List of space stations

The International Space Station in front of the Earth. This image was taken by Space Shuttle Discovery while pulling away during STS-119.

Skylab viewed from the command module of Skylab 2

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Space station.[ edit ]

A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. It therefore is an artificial satellite featuring habitation facilities. The purpose of maintaining a space station varies depending on the program. Most often space stations have been research stations, but they have also served military or commercial uses, such as hosting space tourists.

Space stations have been hosting the only continuous presence of humans in space. The first space station was Salyut 1 (1971), hosting the first crew, of the ill-fated Soyuz 11. Consecutively space stations have been operated since Skylab (1973) and occupied since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted occupation has been sustained since the operational transition from the Mir to the International Space Station (ISS), with its first occupation in 2000 ^[1] .

Currently there are two fully operational space stations – the ISS and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS), which have been occupied since October 2000 with Expedition 1 and since June 2022 with Shenzhou 14. The highest number of people at the same time on one space station has been 13, first achieved with the eleven day docking to the ISS of the 127th Space Shuttle mission in 2009. The record for most people on all space stations at the same time has been 17, first on May 30, 2023, with 11 people on the ISS and 6 on the TSS. ^[2]

Space stations are often modular, featuring docking ports, through which they are built and maintained, allowing the joining or movement of modules and the docking of other spacecrafts for the exchange of people, supplies and tools. While space stations generally do not leave their orbit, they do feature thrusters for station keeping.

Past stations

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.

The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously in the 1970s, both of which were called Salyut publicly. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight. The Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance. ^[3]

 ^‡   = Never crewed

Name	Program Entity	Crew size	Launched	Reentered	Days in orbit	Days occu- pied	Total crew and visitors	Number of crewed visits	Number of robotic visits	Mass (* = at launch)	Pressurized volume
Salyut 1	DOS [4]	3 [5]	19 April 1971 [6]	11 October 1971 [7]	175	24 [8]	6 [9]	2 [9]	0 [9]	18,425 kg (40,620 lb) [6]	100 m3 (3,500 cu ft) [10]
	MOM [6]
DOS-2 ‡	DOS [11]	— [a]	29 July 1972 [6] [12]	29 July 1972	failed to reach orbit	—	—	—	—	18,000 kg (40,000 lb) [13]	—
RVSN [14]
Salyut 2 ‡	Almaz [12]	— [a]	3 April 1973 [12]	16 April 1973 [12]	13 [12]	—	—	—	—	18,500 kg (40,800 lb) [15]	—
MOM [16]
Kosmos 557 ‡	DOS [17]	— [a]	11 May 1973 [18]	22 May 1973 [19]	11	—	—	—	—	19,400 kg (42,800 lb) [13]	—
	MOM
Skylab	Skylab [20]	3 [21]	14 May 1973 [22]	11 July 1979 [23]	2249	171 [24]	9 [25]	3 [26]	0 [27]	77,088 kg (169,950 lb) [28]	360 m3 (12,700 cu ft) [29]
	NASA
Salyut 3	Almaz [4]	2 [30]	25 June 1974 [31]	24 January 1975 [32]	213	15 [33]	2 [33]	1 [33]	0	18,900 kg (41,700 lb)* [34]	90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) [17]
	MOM [16]
Salyut 4	DOS [35]	2 [36]	26 December 1974 [37]	3 February 1977 [37]	770 [37]	92 [38]	4 [38]	2 [38] [39]	1 [38]	18,900 kg (41,700 lb) [17] *	90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) [17]
	MOM [14]
Salyut 5	Almaz [35]	2 [40]	22 June 1976 [41]	8 August 1977 [42]	412	67 [43]	4 [43]	3 [43]	0 [43]	19,000 kg (42,000 lb) [17] *	100 m3 (3,500 cu ft) [17]
	MOM [16]
Salyut 6	DOS [35] [44]	2 [45]	29 September 1977 [45]	29 July 1982 [46]	1764	683 [47]	33 [47]	16 [47]	14 [47]	19,000 kg (42,000 lb) [48]	90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) [49]
	MOM [16]
Salyut 7	DOS [35] [44]	3 [50]	19 April 1982 [51]	7 February 1991 [51]	3216 [51]	861 [50]	22 [50]	10 [50]	15 [50]	19,000 kg (42,000 lb) [52]	90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) [17]
	MOM [16]
Mir	DOS [35] [44]	3 [53]	19 February 1986 [54] [b]	23 March 2001 [23] [54]	5511 [54]	4594 [55]	125 [55]	39 [56]	68 [55]	129,700 kg (285,900 lb) [57]	350 m3 (12,400 cu ft) [58]
	MOM Roscosmos
Tiangong-1	Tiangong	3 [59]	29 September 2011 [60] [61]	2 April 2018 [62]	2377	22	6 [63] [64]	2 [63]	1 [65]	8,506 kg (18,753 lb) [66]	15 m3 (530 cu ft) [67]
	CMSA
Tiangong-2	Tiangong	2	15 September 2016	19 July 2019	1037	29	2	1	1	8,506 kg (18,753 lb) [66]	15 m3 (530 cu ft) [67]
	CMSA

