Luciola

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Luciola
Luciola lusitanica .jpg
Luciola lusitanica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Lampyridae
Subfamily: Luciolinae
Genus: Luciola
Laporte, 1833
Species

Many, but see text

Synonyms
  • Bourgeoisia E.Olivier, 1908
  • Erota Gistal, 1834
  • Hotaria Yuasa, 1937

Luciola is a genus of flashing fireflies [1] in the family Lampyridae. They are especially well known from Japan and are often called Japanese fireflies, but their members range farther into Asia and reach southern Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, among other countries) and Africa. This genus is traditionally held to extend to Australia, but these species do not seem to belong herein (see below for details).

Contents

Biological description

Bioluminescence of Luciola lateralis. Japanese Firefly heikebotaru Luciola lateralis.jpg
Bioluminescence of Luciola lateralis .

Unlike some other fireflies, the females of Luciola are fully winged. Ecologically, the genus is remarkable in that the larvae of several species are aquatic. The adults of the typical Luciola are similar to those of Atyphella which was formerly included in this genus. They can be easily distinguished by the males' aedeagus however, which in Luciola proper has large lateral lobes that do not taper and have elongated, slender and flattened smaller lobes along their ventral margin. The middle lobe of the males' aedeagus is very slim and has a point before the tip. By contrast, the Australian group resembles Pyrophanes in its lateral lobes of the aedeagus being small and not visible from beneath. But unlike in Pyrophanes, the sheath of the aedeagus lacks paraprocts, and the seventh ventrite of the abdomen lacks the hairy lobes and points at its hind margin. [2]

Two Japanese species of Luciola, collectively known as hotaru (蛍), are significant in Japanese culture and folklore. They are symbols of the hitodama (人魂 or 人玉), the souls of the newly-dead. See also the explanations at the article on the movie Hotaru no Haka ("Grave of the Fireflies") for a discussion of the cultural significance of the hotaru.

Systematics

Luciola in the narrow sense appears to be most closely related to a rather basal group of Luciolinae, including Bourgeoisia and Lampyroidea and Hotaria . Their relationships are not well resolved and Hotaria is sometimes merged with Luciola. On the other hand, the genera Atyphella and Pygoluciola , which for some time were included in Luciola, is now again recognized as distinct. [3]

The internal systematics of Luciola are somewhat in need of revision, and it is not certain whether these species are all correctly assigned to this genus. For example, the Australian species appear to be separate and not very closely related to the other members of this genus, but rather to Colophotia , Pteroptyx and Pyrophanes . Whether the larvae of these can be recognized by the share soft terga lacking paranota, or whether this is a plesiomorphic trait also present in other Luciolinae, remains to be determined. [4]

L. deplanata might be worthy of separation in a monotypic genus Photuroluciola . [2]

But considering the fact that many species remain essentially unstudied, a 2008 review of the genus concluded that:

"A phylogenetic analysis [...] may give indications for subdivisions within Luciola. However, there are elements of the cart and the horse here which should come first? Break up Luciola based on narrow analyses, or wait until more analyses are available? It is our contention that those Luciolinae species which do not fit elsewhere should either be described as Luciola sp. or remain undescribed until such time as phylogenetic analyses indicate a repeatable pattern of subdivisions with Luciola. Any other action would be, in our opinion, premature." [2]

In 2010, leii, ficta, hydrophila and lateralis were transferred to the genus Aquatica . [5]

Species

These species belong to the genus Luciola: [6]

Footnotes

  1. Stanger-Hall et al. (2007)
  2. 1 2 3 Fu & Ballantyne (2008)
  3. Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006), Fu & Ballantyne (2008)
  4. Ballantyne & Menayah (2002), Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006)
  5. Fu, Ballantyne & Lambkin (2010)
  6. "Catalogue of Life, Luciola Laporte, 1833" . Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  7. 1 2 Ballantyne, Lesley; Kawashima, Itsuro; Jusoh, Wan F. A.; Suzuki, Hirobumi (2022). "A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str". European Journal of Taxonomy. 855. doi:10.5852/ejt.2022.855.2023.
  8. Literally, "Genji firefly". The common name references the Genji monogatari . For hotaru vs. -botaru, see rendaku .
  9. "New species of firefly found in Singapores last freshwater swamp forest". University of Singapore. 11 March 2021.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luciolinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Luciolinae are among the largest subfamilies of fireflies (Lampyridae). They seem to be all "flashing" fireflies. They are a diverse lineage, spreading throughout the warm parts of Eurasia into temperate Europe and East Asia and south to the Australian region.

