7]
Cape Spear Radar Station Cape Spear Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 47°31′25″N52°37′10″W / 47.52361°N 52.61944°W / 47.52361; -52.61944 (Cape Spear) [11] [12] [8] [13] [14]
Cartwright Air Station Cartwright Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1952–1968 53°43′28″N56°57′51″W / 53.72444°N 56.96417°W / 53.72444; -56.96417 (Cartwright AS N-27) [8] [9]
Cartwright Radar Site Cartwright Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada North American Aerospace Defense Command logo.svg NORAD 1998–present 53°33′04″N56°49′48″W / 53.55111°N 56.83000°W / 53.55111; -56.83000 (Cartwright LRR LAB-6) [4]
Castle Hill Placentia Royal Standard of the King of France.svg France Flag of France.svg  French Army 1662–1713 47°15′04″N53°58′17″W / 47.25111°N 53.97139°W / 47.25111; -53.97139 (Castle Hill) [15]
CFB Gander Gander Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1941–present 48°56′13″N54°34′05″W / 48.93694°N 54.56806°W / 48.93694; -54.56806 (CFB Gander) [16]
CFB Goose Bay Happy Valley-Goose Bay Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1941–present 53°19′09″N60°25′33″W / 53.31917°N 60.42583°W / 53.31917; -60.42583 (CFB Goose Bay) [17]
CFS Saglek Saglek Bay Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada North American Aerospace Defense Command logo.svg NORAD 1988–present 58°29′01″N62°40′07″W / 58.48361°N 62.66861°W / 58.48361; -62.66861 (CFS Saglek) [4]
CFS St. John's St. John's Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaNaval ensign of Canada.svg  Royal Canadian Navy 1949–present 47°34′59″N52°41′38″W / 47.58306°N 52.69389°W / 47.58306; -52.69389 (CFS St. John's) [18]
Comfort Cove LORAN-C Comfort Cove Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Coast Guard.svg  United States Coast Guard 1966–2012 49°19′54″N54°51′43″W / 49.33167°N 54.86194°W / 49.33167; -54.86194 (Comfort Cove LORAN-C) [19]
Cut Throat Island Air Station Labrador Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1957–1961 54°29′47″N57°08′00″W / 54.49639°N 57.13333°W / 54.49639; -57.13333 (Cut Throat Island N-27A) [8] [9]
Elliston Ridge Air Station Bonavista Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1957–1961 48°37′33″N53°03′31″W / 48.62583°N 53.05861°W / 48.62583; -53.05861 (Elliston Ridge AS N-22B) [8] [9]
Elliston Ridge Radar Station Bonavista Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 48°37′38″N53°03′27″W / 48.62722°N 53.05750°W / 48.62722; -53.05750 (Elliston Ridge AS N-22B) [11] [12] [8] [13] [14]
Ernest Harmon Air Force Base Stephenville Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1942–1976 48°32′38″N58°33′12″W / 48.54389°N 58.55333°W / 48.54389; -58.55333 (Ernest Harmon AFB) [20] [21]
Fire Control Station No. 11 White Hills Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 47°35′10″N52°40′20″W / 47.5859746°N 52.6722603°W / 47.5859746; -52.6722603 (White Hills) [22]
Fire Control Station No. 12 Logy Bay Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 47°38′48″N52°39′41″W / 47.646611°N 52.661472°W / 47.646611; -52.661472 (Red Cliff) [22]
Fire Control Station No. 16 Flatrock Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 47°42′06″N52°41′58″W / 47.7017029°N 52.6993566°W / 47.7017029; -52.6993566 (Flatrock) [22]
Fogo Island Radar Station Fogo Island Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 49°42′32″N54°04′19″W / 49.70889°N 54.07194°W / 49.70889; -54.07194 (Fogo Island Radar Station) [11] [12] [8] [13] [14]
Fort Amherst St. John's Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg Great Britain Flag of the British Army.svg  British Army 1770–1945 47°33′49″N52°40′49″W / 47.56361°N 52.68028°W / 47.56361; -52.68028 (Fort Amherst) [23]
Fort Ferryland Ferryland Flag of England.svg EnglandEnglish White Ensign 1620.svg  Royal Navy 1620–1673 47°01′25″N52°53′03″W / 47.023497°N 52.884213°W / 47.023497; -52.884213 (Fort Ferryland) [24] [25]
Fort Frederick Placentia Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg Great Britain Flag of the British Army.svg  British Army 1721–1746 47°14′57″N53°57′42″W / 47.24917°N 53.96167°W / 47.24917; -53.96167 (Fort Frederick) [15]