Prototypes

These stations are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and were never intended to be crewed. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately. The Genesis stations were "retired" when their avionics systems stopped working after two and a half years, yet they still remain in orbit as derelict spacecraft.

Name	Entity	Program	Launched	Reentered	Days in orbit	Mass	Pressurized volume
OPS 0855	USAF	MOL	3 November 1966 [68]	9 January 1967 [68]	67	9,680 kg (21,340 lb)	11.3 m3 (400 cu ft)
Genesis I	Bigelow Aerospace		12 July 2006 [69]	(In Orbit)	6790	1,360 kg (3,000 lb) [70]	11.5 m3 (410 cu ft) [71]
Genesis II			28 June 2007 [69]		6439		11.5 m3 (406 cu ft) [71]

Operational stations

As of 2025, two stations are orbiting Earth with life support system in place and fully operational.

Name	Entity	Crew size	Launched	Days in orbit [c]	Days occupied	Total crew and visitors	Crewed visits	Robotic visits	Mass	Pressurized volume	Habitable volume
International Space Station	NASA Roscosmos ESA CSA JAXA	7 [72]	20 November 1998 [72] [b]	9581	8870 [73]	230 [74]	88 [75]	94 [75]	450,000 kg (990,000 lb) [76]	1,005 m3 (35,500 cu ft) [77]	388 m3 (13,700 cu ft)
Tiangong space station	CMSA	3–6 [78]	29 April 2021	1385	1255	24	8	8	100,000 kg (220,000 lb)	340 m3 (12,000 cu ft)	122 m3 (4,310 cu ft)

Planned and proposed

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in planning, development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

Name	Entity	Program	Crew size	Launch date	Planned Pressurized Volume	Remarks
Haven-1	Vast	Private	4	May 2026 [79]	80 m3 [80]	"Scheduled to be the world's first commercial space station, Haven-1 and subsequent human spaceflight missions will accelerate access to space exploration" [81]
LIFE Pathfinder	Sierra Space	Private	TBD	2026	285 m3 [82]	"Before offering LIFE for Orbital Reef, though, the company is proposing to launch a standalone “pathfinder” version of LIFE as soon as the end of 2026". [83]
StarMax	Gravitics	Private	TBD	2026 [84]	400 m3 (14,126 cu ft)	"The StarMax module provides up to 400 cubic meters of usable habitable volume - nearly half the volume of the International Space Station in one module."
Axiom Station	Axiom Space	Private	TBD	2027 [85]	~666.8 m3 (~23,548 cu ft)	Private, free flying space station for commercial tourism and science activities.
Lunar Gateway	NASA ESA CSA JAXA	Artemis	4	2027 [86]	≥125 m3 (4,400 cu ft)	Intended to serve as a science platform and as a staging area for the lunar landings of NASA's Artemis program and follow-on human mission to Mars.
Orbital Reef	Blue Origin Sierra Space	Private	10	2027 [87]	830 m3 (29,000 cu ft)	"Commercial station in LEO for research, industrial, international, and commercial customers."
Russian Orbital Service Station	Roscosmos	Russia's next generation space station.	TBD	2027 [88]		With Russia leaving the ISS programme sometime after 2024, Roscosmos announced this new space station in April 2021 as the replacement for that program.
Bharatiya Antariksha Station [89]	ISRO	Indian Human Spaceflight Programme	3	~2028 [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]		ISRO chairman K. Sivan announced in 2019 that India will not join the International Space Station, but will instead build a space station of its own. [94] of 52 Tonne Mass [95] It is intended to be completed 5–7 years after the conclusion of the Gaganyaan program. [96]
Starlab	NanoRacks Voyager Space Airbus MDA Space Mitsubishi Corporation	Private	4	2028 [97]	~450 m3 (~15892 cu ft)	"Commercial platform supporting a business designed to enable science, research, and manufacturing for customers around the world." While originally Lockheed Martin was included in the project, as of 2024, it appears their primary role has been filled by Airbus, to provide the main habitat for the station. [98] As of 2024, they are no longer listed as a partner on Starlab's website. [99]
Haven-2	Vast	Private	12	2028	1160 m3 [80]	A planned successor to Haven-1. Vast CEO Max Hoat expressed hope that the first module of Haven-2 will be launched in 2028 if the station will be approved during the second phase of NASA's Commercial LEO Destinations program. [100]
Lunar Orbital Station [101]	Roscosmos		TBD	after 2030 [102]
Artificial Gravity Station	Vast	Private	40	2035	1400 m3	[80]
Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)	JAXA|Mitsui & Co.	TBA	TBD	TBD		Japan's spaceflight agency, JAXA, announced in July 2024 that has contracted Mitsui & Co. to develop a concept for a new space station module for eventual flight and docking to an American private space station as yet to be determined as of the initial announcement. [103] [104] [105]

