Macrotis

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Macrotis
Macrotis lagotis - bandicut conejo.jpg
Greater bilby
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Peramelemorphia
Family: Thylacomyidae
Bensley, 1903
Genus: Macrotis
Reid, 1837
Type species
Macrotis lagotis
Reid, 1837 [1]
Species

Macrotis lagotis
† Macrotis leucura

Synonyms

ParagaliaGray, 1841
PeragaleLydekker, 1887
Phalacomysanon., 1854
ThalaconusRichardson, Dallas, Cobbold, Baird and White, 1862
ThylacomysBlyth, 1840 [2]

Contents

Macrotis is a genus of desert-dwelling marsupial omnivores known as bilbies or rabbit-bandicoots; [3] they are members of the order Peramelemorphia. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, there were two species. The lesser bilby became extinct in the 1950s; the greater bilby survives but remains endangered. It is currently listed as a vulnerable species. The greater bilby is on average 55 cm (22 in) long, excluding the tail, which is usually around 29 cm (11 in) long. Its fur is usually grey or white; it has a long, pointy nose and very long ears, hence the reference of its nickname to rabbits.

Bilby at Featherdale Wildlife Park (1)Bilby-5.jpg
Bilby at Featherdale Wildlife Park

Taxonomy

Macrotis means 'big-eared' ( macro- + ōt- 'ear') in Greek, referring to the animal's large, long ears. [4] The genus name was first proposed as a subgeneric classification, which after a century of taxonomic confusion was eventually stabilised as the accepted name in a 1932 revision by Ellis Troughton. In reviewing the systematic arrangement of the genus, Troughton recognised three species names, including one highly variable population with six subspecies. [5]

The family's current name Thylacomyidae is derived from an invalid synonym Thylacomys, meaning 'pouched mouse', from the Ancient Greek thýlakos (θύλακος, 'pouch, sack') and mys (μῦς, 'mouse, muscle'), [3] sometimes misspelt Thalacomys. [6] [7]

The term bilby is a loanword from the Yuwaalaraay Aboriginal language of northern New South Wales, meaning long-nosed rat. It is known as dalgite in Western Australia, and in South Australia, pinkie is sometimes used. [8] The Wiradjuri of New South Wales also call it "bilby". [9] Gerard Krefft recorded the name Jacko used by the peoples of the lower Darling in 1864, emended to Jecko in 1866 along with Wuirrapur from the peoples at the lower Murray River. [5]

Classification

The placement of the population within taxonomic classification has changed in recent years. Vaughan (1978)[ full citation needed ] and Groves and Flannery (1990)[ full citation needed ] both placed this family[ which? ] within the family Peramelidae. Kirsch et al. (1997)[ full citation needed ] found them to be distinct from the species in Peroryctidae (which is now a subfamily in Peramelidae). McKenna and Bell (1997)[ full citation needed ] also placed it in Peramelidae, but as the sister of Chaeropus in the subfamily Chaeropodinae. [10]

Here is a summary of the treatment as a peramelemorph family:

  • Thylacomyidae
  • Genus Macrotis

Fossil taxa allied to the family are:

Description

Bilbies have the characteristic long bandicoot muzzle and very big ears that radiate heat. They are about 29–55 cm (11–22 in) long. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The size of their ears allows them to have better hearing. [13] [14] They are nocturnal omnivores that do not need to drink water, as they obtain their moisture from food, which includes insects and their larvae, seeds, spiders, bulbs, fruit, fungi, and very small animals. Most food is found by digging or scratching in the soil, and using their very long tongues.

Unlike bandicoots, they are excellent burrowers and build extensive tunnel systems with their strong forelimbs and well-developed claws. A bilby typically makes a number of burrows within its home range, up to about a dozen, and moves between them, using them for shelter both from predators and the heat of the day. The female bilby's pouch faces backwards, which prevents the pouch from getting filled with dirt while she is digging.

Bilbies have a gestation of about 12–14 days, one of the shortest among mammals. [15]

The appearance of the bilby has been alluded to as "Australia’s answer to the Easter rabbit". [16]

Conservation

Bilbies are slowly becoming endangered because of habitat loss and change, and competition with other animals. There is a national recovery plan being developed for saving them. This program includes captive breeding, monitoring populations, and reestablishing bilbies where they once lived. There have been reasonably successful moves to popularise the bilby as a native alternative to the Easter Bunny by selling chocolate Easter Bilbies (sometimes with a portion of the profits going to bilby protection and research). Reintroduction efforts have begun, with a successful reintroduction into the Arid Recovery Reserve in South Australia in 2000, [17] [18] and a reintroduction into Currawinya National Park in Queensland, where six bilbies were released into a predator-proof enclosure in April 2019. [19]

Successful reintroductions have also occurred on the Peron Peninsula in Western Australia as a part of [20] the Western Shield program, and at other conservation lands, including islands and the Australian Wildlife Conservancy's [21] Scotia [22] and Yookamurra Sanctuaries. [23] There is a highly successful bilby breeding program at Kanyana Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre [24] near Perth, Western Australia.

