Metriorhynchidae

Last updated

Metriorhynchids
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, 168–125  Ma
Cricosaurus albersdoerferi.jpg
Fossil of Cricosaurus , Museum Eichstaett
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Pseudosuchia
Clade: Crocodylomorpha
Clade: Crocodyliformes
Suborder:† Thalattosuchia
Clade:† Euthalattosuchia
Family:† Metriorhynchidae
Fitzinger, 1843
Subfamilies
Synonyms
Metriorhyncinae.png

Metriorhynchidae is an extinct family of specialized, aquatic metriorhynchoid crocodyliforms from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous period (Bajocian to early Aptian [2] ) of Europe, North America and South America. The name Metriorhynchidae was coined by the Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1843. [3] The group contains two subfamilies, the Metriorhynchinae and the Geosaurinae. [4] [5] They represent the most marine adapted of all archosaurs.

Contents

Description

Metriorhynchids are fully aquatic crocodyliforms. Their forelimbs were small and paddle-like, and unlike living crocodylians, they lost their osteoderms ("armour scutes"). Their body shape maximised hydrodynamy (swimming efficiency), as they did have a shark-like tail fluke. [6] Like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, metriorhynchids developed smooth, scaleless skin. [7]

Metriorhynchids were the only group of archosaurs to become fully adapted to the marine realm, becoming pelagic in lifestyle. [8] With tail flukes, reduced limb musculature, and long bones histologically comparable to other obligately aquatic animals, they were almost certainly incapable of terrestrial locomotion; combined with an unusually tall hip opening, as also seen in other obligately aquatic reptiles including the viviparous Keichousaurus , these characters suggest that metriorhynchids gave live birth. [9] A fossil of a pregnant Dakosaurus female recovered from the Late Jurassic plattenkalk, Bavaria, preserves the complete skeleton of a neonate with small, paddle-like forelimbs unsuited for walking on land, similar to those of adults, further supporting live birth in metriorhynchids. [10] [11] Recent research posits that despite their successful adaptation to a pelagic lifestyle, basal metriorhynchids were uniquely disadvantaged among aquatic tetrapods in evolving into sustained swimmers due to little to no posterodorsal retraction of the external nares (unlike other reptilian groups such as mesosaurs, phytosaurs, thalattosaurians, saurosphargids, ichthyosauriforms, sauropterygians, pleurosaurids or mosasauroids, as well as mammalian cetaceans or sirenians). [12] The family has a wide geographic distribution, with material found in Argentina, Chile, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Czech Republic. [8] [5] [13]

Classification

Phylogenetic analyses published during the 2000s cast doubt on the idea that many traditional metriorhynchid genera formed natural groups (i.e., include all descendants of a common ancestor). The traditional species of Geosaurus , [14] [15] [16] Dakosaurus [14] and Cricosaurus [14] were found to represent unnatural groups, and the species traditionally classified in these genera were reshuffled in a study published in November 2009 by Mark T. Young and Marco Brandalise de Andrade. [4] The monophyly of Metriorhynchus [14] [15] [17] and Teleidosaurus [14] [16] is also unsupported, and the species of these genera are pending reclassification. [4]

The classification presented by Young and Andrade in 2009 was approved in later studies of the Metriorhynchidae. [5] [18] [19] Metriorhynchidae is a node-based taxon defined in 2024 by Mark T. Young and colleagues as "the smallest clade within Metriorhynchoidea containing Thalattosuchus superciliosus , Gracilineustes leedsi , Metriorhynchus brevirostris , Rhacheosaurus gracilis , and Geosaurus giganteus " [20] The cladogram below follows the topology from the 2020 analyses by Young et al. and reduced to genera only. [12] [21]

 Metriorhynchidae 

List of genera

The type genus of the family Metriorhynchidae is Metriorhynchus from the Middle to Late Jurassic. [21] Other genera included within this family are Cricosaurus , Geosaurus , and Dakosaurus . Though once considered a metriorhynchid, Teleidosaurus has since been found to be slightly more distantly related to these animals within the superfamily Metriorhynchoidea. [22]

Within this family, the genus Neustosaurus and Enaliosuchus are considered nomen dubium ("doubtful name"). [23]

The genus Capelliniosuchus was once thought to be a metriorhynchid similar to Dakosaurus. [24] However, it was later found to be a mosasaur. [25]

GenusStatusAuthorAgeLocationDescriptionSynonymsImages
Ambayrac, 1913 late Oxfordian

France.