Concepts

Name	Entity	Crew Size	Pressurized Volume	Ref
Station in a Box	Above	TBD	TBD	[106]
Pioneer Station		28	TBD	[107]
Voyager Station		400	TBD
VERA Station	Gateway Spaceport LLC	200	369,523 m3	[108]
Gateway Spaceport		TBD	11,906,250 m3	[109]
Mars Base Camp	Lockheed Martin	TBD	TBD	[110]

Cancelled projects

The interior of Skylab B, on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum

Most of these stations were canceled due to financial difficulties, or merged into other projects.

Name	Entity	Crew	Cancellation	Remarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7	USAF	2 [111]	1969	Boilerplate mission launched successfully, wider project cancelled due to excessive costs [112]
Skylab B	NASA	3 [113]	1976	Constructed, but launch cancelled due to lack of funding. [114] Now a museum piece.
OPS-4	USSR	3 [115]	1979	Constructed, but Almaz program cancelled in favour of uncrewed recon satellites.
Freedom	NASA	14–16 [116]	1993	Merged to form the basis of the International Space Station.
Mir-2	USSR Roscosmos	2 [117]
Columbus MTFF	ESA	3
Galaxy	Bigelow Aerospace	Robotic [118]	2007	Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems [119]
Sundancer		3	2011	Was under construction, but cancelled in favour of developing B330.
Almaz commercial	Excalibur Almaz	4+	2016	Soviet hardware was acquired, but never launched due to lack of funds.
Tiangong-3	CNSA	3	2017	The goals for Tiangong-2 and 3 were merged, and were completed by a single station rather than two separate stations.
OPSEK	Roscosmos	2+	2017	Some modules such as Nauka were launched and attached to the ISS- but proposals to split these off as a separate station were cancelled, and they instead remain part of the ISS.
B330	Bigelow Aerospace	3	2020	Test articles were constructed but not flight ready hardware; cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Northrop Grumman CLD	Northrop Grumman	4-8 [120]	2023	Developed under the Commercial LEO Destinations program, cancelled by Northrop Grumman to partner with Nanoracks on Starlab.

Timeline

The image above contains clickable links

Timeline of space stations, sorted by the nations that launched them. Prototype stations are marked*.

  China

  Soviet Union/Russia

  USA

  India

  multiple nations

Size comparison

The image above contains clickable links

Size comparisons between current and past space stations as they appeared most recently. Solar panels in blue, heat radiators in red. Stations have different depths not shown by silhouettes.

See also

• Space portal
• Spaceflight portal

• Spacelab
• List of crewed spacecraft
• Commercial Space Stations
• Space stations and habitats in fiction

Notes

1. The USSR intended to crew these stations with 2 men, however they re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.
2. Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
3. Correct as of 12 February2025

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External links

• Media related to Space stations at Wikimedia Commons