Fort McAndrew Argentia Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1941–1946 47°17′17″N53°58′51″W / 47.28806°N 53.98083°W / 47.28806; -53.98083 (Fort McAndrew) [22]
Fort Plaisance Placentia Royal Standard of the King of France.svg France Flag of France.svg  French Army 1662–1713 47°15′10″N53°58′05″W / 47.252851°N 53.968001°W / 47.252851; -53.968001 (Fort Plaisance) [15]
Fort Point Trinity Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg Great Britain Flag of the British Army.svg  British Army 1744–1820 48°21′55″N53°20′42″W / 48.36528°N 53.34500°W / 48.36528; -53.34500 (Fort Point) [26]
Fort Royal Placentia Royal Standard of the King of France.svg France Flag of France.svg  French Army 1687–1713 47°15′04″N53°58′17″W / 47.25111°N 53.97139°W / 47.25111; -53.97139 (Fort Royal) [15]
Fort Saint Louis Placentia Royal Standard of the King of France.svg France Flag of France.svg  French Army 1690–1713 47°15′05″N53°57′52″W / 47.251348°N 53.964388°W / 47.251348; -53.964388 (Fort Saint Louis) [15]
Fort Townshend St. John's Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg Great Britain Flag of the British Army.svg  British Army 1775–1871 47°33′58″N52°42′40″W / 47.56611°N 52.71111°W / 47.56611; -52.71111 (Fort Townshend) [27]
Fort Waldegrave St. John's Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg Great Britain Flag of the British Army.svg  British Army 1798–1871 47°34′08″N52°41′27″W / 47.56889°N 52.69083°W / 47.56889; -52.69083 (Fort Waldegrave)
Fort William St. John's Flag of England.svg EnglandEnglish White Ensign 1620.svg  Royal Navy 1698–1871 47°34′15″N52°42′02″W / 47.57083°N 52.70056°W / 47.57083; -52.70056 (Fort William) [28]
Fox Harbour Air Station St. Lewis Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1957–1961 52°22′12″N55°39′52″W / 52.37000°N 55.66444°W / 52.37000; -55.66444 (Fox Harbour AS N-27C) [8] [9]
Fox Harbour LORAN-C St. Lewis Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Coast Guard.svg  United States Coast Guard 1966–2012 52°22′35″N55°42′29″W / 52.37639°N 55.70806°W / 52.37639; -55.70806 (Fox Harbour LORAN-C) [19]
Goose Air Force Base Happy Valley-Goose Bay Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1941–1994 53°19′36″N60°24′54″W / 53.32667°N 60.41500°W / 53.32667; -60.41500 (Goose AFB) [29]
Goose Air Weapons Range Labrador Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1977–present 52°17′20″N60°57′14″W / 52.28889°N 60.95389°W / 52.28889; -60.95389 (Goose Air Weapons Range) [30]
Harbor Defenses of St. John's St. John's Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1941–1945 47°35′10″N52°41′31″W / 47.58611°N 52.69194°W / 47.58611; -52.69194 (Harbor Defenses of St. John's) [22]
HMC Dockyard Bay Bulls Bay Bulls Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaNaval ensign of Canada.svg  Royal Canadian Navy 1940–1948 47°18′57″N52°48′37″W / 47.31583°N 52.81028°W / 47.31583; -52.81028 (HMC Dockyard Bay Bulls) [31]
HMCS Cabot St. John's Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaNaval ensign of Canada.svg  Royal Canadian Navy 1949–present 47°33′33″N52°42′12″W / 47.559211°N 52.703245°W / 47.559211; -52.703245 (HMCS Cabot) [32]
Hopedale Air Station Hopedale Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1953–1968 55°27′59″N60°13′47″W / 55.46639°N 60.22972°W / 55.46639; -60.22972 (Hopedale AS N-28) [8] [9]
La Scie Air Station La Scie Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1957–1961 49°58′50″N55°31′48″W / 49.98056°N 55.53000°W / 49.98056; -55.53000 (La Scie AS N-26B) [8] [9]
Manuels Battery Conception Bay Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 47°31′52″N52°57′24″W / 47.53120°N 52.95673°W / 47.53120; -52.95673 (Manuels) [22]
McAndrew Air Force Base Argentia Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1948–1955 47°17′05″N53°59′21″W / 47.28472°N 53.98917°W / 47.28472; -53.98917 (McAndrew AFB) [22]
Melville Air Station Labrador Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1953–1988 53°17′45″N60°32′23″W / 53.29583°N 60.53972°W / 53.29583; -60.53972 (Melville AS N-24) [8] [9]