Sometimes considered to be a nomen dubium .
Cricosaurus suevicus Geosaurus BW.jpg
Cricosaurus suevicus
Dakosaurus andiniensis Dakosaurus BW.jpg
Dakosaurus andiniensis
Thalattosuchus superciliosus Metriorhynchus superciliosum.jpg
Thalattosuchus superciliosus
Neptunidraco ammoniticus Neptunidraco NT.jpg
Neptunidraco ammoniticus
'Metriorhynchus' casamiquelai Suchodus BW.jpg
'Metriorhynchus' casamiquelai
Suchodus durobrivensis Suchodus durobrivense.jpg
Suchodus durobrivensis
Valid Wagner, 1858middle Oxfordian to upper Valanginian

Argentina, Chile, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Mexico, Russia and Switzerland.

Valid von Quenstedt, 1856upper Kimmeridgian to lower Berriasian

Argentina, England, France, Germany, Mexico, Poland, Switzerland and possibly Russia.

nomen dubium [28] Koken, 1883Valanginian

Germany.

Valid Cuvier, 1824upper Kimmeridgian to upper Valanginian

France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland.

  • Brachytaenius
  • Halilimnosaurus
ValidYoung et al., 2010 middle Callovian to lower Kimmeridgian

England and France.

ValidParrilla-Bel et al., 2013middle Callovian to Kimmeridgian

Spain and Mexico.

Valid von Meyer, 1832lower Kimmeridgian.

France.

ValidCau & Fanti, 2011 earliest Bathonian

Italy.

nomen dubium Valanginian — potential senior synonym of Enaliosuchus
Valid Owen, 1884 late Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian

England and possibly Spain.

ValidRusconi, 1948 upper Tithonian

Argentina and Chile.

Validvon Meyer, 1831lower Tithonian

Germany.

Valid Lydekker, 1890middle Callovian to lower Oxfordian

England and France.

ValidYoung et al., 2020lower Callovian to lower Oxfordian

England and France.

ValidAndrade et al., 2010 Kimmeridgian to Tithonian

England.

ValidYoung et al., 2013 Callovian

England.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Dakosaurus</i> Metriorhynchid reptile genus from the Late Jurassic / Early Cretaceous period

Dakosaurus is an extinct genus of crocodylomorph within the family Metriorhynchidae that lived during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. It was large, with teeth that were serrated and compressed lateromedially. The genus was established by Friedrich August von Quenstedt in 1856 for an isolated tooth named Geosaurus maximus by Theodor Plieninger in 1846. Dakosaurus was a carnivore that spent much, if not all, its life out at sea. The extent of its adaptation to a marine lifestyle means that it is most likely that it mated at sea, but since no eggs or nests have been discovered that have been referred to Dakosaurus, whether it gave birth to live young at sea like dolphins and ichthyosaurs or came ashore like turtles is not known yet. The name Dakosaurus means "biter lizard", and is derived from the Greek dakos ("biter") and σαῦρος -sauros ("lizard").

Aggiosaurus is an extinct genus of geosaurine metriorhynchid crocodyliform known from the Late Jurassic of Nice, southeastern France. It contains a single species, Aggiosaurus nicaeensis, which was named by H. Ambayrac in 1913.

<i>Metriorhynchus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Metriorhynchus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform that lived in the oceans during the Late Jurassic. The type species, M. brevirostris was named in 1829 as a species of Steneosaurus before being named as a separate genus by the German palaeontologist Christian von Meyer in 1832. The name Metriorhynchus means "Moderate snout", and is derived from the Greek Metrio- ("moderate") and -rhynchos ("snout").

