 | This article possibly contains original research .(February 2009) |
The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Body of water (navigable) | Bay of Whales, Ross Sea | 78°30′S164°20′W / 78.500°S 164.333°W |
| Land (excluding Antarctica) | Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 59°31′50″S27°23′50″W / 59.53056°S 27.39722°W |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Any island (above sea level) | Deverall Island | 81°28′S161°54′E / 81.467°S 161.900°E |
| Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered) | Ross Island | 77°50′S166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E |
| Any size excluding Antarctica | Thule Island | 59°27′S27°18′W / 59.450°S 27.300°W |
| Island > 10,000 km2 excluding Antarctica | Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile | 55°02′S56°27′W / 55.033°S 56.450°W |
| Island > 100,000 km2 | South Island, New Zealand | 46°40′S169°00′E / 46.667°S 169.000°E |
| Coral atoll | Elizabeth Reef, Australia | 29°57′S159°04′E / 29.950°S 159.067°E |
The southernmost point of Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) | seen at the South Pole [2] | 90°S0°E / 90°S 0°E |
| Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum) | Southern tip of South America [3] | 53°54′S71°18′W / 53.900°S 71.300°W |
| Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) | Southern Ocean [4] [5] | 80th parallel south |
| Land mammal: Olive grass mouse (Abrothrix olivacea) | Hornos Island, Chile [6] | 55°56′38.68″S67°17′21″W / 55.9440778°S 67.28917°W |
| Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli) | Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina [7] | 47°06′00″S66°29′01″W / 47.1°S 66.48361°W |
| Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicus | Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego [8] | 52°22′57″S68°24′36″W / 52.382367°S 68.409956°W |
| Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica) | Refuge Islands [9] [10] | 68°21′S67°10′W / 68.350°S 67.167°W |
| Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi , Gymnoscopelus braueri , Electrona antarctica | Ross Sea [11] | 75th parallel south |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Flowering plants (in greenhouses) | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica [12] | 90°00′S139°16′W / 90.000°S 139.267°W |
| Ferns ( Blechnum penna-marina , naturally occurring) | Hornos Island, Chile [13] | 55°56′38.68″S67°16′51″W / 55.9440778°S 67.28083°W |
| Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring) | Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica [14] | 68°42′S67°32′W / 68.700°S 67.533°W |
| Trees ( Nothofagus betuloides , naturally occurring) | Hornos Island, Chile [15] | 55°58′S67°15′W / 55.967°S 67.250°W |
| Conifers ( Pilgerodendron uviferum , naturally occurring) | Tierra del Fuego, Chile [16] [17] | 54°20′S70°7′W / 54.333°S 70.117°W |
| Palms (nīkau ( Rhopalostylis sapida ), naturally occurring) | Chatham Islands, New Zealand [18] | 44°02′S176°26′W / 44.033°S 176.433°W |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| International Baccalaureate school | John McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand [25] | 45°51′17″S170°29′55″E / 45.85472°S 170.49861°E |
| University | National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina [26] | 54°48′57″S68°19′04″W / 54.81583°S 68.31778°W |
| Kindergarten | Puerto Williams, [27] Chile | 54°55′59″S67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W |
| Secondary school | Puerto Williams, Chile [28] | 54°55′59″S67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W |
| Primary school | Escuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica [29] | 63°24′S57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Astronomical observatory | South Pole Telescope, Antarctica | 90°S0°E / 90°S 0°E |
| Permanent scientific research station | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica | 90°S0°E / 90°S 0°E |
| Planetarium | Tūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand [30] | 45°51′56″S170°30′38″E / 45.86556°S 170.51056°E |
| Nuclear power plant | Atucha I, Argentina [31] | 33°58′S59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W |
| Atucha II, Argentina [ citation needed ] | 33°58′S59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Prehistoric archaeological site | Yaghan people's Cape Horn hunting camp, [32] Chile. | 55°58′19″S67°15′50″W / 55.97183°S 67.264006°W |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| Bowling club | Stewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand [39] | 46°53′57″S168°07′43″E / 46.899224°S 168.128746°E |
| Ski resort | Cerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina [40] | 54°43′S68°00′W / 54.717°S 68.000°W |
| Golf club | Ushuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina [41] | 54°49′52″S68°25′02″W / 54.831183°S 68.417283°W |
| Item | Place | Latitude/longitude |
|---|---|---|
| National park | Cabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile | 55°49′58″S67°25′58″W / 55.83278°S 67.43278°W |
| Penguin reserve | Magdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile [67] | |
| Aviary | Queens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand | 46°24′13″S168°21′37″E / 46.40361°S 168.36028°E |
| Botanical garden | Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina [68] | 54°47′07″S68°16′56″W / 54.78528°S 68.28222°W |
Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan.
The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD.
The Magallanes Region, officially the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It is the southernmost, largest, and second least populated region of Chile. It comprises four provinces: Última Esperanza, Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, and Antártica Chilena.
Ushuaia is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina. With a population of 82,615 and a location below the 54th parallel south latitude, Ushuaia claims the title of world's southernmost city.
Tierra del Fuego, officially the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands, is the southernmost, smallest, and least populous Argentine province. The provincial capital city is Ushuaia, from a native word meaning "bay towards the end".