Atyphella is a genus of 'flashing' firefly found in the Australasian region, particularly in the eastern and northern regions of Australia. The genus consists of 23 recognized species, 14 considered to be endemic to Australia.

Inflata is a genus of 'flashing' firefly found in Thailand, containing a single recognized species, Inflata indica.

Atyphella dalmatia is a species of firefly in the genus Atyphella. It was discovered in 2009.

<i>Nipponoluciola cruciata</i> Species of beetle

Nipponoluciola cruciata, known as "genji-botaru" (ゲンジボタル) in Japanese, is a species of firefly found in Japan. Its habitat is small ditches and streams, and its larvae are aquatic. It was formerly known as Luciola cruciata but was revised taxonomically in 2022.

Aquatica ficta is a species of firefly found in Taiwan and parts of China. It was formerly placed in the genus Luciola. Its habitat is still water, and the larvae are aquatic.

Aquatica is a genus of fireflies in the subfamily Luciolinae. The species are found in China, Taiwan, Japan, Russia and Korea. Fu, Ballantyne and Lambkin erected the genus in 2010, using phylogenetic, morphological and behavioural evidence. Its type species is Aquatica wuhana. It contains five species:

Aquatica hydrophila is a species of firefly found in Taiwan. Described in 2003, it was formerly placed in the genus Luciola. The larvae are aquatic and live in ditches and small streams.

<i>Aquatica lateralis</i> Species of insect of the genus Luciola

Aquatica lateralis, known as "heike-botaru" (ヘイケボタル) in Japanese, is a species of firefly found in Russia, Japan and Korea. It was formerly placed in the genus Luciola. The larvae are aquatic and live in rice paddies.

<i>Aspisoma</i> Genus of beetles

Aspisoma is a genus of fireflies in the family Lampyridae. There are at least 70 described species in Aspisoma.

Bicellonycha is a genus of fireflies in the beetle family Lampyridae. There are more than 40 described species in Bicellonycha.

<i>Pyrocoelia</i> Genus of beetles

Pyrocoelia is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae.

Luciola candezei, is a species of firefly beetle found in Sri Lanka.

Luciola intricata, is a species of firefly beetle found in Sri Lanka.

Luciola antennalis, is a species of firefly beetle found in Sri Lanka.

<i>Pteroptyx</i> Genus of fireflies

Pteroptyx is a genus of fireflies in the subfamily Luciolinae found in Southeast Asia. It has long been noted for the ability to perform synchronous flashing, though not all species synchronize. These synchronizing species have been found on so-called 'firefly trees' and created a growing firefly-watching tour industry in some regions. Species of the genus have been identified in Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Hong Kong.

<i>Abscondita</i> Genus of beetles

Abscondita is a genus of fireflies in tropical Asia. Species in the genus were earlier placed in the genus Luciola but molecular phylogeny studies support their separation.

<i>Asymmetricata</i> Genus of beetles


Asymmetricata is a genus of fireflies found in tropical Asia. Species in the genus were formerly included in the genus Luciola. The genus was created in 2009 by Lesley Ballantyne who noted the asymmetric 8th abdominal tergite, emarginated on its left, as a shared feature. Adults of both males and females are winged. The larvae have been reliably described only in A. circumdata. They are terrestrial carnivores, feeding on snails and earthworms in moist soil below tree cover. The last abdominal segment bears an anchoring structure or pygopod with 58 or more pygopodia arising from it.

<i>Sclerotia</i> (beetle) Genus of firefly

Sclerotia is a genus of fireflies in the subfamily Luciolinae. It contains seven species that occur in Southeast Asia. The larvae of at least three of these species are aquatic and swim on their backs.

References