Mid-Canada Line Labrador Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1956–1965 55°18′47″N66°42′18″W / 55.313057°N 66.705042°W / 55.313057; -66.705042 (Mid-Canada Line Site 227) [33]
Naval Station Argentia Argentia Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Navy (official).svg  United States Navy 1941–1994 47°18′22″N53°59′24″W / 47.30611°N 53.99000°W / 47.30611; -53.99000 (Naval Station Argentia) [22]
Pepperrell Air Force Base St. John's Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1941–1961 47°35′10″N52°41′31″W / 47.58611°N 52.69194°W / 47.58611; -52.69194 (Pepperrell AFB) [34] [35]
Phillip's Head Battery Bay of Exploits Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 49°13′29″N55°18′06″W / 49.224601°N 55.301536°W / 49.224601; -55.301536 (Phillip's Head) [22]
Port aux Basques Radar Station Port aux Basques Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1942–1945 47°34′14″N59°09′04″W / 47.57056°N 59.15111°W / 47.57056; -59.15111 (Port aux Basques) [7]
Queen's Battery St. John's Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomFlag of the British Army.svg  British Army 1796–1871 47°34′07″N52°41′09″W / 47.568688°N 52.685891°W / 47.568688; -52.685891 (Queen's Battery) [36]
RAF(U) Goose Bay Happy Valley-Goose Bay Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomEnsign of the Royal Air Force.svg  Royal Air Force 1942–2005 53°18′34″N60°24′22″W / 53.30944°N 60.40611°W / 53.30944; -60.40611 (RAF(U) Goose Bay) [29]
RCAF Aerodrome Torbay St. John's Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1941–1961 47°37′07″N52°45′09″W / 47.61861°N 52.75250°W / 47.61861; -52.75250 (RCAF Aerodrome Torbay) [37]
RCAF Saglek Saglek Bay Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1970–1986 58°28′28″N62°39′15″W / 58.47444°N 62.65417°W / 58.47444; -62.65417 (RCAF Saglek) [8] [9]
RCAF Station Botwood Bay of Exploits Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force ensign.svg  Royal Canadian Air Force 1937–1946 49°09′25″N55°20′08″W / 49.15694°N 55.33556°W / 49.15694; -55.33556 (RCAF Station Botwood) [38]
Red Cliff Air Station Logy Bay Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1953–1961 47°38′20″N52°40′02″W / 47.63889°N 52.66722°W / 47.63889; -52.66722 (Red Cliff AS N-22) [11] [8] [13] [14]
Saglek Air Station Saglek Bay Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1953–1970 58°29′19″N62°35′08″W / 58.48861°N 62.58556°W / 58.48861; -62.58556 (Saglek AS N-29) [8] [9]
Saint Anthony Air Station St. Anthony Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1953–1968 51°20′57″N55°36′39″W / 51.34917°N 55.61083°W / 51.34917; -55.61083 (Saint Anthony AS N-26) [8] [9]
Spotted Island Air Station Labrador Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1957–1961 53°31′05″N55°44′56″W / 53.51806°N 55.74889°W / 53.51806; -55.74889 (Spotted Island AS N-27B) [8] [9]
St. Bride's Radar Station St. Bride's Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army 1943–1945 46°55′55″N54°10′49″W / 46.93194°N 54.18028°W / 46.93194; -54.18028 (St. Bride's Radar Station) [11] [12] [8] [13] [14]
Stephenville Air Station Stephenville Flag of the United States.svg USFlag of the United States Air Force.svg  United States Air Force 1951–1971 48°35′21″N58°39′58″W / 48.58917°N 58.66611°W / 48.58917; -58.66611 (Stephenville AS N-23) [8] [9]
Tukialik Radar Site Labrador Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada North American Aerospace Defense Command logo.svg NORAD 1992–present 54°42′53″N58°21′30″W / 54.71472°N 58.35833°W / 54.71472; -58.35833 (Tukialik LRR LAB-5) [4]
Weather Station Kurt Martin Bay Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Nazi Germany Kriegsmarine insignia casco.svg Kriegsmarine 1943–1944 60°05′00″N64°22′51″W / 60.083389°N 64.380778°W / 60.083389; -64.380778 (Weather Station Kurt) [39]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Other American Stations". Heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  2. ↑ "The U-Boat Attacks on the Bell Island Ore Ships in 1942". Heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  3. ↑ "The DEWLine | the Distant Early Warning Radar Line".
