Literature about intersex

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Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". [1] [2]

Contents

Intersex people and themes appear in numerous books, comics and magazines. Morgan Holmes describes common representations of intersex people as monsters or ciphers for discussions about sex and gender, [3] while Phoebe Hart contrasts a small number of examples of well-rounded characters with the creation of "objects of ridicule". [4]

Fiction

Intersex representations in fiction

Intersex people have been portrayed in literature as monsters, [3] murderers and medical dilemmas. Characters in award-winning literature include Cal Stephanides in the novel Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides [5] and Max Walker in the novel Golden Boy by Abigail Tarttelin. [6]

Morgan Holmes, Canadian sociologist and a former activist with the (now defunct) Intersex Society of North America, comments on constructions of intersex people as monsters or ciphers for discussions about sex and gender. [3] Holmes describes her weariness "of writers who had contacted me for a number of years during my intersex-activist days, trying to determine if their proposed ‘hermaphrodites’ could do things like impregnate or have sex with themselves", and how depictions of intersex people are "stalled", reifying "the proper place of traditional visions and modes of masculinity in opposition to femininity" or "beyond and outside the realm of gender altogether"; [3] the character of Annabel/Wayne, in the Canadian novel Annabel by Kathleen Winter, provides an example of monstrous auto-impregnation, while science fiction representations of intersex may also reflect monstrous interpretations of a hermaphrodite.

Phoebe Hart describes a range of media representations, from a small number of examples of well-rounded characters such as Cal Stephanides in the novel Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides to the creation of "objects of ridicule". [4]

Books

The list is organised by the author's surname.

The Queen's Tiara – Carl Jonas Love Almquist

The Queen's Tiara (Swedish : Drottningens juvelsmycke) is a classic Swedish novel by Carl Jonas Love Almquist about a beautiful androgyne, Tintomara.

Memoirs of a Man's Maiden Years – N.O. Body

Memoirs of a Man's Maiden Years describes a childhood and youth of Karl M. Baer

The World Wreckers – Marion Zimmer Bradley

The World Wreckers is a 1971 science fiction novel by Marion Zimmer Bradley in her Darkover series. The book contains a complex sub-plot involving the sexual interactions between a hermaphrodite native species known as the chieri and humans.

The Vorkosigan Saga – Lois McMaster Bujold

The Vorkosigan Saga is a series of science fiction novels and short stories set in a common fictional universe by American author Lois McMaster Bujold. Many novels in the series contain an intersex character, Bel Thorne.

Jack and his Extra Y – Arlie Colvin

Jack and his Extra Y is a children's book for kids with XYY syndrome.

Kyle and His Extra X and Y – Arlie Colvin

Kyle and His Extra X and Y is a children's book for kids with 48, XXYY.

Gregory and his Extra X – Arlie Colvin

Gregory and his Extra X is a children's book for kids with Klinefelter syndrome.

Elizabeth and her Extra X – Arlie Colvin

Elizabeth and her Extra X is a children's book for kids with Triple X syndrome.

Rokitansky – Alice Darwin

The novel by Alice Darwin, published in 2014. The story is about three women with MRKH.

The Looming Fog – Rosemary Esehagu

The 2006 debut novel by the Nigerian writer, Rosemary Esehagu. The story follows the life of an intersex child as they struggle to live in a pre-colonial village in Nigeria that considers the anomaly an abomination.

Middlesex – Jeffrey Eugenides

Middlesex (2002) by Jeffrey Eugenides is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel narrated by an intersex character who discusses the societal experience of an intersex person. [7] The novel's interrelationship between intersex and incest gave the book a controversial reception from intersex commentators.

Hermaphrodeity – Alan H. Friedman

Hermaphrodeity by Alan H. Friedman was originally published in 1972 and has been republished many times again. Hermaphrodeity is a grand comedy of gender surprises. Millie, a hermaphrodite, must make a decision in the novel. Boy or girl—choose one. Millie or Willie.

The Ilario series – Mary Gentle

Mary Gentle used an intersex narrator in Ilario: The Lion's Eye and its sequel Ilario: The Stone Golem , published in 2007.