<i>Enaliosuchus</i> Dubious extinct genus of sauropsids

Enaliosuchus is a dubious genus of extinct marine crocodyliform within the family Metriorhynchidae that lived during the Valanginian stage of the Early Cretaceous. It is known from fossil remains found in France and Germany and it was first described in 1883.

<i>Geosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Geosaurus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform within the family Metriorhynchidae, that lived during the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. Geosaurus was a carnivore that spent much, if not all, its life out at sea. No Geosaurus eggs or nests have been discovered, so little is known of the reptile's lifecycle, unlike other large marine reptiles of the Mesozoic, such as plesiosaurs or ichthyosaurs which are known to give birth to live young out at sea. Where Geosaurus mated, whether on land or at sea, is currently unknown. The name Geosaurus means "Mother of Giants lizard", and is derived from the Greek Ge- and σαῦρος -sauros ("lizard"). The name Geosaurus was established by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1824.

<i>Teleidosaurus</i> Genus of large reptiles

Teleidosaurus is an extinct genus of carnivorous metriorhynchoid crocodyliform from Middle Jurassic deposits of Normandy, France. The name Teleidosaurus means "Complete lizard", and is derived from the Greek Teleidos- ("complete") and σαῦρος -sauros ("lizard").

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thalattosuchia</span> Clade of marine crocodylomorphs

Thalattosuchia is a clade of mostly marine crocodylomorphs from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous that had a cosmopolitan distribution. They are colloquially referred to as marine crocodiles or sea crocodiles, though they are not members of Crocodilia and records from Thailand and China suggest that some members lived in freshwater. The clade contains two major subgroupings, the Teleosauroidea and Metriorhynchoidea. Teleosauroids are not greatly specialised for oceanic life, with back osteoderms similar to other crocodyliformes. Within Metriorhynchoidea, the Metriorhynchidae displayed extreme adaptions for life in the open ocean, including the transformation of limbs into flippers, the development of a tail fluke, and smooth, scaleless skin, and probably gave live birth, seemingly uniquely among archosaurs.

Purranisaurus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform from the Middle to Late Jurassic period of Chile and Vaca Muerta of Argentina. Rusconi originally regarded Purranisaurus potens to be a plesiosaur; however, Gasparini demonstrated that it was in fact a metriorhynchid crocodyliform, and that may be a junior synonym of Metriorhynchus. It was about 3.3 m (11 ft) long.

<i>Rhacheosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Rhacheosaurus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform belonging to the family Metriorhynchidae. The genus was established by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1831 for skeletal remains from the Tithonian of Germany. It was a relatively small reptile, measuring between 1.39 and 1.57 m long.

<i>Suchodus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Suchodus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform from the Middle to Late Jurassic period of England and France. It measured between 3.3 and 4.7 m in total body length.

<i>Cricosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Cricosaurus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliforms of the Late Jurassic. belonging to the family Metriorhynchidae. The genus was established by Johann Andreas Wagner in 1858 for three skulls from the Tithonian of Germany. The name Cricosaurus means "Ring lizard", and is derived from the Greek Krikos- ("ring") and σαῦρος -sauros ("lizard"). It was a relatively small reptile, with C. suevicus and C. araucanensis measuring 2 m (6.6 ft) and 3.2 m (10 ft) in total body length, respectively.

<i>Aeolodon</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Aeolodon is an extinct genus of teleosaurid crocodyliform reptile from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Germany and France that was initially named as a species of Crocodylus in 1814. Although previously synonymized with Steneosaurus, recent cladistic analysis considers it distantly related to the Steneosaurus type species and the type species is A. priscus, named in 1830 and described in 2020.

<i>Gracilineustes</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Gracilineustes is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform that lived in the oceans during the Middle to Late Jurassic. Gracilineustes was a carnivore that spent much, if not all, its life out at sea. It was a small reptile, with G. leedsi measuring 2.25–3.11 m (7.4–10.2 ft) long and G. acutus measuring 3.77 m (12.4 ft) long.