Evolution

The bilby lineage extends back 15 million years. [25] In 2014 scientists found part of a 15-million-year-old fossilised jaw of a bilby which had shorter teeth that were probably used for eating forest fruit. Prior to this discovery, the oldest bilby fossil on record was 5 million years old. Modern bilbies have evolved to have long teeth used to dig holes in the desert to eat worms and insects.

It is thought the bilby diverged from its closest relative, an originally-carnivorous bandicoot, 20 million years ago. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater bilby</span> Species of marsupial

The greater bilby, or simply the bilby, is a long-eared, rabbit-like mammal native to Australia. It lives in burrows and is active at night, feeding on insects, fruit, or fungi. The bilby is a marsupial and carries its young in a pouch. Threats include habitat loss, disease, and introduced predators such as foxes. Formerly widespread, bilbies are now restricted to arid parts of northwestern and central Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peramelemorphia</span> Order of mammals

The order Peramelemorphia includes the bandicoots and bilbies. All members of the order are endemic to Australia-New Guinea and most have the characteristic bandicoot shape: a plump, arch-backed body with a long, delicately tapering snout, very large upright ears, relatively long, thin legs, and a thin tail. Their size varies from about 140 grams up to 4 kilograms, but most species are about one kilogram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bandicoot</span> Marsupial endemic to the Australia–New Guinea region

Bandicoots are a group of more than 20 species of small to medium sized, terrestrial, largely nocturnal marsupial omnivores in the order Peramelemorphia. They are endemic to the Australia–New Guinea region, including the Bismarck Archipelago to the east and Seram and Halmahera to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern pig-footed bandicoot</span> Small species of herbivorous marsupial in the genus Chaeropus, the pig-footed bandicoots

The southern pig-footed bandicoot was a small species of herbivorous marsupial in the genus Chaeropus, the pig-footed bandicoots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern barred bandicoot</span> Species of mammal

The eastern barred bandicoot is a nocturnal, rabbit-sized marsupial endemic to southeastern Australia, being native to the island of Tasmania and mainland Victoria. It is one of three surviving bandicoot species in the genus Perameles. It is distinguishable from its partially-sympatric congener – the long-nosed bandicoot – via three or four dark horizontal bars found on its rump. In Tasmania, it is relatively abundant. The mainland population in Victoria is struggling and is subject to ongoing conservation endeavors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser bilby</span> Extinct species of marsupial

The lesser bilby, also known as the yallara, the lesser rabbit-eared bandicoot or the white-tailed rabbit-eared bandicoot, is an extinct rabbit-like marsupial. The species was first described by Oldfield Thomas as Peregale leucura in 1887 from a single specimen from a collection of mammals of the British Museum. Reaching the size of a young rabbit, this species lived in the deserts of Central Australia. Since the 1950s–1960s, it has been believed to be extinct.

<i>Chaeropus</i> Extinct genus of marsupials

Chaeropus, known as the pig-footed bandicoots, is a genus of small marsupials that became extinct during the 20th century. They were the only members of the family Chaeropodidae in order Peramelemorphia, with unusually thin legs, yet were able to move rapidly. Two recognised species inhabited dense vegetation on the arid and semiarid plains of Australia. The genus' distribution range was later reduced to an inland desert region, where it was last recorded in the 1950s; it is now presumed extinct.

<i>Perameles</i> Genus of marsupials

Perameles is a genus of marsupials of the order Peramelemorphia. They are referred to as long-nosed bandicoots or barred bandicoots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peramelidae</span> Family of marsupials

The marsupial family Peramelidae contains the extant bandicoots. They are found throughout Australia and New Guinea, with at least some species living in every available habitat, from rainforest to desert. Four fossil peramelids are described. One known extinct species of bandicoot, the pig-footed bandicoot, was so different from the other species, it was recently moved into its own family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western quoll</span> Species of marsupial

The western quoll is Western Australia's largest endemic mammalian carnivore. One of the many marsupial mammals native to Australia, it is also known as the chuditch. The species is currently classed as near-threatened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern brown bandicoot</span> Species of marsupial