None of the Above – I. W. Gregorio

A homecoming queen and champion hurdler finds her life turned upside-down after a diagnosis with androgen insensitivity syndrome in None of the Above by I. W. Gregorio, [8] a young adult book published in 2015.

All You Zombies – Robert A. Heinlein

—All You Zombies— is a science fiction short story by Robert A. Heinlein, recently adapted in the movie Predestination .

Us Girls: My Life Without a Uterus – Rachael J. Hughes

Us Girls: My Life Without a Uterus is a book about a girl with MRKH.

The Hermaphrodite – Julia Ward Howe

The Hermaphrodite is an incomplete novel by Julia Ward Howe about Laurence, an intersex character raised as a male but whose underlying gender ambiguity often creates havoc in his life. It was probably written between 1846 and 1847. [9]

Raptor – Gary Jennings

Raptor is an historical novel by Gary Jennings set in the late fifth and early sixth centuries. It purports to be the memoirs of an Ostrogoth, Thorn.

Pantomime – Laura Lam

Laura Lam's young adult fantasy novel Pantomime and its sequel Shadowplay feature an intersex protagonist named Micah Grey. [10]

The Left Hand of Darkness – Ursula K. Le Guin

The Left Hand of Darkness is a multiple award-winning 1969 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin. Le Guin's introduction to the 1976 publication of the book identifies Left Hand of Darkness as a thought experiment to explore society without men or women, where individuals share the biological and emotional makeup of both genders. [11]

Le saut de l'ange – Maud Marin

Autobiographical drama by a French author, Maud Marin. Tells the story of a person with intersex traits who was assigned male at birth and made a transition in later life.

Changed – T.S. Murphy

Changed is young adult novel about a girl with MRKH.

Elizabeth, Just Sixteen – Cecilia Paul

Elizabeth, Just Sixteen is a book about a girl with MRKH.

Der Bibelkiller / Natural Red 4 – Valeska Réon

Natural Red 4 is a thriller about a intersexual coroner.

2313 – Kim Stanley Robinson

2313 is a science fiction novel written by Kim Stanley Robinson. It includes two lead characters, Swan Er Hong and Fitz Wahram, with intersex characteristics.

Edna's Gift: How My Broken Sister Taught Me to Be Whole – Susan Rudnick

Edna's Gift: How My Broken Sister Taught Me to Be Whole is a book about a girl with MRKH.

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness – Arundhati Roy

The novel by Indian writer Arundhati Roy, published in 2017. Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.

Golden Boy – Abigail Tarttelin

Abigail Tarttelin's 2013 novel Golden Boy is about an intersex teenager. [12] The book has won multiple awards, including a 2014 Alex Award, which recognize the book's appeal to young adult readers. [13]

Annabel – Kathleen Winter

Kathleen Winter's 2010 novel Annabel is a fictional account of an intersex person growing up in Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Intersexion – P.D. Workman

P.D. Workman's 2016 novel Intersexion tells the story of Taylor, an intersex teen who is disowned by his family, living on the street, and battling abuse and prejudice.

XOXY, A Memoir: Intersex Woman, Mother, Activist – Kimberly Zieselman

XOXY, A Memoir: Intersex Woman, Mother, Activist is an autobiographical book by Kimberly Zieselman

Non-fiction

Books

Herculine Barbin – Herculine Barbin, Michel Foucault

Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite is a 1980 English-language translation of Herculine Barbin's nineteenth-century memoirs, which were originally written in French. The book contains an introduction by Michel Foucault. Foucault discovered Barbin's memoirs during his research about hermaphroditism for The History of Sexuality . [14]

Interdicciones – Mauro Cabral (editor)

Interdicciones. Escrituras de la intersexualidad en castellano (Interdictions. Writings on intersex in Spanish) is a 2009 collection of non-fiction, fiction, and poetry edited by Mauro Cabral. [15]

Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia – Tiffany Jones, Bonnie Hart, Morgan Carpenter, Gavi Ansara, William Leonard and Jayne Lucke (authors)

Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia is a 2016 book of statistical findings and stories from an Australian national study led by Tiffany Jones. [16]

Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis - Georgiann Davis

Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis by Georgiann Davis examines the history of the U.S. intersex movement with a focus on the medicalization of intersex bodies and a contested shift in clinical language from intersex to "disorders of sex development". [17]

Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex - Alice Dreger

A collection of essays on intersex as a social phenomenon, living with intersex traits, and medical management. [2] The book was published in 1999 by University Publishing Group, Maryland by Alice Domurat Dreger.

