Malang metropolitan area Malang Raya | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 8°00′S112°37′E / 8.000°S 112.617°E | |
Country | Indonesia |
Province | East Java |
Core city | Malang |
Satellite city | Batu |
Regencies | Malang Regency |
Area | |
• Total | 3,835.9 km2 (1,481.0 sq mi) |
Population (mid 2023 estimate [1] ) | |
• Total | 3,801,089 |
• Density | 990/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
Demonym | Arek Malang or Arema [2] |
Time zone | UTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time) |
Area code | (+62) 341 |
Vehicle sign | N |
GDP metro | 2023 [3] |
- Total | Rp 241.950 trillion US$ 15.873 billion US$ 50.837 billion (PPP) |
- Per capita | Rp 63.653 million US$ 4,176 US$ 13,374 (PPP) |
Highest elevation 3,676 m/12,060 ft (Semeru, in Malang Regency) |
Greater Malang (Indonesian : Malang Raya) is a region in East Java, Indonesia, encompassing the municipality of Malang and its hinterland. About 3 million people in East Java reside in Greater Malang. The principal city, Malang is well known as the home of notable universities in Indonesia, [4] and the nearby Batu (now also an independent city), is well known as a tourism centre in East Java. [5]
In the Dutch colonial era, Greater Malang was a residency, an old form of second-tier subdivision, called Karesidenan Malang (Malang Residency), consisting of four cities (Malang, Batu, Pasuruan, Probolinggo) and four regencies (Malang Regency, Pasuruan Regency, Probolinggo Regency, Lumajang Regency). [6] [7] But now, the definition of Greater Malang just consists of the Malang highlands area, namely Malang city, Batu city, and Malang Regency, together with one district (kecamatan Purwodadi) of Pasuruan Regency. [8] Even this is excessive, as parts of Malang Regency - the 9 districts in the south (bordering the south coast of East Java) and the 3 districts lying west of Batu city - are not part of the Malang Valley urbanisation. The component parts are tabled below, with their areas, their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, and the official estimates as at mid 2023. [1]
Administrative division | Area (km2) | Pop'n 2010 Census | Pop'n 2020 Census | Pop'n mod 2023 estimate | Density per km2 mid 2023 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malang City | 111.08 | 820,043 | 843,810 | 865,271 | 7,789.62 |
Batu City | 194.17 | 190,184 | 213,046 | 220,193 | 1,134.02 |
Malang Regency | 3,530.65 | 2,446,218 | 2,654,448 | 2,715,624 | 769.16 |
Greater Malang | 3,835.90 | 3,456,445 | 3,711,304 | 3,801,089 | 990.93 |
Sources: Statistics Indonesia [1]
Greater Malang is located in the middle of East Java, and the eastern part of the region includes the Eastern salient of Java region. The region covers over 2,337 km2.
The eastern section of Greater Malang, among Java's most rugged regions, isolates the eastern salient from Java's central heartland to its west. [9] The Tengger massif (including Mount Bromo), and Mount Semeru, Java's highest peak, lie in this section. [9] The western area of this region is also a mountainous region, including Arjuno-Welirang and Kawi-Butak. However, those parts of the Regency to the south of Greater Malang are just a lower elevation plain, with the southern coast bordering the Indian Ocean and small karst hills below 1000 metres. [10]
While most parts of the region are plateau or highlands (except the southern area), the climate of Greater Malang is milder than the rest of Indonesia. In middle of year, mountainous area of Greater Malang over 2000 metres above sea level, is dry winter with light snow and frost, which means the temperature always below zero Celsius during late night until morning, especially the light snow is commonly visible in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. [11]
Climate data for Malang, East Java, Indonesia (elevation 450 m or 1,480 ft) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.5 (83.3) | 28.5 (83.3) | 28.5 (83.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.4 (83.1) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.8 (85.6) | 30.2 (86.4) | 29.5 (85.1) | 28.5 (83.3) | 29.0 (84.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.4 (72.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.6 (74.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.7 (74.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) | 19.7 (67.5) | 19.5 (67.1) | 19.3 (66.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 17.7 (63.9) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.5 (63.5) | 18.5 (65.3) | 19.2 (66.6) | 19.1 (66.4) | 18.5 (65.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 334 (13.1) | 307 (12.1) | 292 (11.5) | 173 (6.8) | 132 (5.2) | 77 (3.0) | 47 (1.9) | 26 (1.0) | 43 (1.7) | 106 (4.2) | 225 (8.9) | 326 (12.8) | 2,088 (82.2) |
Average relative humidity (%) | 81.7 | 82.3 | 82.2 | 79.2 | 79.8 | 77.3 | 75.1 | 72.9 | 70.9 | 70.9 | 74.4 | 79.1 | 77.1 |
Source 1: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip) [12] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weatherbase (humidity) [13] |
According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, the climate of Malang city is tropical monsoon (Am).