Eoneustes is an extinct genus of metriorhynchoid crocodyliform from Middle Jurassic deposits of France. Eoneustes was a carnivore that lived in the oceans and spent much, if not all, its life out at sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metriorhynchoidea</span> Extinct superfamily of reptiles

Metriorhynchoidea is an extinct superfamily of thalattosuchian crocodyliforms from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of Europe, North America and South America. Metriorhynchids are fully aquatic crocodyliforms. Named by Fitzinger, in 1843, it contains the basal taxa like Teleidosaurus, Zoneait and Eoneustes and the family Metriorhynchidae. An unnamed taxon is known from Chile.

<i>Torvoneustes</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Torvoneustes is an extinct genus of metriorhynchid thalattosuchian. It is known from skull and postcranial remains found in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of Dorset and Wiltshire, England, the Virgula Marls of Switzerland and also from Oaxaca, Mexico . The holotype skull of the type species was initially assigned to the species Metriorhynchus superciliosus. Postcranial remains were later discovered from the same quarry as the skull, and then these specimens were recognised as belonging to a new species of Dakosaurus, as D. carpenteri. The species was named to honour Simon Carpenter, an amateur geologist from Frome in Somerset, who discovered the fossils.

<i>Macrospondylus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Macrospondylus is an extinct genus of machimosaurid teleosauroid crocodyliform from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) of Europe. Fossils are known from the Posidonia Shale of Germany, the Whitby Mudstone of the United Kingdom, and the "schistes bitumineux" of Luxembourg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geosaurinae</span> Extinct subfamily of reptiles

Geosaurinae is a subfamily of metriorhynchid crocodyliforms from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of Europe, North America and South America. Named by Richard Lydekker, in 1889, it contains the metriorhynchids Suchodus, Purranisaurus, Neptunidraco, Tyrannoneustes, Torvoneustes, Dakosaurus, Geosaurus and Plesiosuchus. The last five taxa form a tribe within Geosaurinae, the Geosaurini. Geosaurinae is one of two subfamilies of Metriorhynchidae, the other being Metriorhynchinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metriorhynchinae</span> Extinct subfamily of reptiles

Metriorhynchinae is a subfamily of metriorhynchid crocodyliforms from the late Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of Europe, North America and South America. Named by Fitzinger, in 1843, it contains the metriorhynchids Gracilineustes, Metriorhynchus, Maledictosuchus, Cricosaurus and Rhacheosaurus. The last three taxa form a tribe within Metriorhynchinae, the Rhacheosaurini. Metriorhynchinae is one of two subfamilies of Metriorhynchidae, the other being Geosaurinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teleosauroidea</span> Extinct superfamily of reptiles

Teleosauroidea is an extinct superfamily of thalattosuchian crocodyliforms living from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. It is phylogenetically defined by Mark T. Young and colleagues in 2024 as "the largest clade within Thalatttosuchia containing Teleosaurus cadomensis, but not Metriorhynchus brevirostris. This group contains two main families, the more piscivorous and gracile Teleosauridae and the more macropredatory and robust Machimosauridae.