Galileo's Middle Finger - Alice Dreger

Galileo's Middle Finger is a 2015 book on the ethics of medical research by bioethicist and author Alice Dreger. The book recounts Dreger's activism against surgical "correction" of intersex individuals' genitalia and the use of prenatal hormone treatments. The book also reviews research on transsexualism and the treatment of the Yanomamo people. [18] [19]

Sexing the Body – Anne Fausto-Sterling

Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality is a 2000 book by Brown University Professor of Biology and Gender Studies Anne Fausto-Sterling in which she explores the social construction of gender and the social and medical treatment of intersex people.

Human Rights between the Sexes – Dan Christian Ghattas

Human Rights between the Sexes is an analysis of the human rights of intersex people in twelve countries. It was written by Dan Christian Ghattas of IVIM (OII-Germany) and published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in October 2013. [20] [21] [22] [23]

Intersex (For Lack of a Better Word) – Thea Hillman

Intersex author Thea Hillman's memoir Intersex (For Lack of a Better Word) was published by Manic D Press in 2008 and won a Lambda Literary Award. [24] [25]

Critical Intersex – Morgan Holmes (editor)

Critical Intersex is a collection of essays on intersex issues, including theoretical and empirical research. Edited by intersex professor of sociology Morgan Holmes, Critical Intersex has been described as "an important book" (Anne Fausto-Sterling), "the 'go to source' for a contemporary, international representation of intersex studies," [26] and as making "contributions that are precise, plainly written and very illuminating... the detail is fascinating and somewhat unnerving... beautifully clear and compassionate" ( Contemporary Sociology ). [27] [28]

Fixing Sex – Katrina Karkazis

Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience by Stanford anthropologist and bioethicist Katrina Karkazis was published in 2008. Described as "thoughtful", "meticulous", and an "authoritative treatise on intersex", [29] the book examines the perspectives of intersex people, their families, and clinicians to offer a compassionate look at the treatment of people born with atypical sex characteristics.

Born Both: An Intersex Life – Hida Viloria

An intimate memoir by Hida Viloria, a writer and intersex activist, a candid, provocative, and eye-opening perspective of life, love, and gender identity as an intact intersex person, as well as a call to action for justice for intersex people. The book was published in 2017 and is a Lambda Literary Award finalist.

Journals

Hermaphrodites with Attitude

The former Intersex Society of North America published the journal Hermaphrodites with Attitude between 1994 and 2005.

Poetry

Dear Herculine – Aaron Apps

A 2015 hybrid/poetry collection by Aaron Apps won the 2014 Sawtooth Poetry Prize. The book recalls and interacts with portions of the memoirs of 19th Century French hermaphrodite Herculine Barbin. [30]

Intersex: A Memoir - Aaron Apps

A 2015 poetry collection and memoir by Aaron Apps explores gender and what happens when a body is normalized. A section of the book, Barbecue Catharsis, appeared in the 2014 edition of The Best American Essays. [30]

Comics

I.S.

The Japanese manga series I.S. , first published in 2003, features intersex characters and how they deal with intersex-related issues and influence the lives of people around them. It was complimented by intersexinitiative.org as "groundbreaking" and the "world's first serial comics based on the real lives of intersex people". [31]

Demon Knights

In 2012, the character Shining Knight was revealed as DC Comics's first intersex character in Demon Knights #14. [32]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Middlesex</i> (novel) 2002 novel by Jeffrey Eugenides

Middlesex is a Pulitzer Prize–winning novel by Jeffrey Eugenides published in 2002. The book is a bestseller, with more than four million copies sold since its publication. Its characters and events are loosely based on aspects of Eugenides' life and observations of his Greek heritage. It is not an autobiography; unlike the protagonist, Eugenides is not intersex. The author decided to write Middlesex after reading the 1980 memoir Herculine Barbin and finding himself dissatisfied with its discussion of intersex anatomy and emotions.