The southern brown bandicoot is a short-nosed bandicoot, a type of marsupial, found mostly in southern Australia. A subspecies in Western Australia was also known as the quenda in South Western Australia. This subspecies was elevated to species in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden bandicoot</span> Species of marsupial

The golden bandicoot is a short-nosed bandicoot found in northern Australia. It is the smallest of its genus, and is distinguished from the brown bandicoots by its golden colouring and much smaller size.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western barred bandicoot</span> Species of marsupial

The Western barred bandicoot, also known as the Shark Bay bandicoot or the Marl, is a small species of bandicoot; now extinct across most of its former range, the western barred bandicoot only survives on offshore islands and in fenced sanctuaries on the mainland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long-nosed bandicoot</span> Species of mammal

The long-nosed bandicoot, a marsupial, is a species of bandicoot found in eastern Australia, from north Queensland along the east coast to Victoria. Around 40 centimetres (16 in) long, it is sandy- or grey-brown with a long snouty nose. Omnivorous, it forages for invertebrates, fungi and plants at night.

<i>Crash bandicoot <span style="font-style:normal;">(species)</span></i> Fossil species of marsupial

Crash bandicoot is an extinct bandicoot, known from fossils located at the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in northeast Australia.

Liyamayi dayi is a mammal species of the Thylacomyidae family known from fossils located at the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in northeast Australia. The discovery of the specimens was identified as deposited around fifteen million years ago, revising the earliest record of this peramelemorphian lineage from those of species that existed around ten million years later.

References

  1. ↑ Reid, J. (1837). "Description of a new species of the genus Perameles (P. lagotis)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1836: 129–131. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  2. ↑ Wilson & Reeder. "Genus Macrotis". Mammal Species of the World. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Thylacomys". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster. Unabridged (subscription required)
  4. ↑ Turner, Jim (2004). Mammals of Australia. Pensoft Publishers. p. 39. ISBN   978-954-642-198-2.
  5. 1 2 Troughton, E. (1932). "A revision of the rabbit-bandicoots. Family Peramelidae, genus Macrotis". The Australian Zoologist. 7: 219–236. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "Thalacomys". Nomenclator Zoologicus Record. The Marine Biological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2014. err. pro Thyl- Owen 1838
  7. ↑ Waite, Edgar R. (1900). "The generic name Thylacomys". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 7. 5 (26): 222–223. doi:10.1080/00222930008678272. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  8. ↑ "bilby". Australian Words. Australian National Dictionary Centre. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  9. ↑ Yokose, Hiroyuki (2001). Aboriginal Words in Australian English (PDF). pp. 169–180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006.
  10. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Macrotis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 38. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  11. ↑ Stirton, R.A., 1955. Late tertiary marsupials from South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum 11, 247–268.
  12. ↑ Travouillon, K.J.; Hand, S. J.; Archer, M.; Black, K. H. (2014). "Earliest modern bandicoot and bilby (Marsupialia, Peramelidae and Thylacomyidae) from the Miocene of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 375–382. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..375T. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.799071. S2CID   85622058.
  13. ↑ "Greater bilby". Department of Environment and Science – Queensland Government. 8 August 2003. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  14. ↑ "Bilby – Australia's Easter bunny". Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Park and Wildlife Service. 24 November 2005. Archived from the original on 23 March 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  15. ↑ Gordon, Greg (1984). "Bandicoots And Bilbies" . In Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp.  846–849. ISBN   978-0-87196-871-5.
  16. ↑ University of Queensland (17 March 2014). "Palaeontologists unearth rare 15-million-year-old bilby". UQ News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  17. ↑ Moseby K. E. and O'Donnell E. O. (2003) Reintroduction of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid) (Marsupialia: Thylacomyidae), to northern South Australia: survival, ecology and notes on reintroduction protocols Archived 12 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine Wildlife Research 30, 15–27.
  18. ↑ "Greater Bilby". aridrecovery.org.au. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  19. ↑ Caldwell, Felicity (18 April 2019). "Bilbies hop into their new home just in time for Easter". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  20. ↑ "Project Eden". NatureBase. Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  21. ↑ "Australian Wildlife Conservancy". Awc.org.au. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  22. ↑ "Australian Wildlife Conservancy Scotia Sanctuary". Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  23. ↑ "Australian Wildlife Conservancy Yookamurra Sanctuary". Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  24. ↑ "Kanyana Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (Inc.)". Kanyanawildlife.org.au. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  25. ↑ Johnson, Stephen (19 March 2014). "15-million-year-old bilby fossil found in Qld". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  26. ↑ Young, Emma (7 September 2010). "Carnivorous bilby fossil unearthed". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
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