Climate data for Tulungrejo, Bumiaji, Batu (elevation 1,200 m or 3,900 ft) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 21 (70) | 21.8 (71.2) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.5 (70.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.7 (63.9) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 16.2 (61.2) | 16.9 (62.4) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.3 (63.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 13.2 (55.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 11.5 (52.7) | 11.4 (52.5) | 12 (54) | 13.1 (55.6) | 14 (57) | 13.8 (56.8) | 13.1 (55.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 406 (16.0) | 353 (13.9) | 395 (15.6) | 242 (9.5) | 176 (6.9) | 81 (3.2) | 52 (2.0) | 35 (1.4) | 46 (1.8) | 130 (5.1) | 282 (11.1) | 385 (15.2) | 2,583 (101.7) |
Average relative humidity (%) | 81.7 | 82.3 | 82.2 | 79.2 | 79.8 | 77.3 | 75.1 | 72.9 | 70.9 | 70.9 | 74.4 | 79.1 | 77.1 |
Source 1: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip) [14] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weatherbase (humidity) [15] |
Climate data for Ngadas, Malang Regency (elevation 2,071 m or 6,795 ft) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.2 (64.8) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 18 (64) | 18.5 (65.3) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.2 (64.8) | 18.1 (64.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.9 (58.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 12.7 (54.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 13.4 (56.1) | 14.1 (57.4) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.5 (58.1) | 14.0 (57.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | 11.2 (52.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 10.1 (50.2) | 9.4 (48.9) | 8.2 (46.8) | 8.2 (46.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 11 (52) | 10.9 (51.6) | 10.0 (50.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 297 (11.7) | 328 (12.9) | 347 (13.7) | 182 (7.2) | 108 (4.3) | 63 (2.5) | 31 (1.2) | 15 (0.6) | 20 (0.8) | 79 (3.1) | 159 (6.3) | 319 (12.6) | 1,948 (76.9) |
Source: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip) [16] |
According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, the climate of Batu city and Upper Greater Malang over 1000 metres above sea level classified as subtropical highland variety(Cwb).
East Java is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali by around 2.29 kilometres (1.42 mi). Located in eastern Java, the province also includes the island of Madura, as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east and the Masalembu archipelago to the north. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java.
The Bromo, or Mount Bromo is an active somma volcano, a Hindu pilgrimage site, and part of the Tengger mountains, in East Java, Indonesia. At 2,329 meters (7,641 ft) it is not the highest peak of the massif, but is the most active and famous. The area is one of the most visited tourist destinations in East Java, and the volcano is included in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. The name Bromo comes from the Javanese pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu god of creation. At the mouth of the crater, there is an idol of Ganesha, the Hindu god of wisdom which is being worshipped by the Javanese Hindus. Mount Bromo is located in the middle of a plain called "Sea of Sand", a nature reserve that has been protected since 1919.
Batu, officially the City of Batu, is a city in the East Java Province of Indonesia. It is about 20 km to the northwest of Malang. Formerly, it was a part of Malang Regency; but in June 2001, Batu became an independent city, with its own mayor and council.
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Malang, historically known as Tumapel, is an inland city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 847,182. The Malang Metropolitan area was home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities and 22 districts. Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp. 44.30 trillion.
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Pasuruan is a city in East Java Province of Java, Indonesia. It had a population of 186,262 at the 2010 Census and 208,006 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 212,466.
The Surabaya metropolitan area or Greater Surabaya, known locally as Gerbangkertosusila, is a metropolitan area in East Java, Indonesia. It is the country's second-largest metropolitan area, after Jakarta metropolitan area. Gerbangkertosusila had also been used in presidential decree to refer to larger region which include Jombang, Bojonegoro, and Tuban.
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Probolinggo Regency is a regency in East Java province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,696.17 sq. km, and had a population of 1,096,244 at the 2010 Census and 1,152,537 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,163,859. Its capital was formerly the city of Probolinggo, but the capital is now at the town of Kraksaan.
Tenggerese is a language used by the Tenggerese people in the mountain region of the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park which includes Pasuruan Regency, Probolinggo Regency, Malang Regency and Lumajang Regency of East Java, Indonesia.
Lawang is a district and town in Malang Regency, East Java and is geographically located in the mountains and surrounded by Mount Arjuno and Mount Semeru. It covers an area of 68.23 km2 and had a population of 103,402 at the 2010 Census and 110,981 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 112,540. It borders with Singosari District to the south and Purwodadi district of Pasuruan Regency to the north. Lawang is known as a resort town since the Dutch colonial era.
The eastern salient of Java is a region that makes up the easternmost part of the island of Java, Indonesia. It is not a formal or administrative subdivision, but rather a designation often used to refer to its distinct history, culture, and geographical feature. It is generally considered to begin in the Tengger mountain range and extend eastwards to the east coast of Java. It is entirely contained by the Indonesian province of East Java.
Yadnya Kasada, also known as Kesodo, is a traditional Hindu ritual of the Tenggerese people, an ethnic subgroup of the Javanese. The ritual serves as a way of expressing appreciation to their gods, whom they believe have granted them with blessings, abundance, and welfare.
Ranu Pani or Ranupani is a volcanic lake in Ranu Pani Village, Senduro District, Lumajang Regency, East Java. Ranu Pani is part of the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). Initially, the area of Ranu Pani was around one hectare, but now it is estimated to be only 0.75 hectares due to the rapid sedimentation rate. The population of Ranu Pani is around 2,000 people.
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