Herculine Adélaïde Barbin, later known as Abel Barbin, was a French intersex person who was assigned female at birth and raised in a convent, but was later reclassified as male by a court of law, after an affair and physical examination. She is known for her memoir, Herculine Barbin, which was studied by Michel Foucault. Her birthday is marked as Intersex Day of Remembrance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex</span> Atypical congenital variations of sex characteristics

Intersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".

<i>Herculine Barbin</i> (memoir)

Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite is a 1980 English-language translation of Herculine Barbin's nineteenth-century memoirs, which were originally written in French. The book contains an introduction by Michel Foucault, which only appears in the English-language translation of the memoirs. Foucault discovered Barbin's memoirs during his research about hermaphroditism for The History of Sexuality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex Awareness Day</span> Awareness day observed annually on October 26

Intersex Awareness Day is an internationally observed awareness day each October 26, designed to highlight human rights issues faced by intersex people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alice Dreger</span> American bioethicist, historian, and author

Alice Domurat Dreger is an American historian, bioethicist, author, and former professor of clinical medical humanities and bioethics at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, in Chicago, Illinois.

Morgan Holmes is a Canadian sociologist, author, and a professor at Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario. She is also an intersex activist and writer, and former member of Intersex Society of North America. Holmes participated in the first public demonstration by intersex people, now marked by Intersex Awareness Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex characters in fiction</span>

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns, "that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". Literary descriptions may use older or different language for intersex traits, including describing intersex people as hermaphrodites, neither wholly male or female, or a combination of male and female. This page examines intersex characters in fictional works as a whole, focusing on characters and tropes over time.

Gottlieb Göttlich was an intersex man in the 1800s who became well-known for his condition, as it was the first time many medical practitioners had seen such a case.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Films about intersex</span>

Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". Intersex is a part of nature and that is reflected in some representations of intersex in film and other media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Television works about intersex</span>

Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex Day of Remembrance</span>

Intersex Day of Remembrance, also known as Intersex Solidarity Day, is an internationally observed civil awareness day designed to highlight issues faced by intersex people. It marks the birthday of Herculine Barbin, a French intersex person whose memoirs were later published by Michel Foucault in Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex human rights</span> Human rights for intersex people

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals, that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex people in history</span>

Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". Intersex people were historically termed hermaphrodites, "congenital eunuchs", or even congenitally "frigid". Such terms have fallen out of favor, now considered to be misleading and stigmatizing.

Max Beck was an American intersex advocate, who was active in the now-defunct Intersex Society of North America (ISNA). On October 26, 1996 in Boston, Beck participated in the first known public demonstration against human rights violations on intersex people. The event is now annually commemorated and recognized as Intersex Awareness Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex and LGBT</span> Relationship between different sex and gender minorities

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". They are substantially more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) than endosex people, an estimated 52% identifying as non-heterosexual and 8.5% to 20% experiencing gender dysphoria. Although many intersex people are heterosexual and cisgender, this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI. Some intersex activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical interventions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of intersex history</span> Overview of notable events in the timeline of intersex history

The following is a timeline of intersex history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in the United States</span> Overview of intersex peoples rights in the United States of America

Intersex people in the United States have some of the same rights as other people, but with significant gaps, particularly in protection from non-consensual cosmetic medical interventions and violence, and protection from discrimination. Actions by intersex civil society organizations aim to eliminate harmful practices, promote social acceptance, and equality. In recent years, intersex activists have also secured some forms of legal recognition. Since April 11, 2022 US Passports give the sex/gender options of male, female and X by self determination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex rights in France</span> Intersex peoples rights in France

Intersex people in France face significant gaps in protection from non-consensual medical interventions and protection from discrimination. The birth of Abel Barbin, a nineteenth-century intersex woman, is marked in Intersex Day of Remembrance. Barbin may have been the first intersex person to write a memoir, later published by Michel Foucault.