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego also formerly Isla de Xátiva is an island near the southern tip of South America from which it is separated by the Strait of Magellan. The western portion (61.4%) of the island is in Chile, while the eastern portion is in Argentina. It forms the major landmass in an extended group of islands or archipelago also known as Tierra del Fuego.
Southernmost settlements are cities, towns, weather stations or permanent military bases which are farther south than latitude 45°S. They are closely related to the Southern Ocean or either the Roaring Forties or Furious Fifties. Antarctic bases are excluded due to not having a permanent population.
Puerto Williams is a city, port and naval base on Navarino Island in Chile, and is also the southernmost populated settlement in the world. It faces the Beagle Channel. It is the capital of the Chilean Antarctic Province, one of four provinces in the Magellan and Chilean Antarctica Region, and administers the communes of Chilean Antarctic Territory and Cabo de Hornos. It has a population of 2,874, including both naval personnel and civilians. Puerto Williams claims the title of world's southernmost city. The settlement was founded in 1953, and was first named Puerto Luisa. The town was later named after John Williams Wilson, a British man who founded Fuerte Bulnes, the first settlement in the Strait of Magellan. It has served primarily as a naval base for Chile. The Chilean Navy runs the Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport and hospital, as well as nearby meteorological stations. Since the late 20th century, the number of navy personnel has decreased in Puerto Williams and the civilian population has increased. In that period, tourism and support of scientific research have contributed to an increase in economic activity.
Nothofagus antarctica is a deciduous tree or shrub native to southern Chile and Argentina from about 36°S to Tierra del Fuego, where it grows mainly in the diminishing temperate rainforest.
Antártica Chilena Province is the southernmost of the four provinces in Chile's southernmost region, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (XII). The capital is Puerto Williams. The province comprises the extreme southern part of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, the islands south and west of Isla Grande, and Chile's claims in Antarctica. The province is administratively divided into two communes (comunas): Cabo de Hornos, located at the southern tip of South America, and Antártica, a wedge-shaped claim of Antarctica, which is not internationally recognized. Its total area of 1,265,853.7 km2 (488,749 sq mi) makes it almost twice as large as all other provinces of Chile combined.
Argentine Antarctica is an area on Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory. It consists of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole, delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel. This region overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. None of these claims have widespread international recognition.
Puerto Toro is a hamlet on the eastern coast of Navarino Island, Chile. Puerto Toro was founded in 1892 during the Tierra del Fuego Gold Rush by Governor of Punta Arenas Señoret.
Punta Arenas is the capital city of Chile's southernmost region, Magallanes and Antarctica Chilena. Although officially renamed as Magallanes in 1927, the name was changed back to Punta Arenas in 1938. The city is the largest south of the 46th parallel south and the most populous southernmost city in Chile and the Americas. Due to its location, it is also the coldest coastal city with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Latin America. Punta Arenas is one of the world's most southerly ports and serves as an Antarctic gateway city. Punta Arenas is the world's southernmost city with more than 100,000 inhabitants and claims the title of southernmost city in the world, although this title is also claimed by Ushuaia in Argentina, which lies farther south but is slightly smaller than Punta Arenas.
Nothofagus betuloides, Magellan's beech or guindo, is a tree native to southern Patagonia.
Invierno mine is a coal mine in Riesco Island, Chile, that was active from 2013 to 2020. The mine exported coal extracted from Loreto Formation to northern Chile and to other countries. The enterprise in charge of the project declared initially the works would occupy an area of 1500 ha representing 0.3% of the area of Riesco Island. Reportedly, it was initially projected to be the first of five coal mines in Riesco Island to be established by Von Appen and Angelini. The development of the mine included both the clearing of Magellanic subpolar forests and the reforestation of areas burned down during the Chilean settlement of Magallanes more than 100 years ago.
Reclus, also written as Reclús, is a cinder cone and stratovolcano located in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile. Part of the Austral Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit rises 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level and is capped by a crater about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide. Close to the volcano lies the Amalia Glacier, which is actively eroding Reclus.
Tierra del Fuego National Park is a national park on the Argentine part of the island of Tierra del Fuego, within Tierra del Fuego Province in the ecoregion of Patagonic Forest and Altos Andes, a part of the subantarctic forest. Established on 15 October 1960 under the Law 15.554 and expanded in 1966, it was the first shoreline national park to be established in Argentina.
The Argentina–Chile border is the longest international border of South America and the third longest in the world after the Canada–United States border and the Kazakhstan–Russia border. With a length of 5,308 kilometres (3,298 mi), it separates Argentina from Chile along the Andes and on the islands of Tierra del Fuego. However, there are some border disputes, particularly around the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. It is the largest border of the two countries, beating the Argentina–Paraguay and Chile–Bolivia, Argentina's and Chile's second largest borders, respectively.
Monte Burney is a volcano in southern Chile, part of its Austral Volcanic Zone which consists of six volcanoes with activity during the Quaternary. This volcanism is linked to the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate and the Scotia Plate.
Fueguino is a volcanic field in Chile. The southernmost volcano in the Andes, it lies on Tierra del Fuego's Cook Island and also extends over nearby Londonderry Island. The field is formed by lava domes, pyroclastic cones, and a crater lake.
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