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "North Warning System". 1swilson.ca. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  5. ↑ Phase I Environmental Site Assessment – Former US Military Mid Canada Line Radar Site 212 (PDF) (Report). Department of Environment and Conservation. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-07-15. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  6. ↑ "Demolition of Cape Bonavista Loran A Site, Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2025-11-19.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Christian Wolff; Pierre Vaillant. "Chain Home". radartutorial.eu (in French). Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "The CADIN Pinetree Line Locations".
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Information for Cape Makkovik AS, NL, CN". www.radomes.org.
  10. ↑ "Sample Projects". Varcon Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Cardoulis, John N (1990). A Friendly Invasion (The American Military in Newfoundland: 1940–1990). St John's: Breakwater Books Ltd. p. 25. ISBN   0-920911-85-4.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Fort Cape Spear – Cape Spear, Newfoundland and Labrador – Historic Forts on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Smallwood, Joseph R (1981). Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador (PDF). St John's: Newfoundland Book Publishers (1967) Ltd. p. 340. ISBN   0920508146.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Other American Stations".
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Historical Archaeology of a French Fortification in the Colony of Plaisance: The Vieux Fort Site (ChAl-04), Placentia, Newfoundland". www.academia.edu.
  16. ↑ "9 Wing Gander – Royal Canadian Air Force". 10 April 2013.
  17. ↑ "5 Wing Goose Bay – Royal Canadian Air Force". 10 April 2013.
  18. ↑ "1col".
  19. 1 2 "Home | Navigation Center". www.navcen.uscg.gov.
  20. ↑ "Defenses in Newfoundland, Canada". Coast Defense Study Group. May 24, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Official Website of the Town of Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada". Archived from the original on 2002-06-22.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917–1950, Coast Defense Journal, vol. 23, issue 2" (PDF).
  23. ↑ "HistoricPlaces.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca". www.historicplaces.ca.
  24. ↑ "Newfoundland Forts". www.northamericanforts.com.
  25. ↑ "History – Colony of Avalon". www.heritage.nf.ca.
  26. ↑ "Fort (Admiral's) Point – Trinity". Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada – Official Tourism Website.
  27. ↑ "Background and Construction". www.heritage.nf.ca.
  28. ↑ "HistoricPlaces.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca". www.historicplaces.ca.
  29. 1 2 National Defence, Royal Canadian Air Force (April 10, 2013). "5 Wing Goose Bay – Royal Canadian Air Force". www.canada.ca.
  30. ↑ "Construction of Austere Landing Strip For the 5 Wing Practice Target Area" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. 4 June 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  31. ↑ Ransom, Bernard D (1994). "Canada's "Newfyjohn" Tenancy: The Royal Canadian Navy in St. John's, 1941–1945". Acadiensis. 23 (2): 45–71. JSTOR   30302874.
  32. ↑ Navy, Royal Canadian (October 21, 2020). "HMCS Cabot". www.canada.ca.
  33. ↑ "Camping Canadian". campingcdn.blogspot.com.
  34. ↑ "Newfoundland and Canada: The War Years, 1939–1945". www.heritage.nf.ca.
  35. ↑ Lend Lease Agreement
  36. ↑ Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (December 6, 2022). "Military History of Signal Hill – Defence of the narrows". parks.canada.ca.
  37. ↑ "St. John's International Airport". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
  38. ↑ "RCAF Station Botwood".
  39. ↑ Douglas, Alec. "The Nazi weather station in Labrador" (PDF). Canadian Geographic . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-15.
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