References

  1. ↑ "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-00189-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Holmes, Morgan (August 16, 2007). "Cal/liope in Love: The 'Prescientific' Desires of an Apolitical 'Hermaphrodite'". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 11 (3–4): 223–232. doi:10.1300/J155v11n03_05. ISSN   1089-4160. PMID   17954458. S2CID   41405702.
  4. 1 2 Hart, Phoebe (June 2016). "Writing characters with intersex variations for television". Journal of Screenwriting. 7 (2): 207–223. doi:10.1386/josc.7.2.207_1. ISSN   1759-7137. S2CID   192280795 . Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  5. ↑ Gilpin, Sam (September 28, 2003). "Paperback pick of the week: Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides". The Times . London. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  6. ↑ Thornton, Jeanne (May 21, 2013). "Book Review: 'Golden Boy'". Austin Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014.
  7. ↑ Eugenides, Jeffrey (2002). Middlesex . New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN   978-0-374-19969-2.
  8. ↑ Leary, Alaina (2015). "This Intersex Character Is Leading The Way In YA". Bust. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  9. ↑ Howe, Julia Ward (2004). Williams, Gary (ed.). The Hermaphrodite. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. x. ISBN   978-0803204270. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04.
  10. ↑ "5 Things Laura Lam Learned While Writing SHADOWPLAY and PANTOMIME". 2014-01-06. Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
  11. ↑ Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth (1997). Presenting Ursula Le Guin. New York: Twayne. ISBN   978-0805746099.
  12. ↑ Matt Phil Carver (2013-05-31). "Meet Max, 16, a Golden Boy and intersex". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
  13. ↑ "YALSA's Alex Awards. 2014 Winners". 2012-02-27. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  14. ↑ Brown, Frederick (1980-10-09). "The Heroic Hermaphrodite". The New York Review of Books . Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  15. ↑ Cabral, Mauro, ed. (February 2009). Interdicciones. Escrituras de la intersexualidad en castellano [Interdictions. Writings on intersex in Spanish](PDF) (in Spanish). Mulabi, el Espacio Latinoamericano de Sexualidades y Derechos. ISBN   978-987-05-5898-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-19.
  16. ↑ Jones, Tiffany; et al. (2016). Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia (PDF). Open Book Publishers. doi: 10.11647/OBP.0089 . ISBN   978-1-78374-208-0.
  17. ↑ Davis, Georgiann (2015). Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosi. New York: NYU Press. ISBN   9781479887040. Archived from the original on 2016-09-29.
  18. ↑ Dreger, Alice Domurat (2015). Galileo's Middle Finger: Heretics, Activists, and the Search for Justice in Science. New York: Penguin Press. p. 73. ISBN   9781594206085.
  19. ↑ Dobbs, David (April 17, 2015). "'Galileo's Middle Finger,' by Alice Dreger". The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  20. ↑ Ghattas, Dan Christian; Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). "Human Rights Between the Sexes" (PDF). boell.de. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23.
  21. ↑ "Dr. Dan Christian Ghattas". intersexualite.de (in German). OII Germany. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  22. ↑ "A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals". oiieurope.org. OII Europe. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "Menschenrechte zwischen den Geschlechtern". boell.de (in German). Heinrich Böll Foundation. October 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-07-04.
  24. ↑ debi withers (2009-02-18). "Intersex (For Lack of a Better Word) – Reviews". The F-Word. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
  25. ↑ Hillman, Thea (2008). Intersex (For Lack of a Better Word): Thea Hillman: 9781933149240: Amazon.com: Books. Manic D Press. ISBN   978-1933149240.
  26. ↑ Argentinian Film XXY with guest speaker Morgan Holmes Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine , Rainbow Health Ontario, 2013.
  27. ↑ Critical Intersex Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine , Ashgate Publishing, October 2009.
  28. ↑ Critical Intersex, review by Raewyn Connell Archived 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine , Contemporary Sociology, March 2011, vol 40, no. 2 194–195. DOI: 10.1177/0094306110396847dd.
  29. ↑ Katrina Karkazis, PhD, MPH Archived 2013-12-26 at the Wayback Machine , Stanford University School of Medicine Center for Biomedical Ethics, 2013
  30. 1 2 Apps, Aaron (2015). Intersex: A Memoir. Tarpaulin Sky Press. ISBN   978-1-939460-04-2.
  31. ↑ "Intersex Initiative: News - Groundbreaking Japanese Comic Depicts Intersex". www.intersexinitiative.org. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  32. ↑ Peeples, Jase (2012-11-16). "Week In Geek: DC Outs First Intersex Superhero, Minnie Mouse Works the Runway, and More". Gay.net. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
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