References

  1. ↑ Andrews CW. 1913. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part Two. London: British Museum (Natural History), 206 pp.
  2. ↑ Alfio A. Chiarenza; Davide Foffa; Mark T. Young; Gianni Insacco; Andrea Cau; Giorgio Carnevale; Rita Catanzariti (2015). "The youngest record of metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs, with implications for the extinction of Thalattosuchia". Cretaceous Research. 56: 608–616. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.001. hdl: 2318/1537833 .
  3. ↑ Fitzinger LJFJ. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Wien: Braumüller et Seidel, 106 pp.
  4. 1 2 3 Mark T. Young; Marco Brandalise de Andrade (2009). "What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 551–585. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00536.x .
  5. 1 2 3 Mark T. Young; Stephen L. Brusatte; Marcello Ruta; Marco Brandalise de Andrade (2010). "The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (Mesoeucrocodylia, Thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometrics morphometrics, analysis of disparity and biomechanics". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (4): 801–859. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00571.x .
  6. ↑ Fraas E (1902). "Die Meer-Krocodilier (Thalattosuchia) des oberen Jura unter specieller Berücksichtigung von Dacosaurus und Geosaurus". Palaeontographica. 49: 1–72.
  7. ↑ Spindler, Frederik; Lauer, René; Tischlinger, Helmut; Mäuser, Matthias (2021-07-05). "The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (2): 1–41. doi: 10.26879/1099 . ISSN   1094-8074.
  8. 1 2 Steel R. 1973. Crocodylia. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie, Teil 16. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag,116 pp.
  9. ↑ Herrera, Y.; Fernandez, M.S.; Lamas, S.G.; Campos, L.; Talevi, M.; Gasparini, Z. (2017). "Morphology of the sacral region and reproductive strategies of Metriorhynchidae: a counter-inductive approach". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 106 (4): 247–255. doi: 10.1017/S1755691016000165 . hdl: 11336/66599 .
  10. ↑ Spindler, Frederik (2019). Live Birth in a Jurassic Marine Crocodile [abstract]. In: Abstracts of the 90th Annual Meeting of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft (PDF). SNSB - BSPG, München. p. 141. ISBN   978-3-946705-07-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-17.
  11. ↑ Spindler, Frederik (2019). When Bavaria was the Ancient Caribbean – Plattenkalk Fossil Treasures from Painten [abstract]. In: Abstracts of the 90th Annual Meeting of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft (PDF). SNSB - BSPG, München. p. 10. ISBN   978-3-946705-07-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-17.
  12. 1 2 Young, M.T.; Sachs, S.; Abel, P.; Foffa, D.; Herrera, Y.; Kitson, J.J.N. (2020). "Convergent evolution and possible constraint in the posterodorsal retraction of the external nares in pelagic crocodylomorphs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (2): 494–520. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa021 . hdl: 11336/137182 .
  13. ↑ Daniel Madzia, Sven Sachs, Mark T. Young, Alexander Lukeneder, Petr Skupien (2021). "Evidence of two lineages of metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs in the Lower Cretaceous of the Czech Republic" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (2): 1-11. doi:10.4202/app.00801.2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Young MT (2007). "The evolution and interrelationships of Metriorhynchidae (Crocodyliformes, Thalattosuchia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3): 170A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458.
  15. 1 2 Wilkinson LE, Young MT, Benton MJ (2008). "A new metriorhynchid crocodilian (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Wiltshire, UK". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1307–1333. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00818.x .
  16. 1 2 Mueller-Töwe IJ (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Thalattosuchia". Zitteliana. A45: 211–213.
  17. ↑ Gasparini Z, Pol D, Spalletti LA (2006). "An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia". Science. 311 (5757): 70–73. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...70G. doi: 10.1126/science.1120803 . hdl: 11336/73480 . PMID   16282526. S2CID   10312971.
  18. 1 2 Andrea Cau; Federico Fanti (2011). "The oldest known metriorhynchid crocodylian from the Middle Jurassic of North-eastern Italy: Neptunidraco ammoniticus gen. et sp. nov". Gondwana Research. 19 (2): 550–565. Bibcode:2011GondR..19..550C. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.07.007.
  19. ↑ Mark T. Young; Mark A. Bell; Stephen L. Brusatte (2011). "Craniofacial form and function in Metriorhynchidae (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia): modelling phenotypic evolution with maximum-likelihood methods". Biology Letters. 7 (6): 913–916. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0357. PMC   3210659 . PMID   21543396.
  20. ↑ Young, Mark T.; Wilberg, Eric W.; Johnson, Michela M.; Herrera, Yanina; De Andrade, Marco Brandalise; Brignon, Arnaud; Sachs, Sven; Abel, Pascal; Foffa, Davide; Fernández, Marta S.; Vignaud, Patrick; Cowgill, Thomas; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2024). "The history, systematics, and nomenclature of Thalattosuchia (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad165.
  21. 1 2 Young, M.T., Brignon, A., Sachs, S., Hornung J.J., Foffa, D., Kitson, J.J.N., Johnson, M.M., Steel, L. (November 2020). "Cutting the Gordian knot: a historical and taxonomic revision of the Jurassic crocodylomorph Metriorhynchus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 192 (2). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa092.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Stéphane Hua (May 2020). "A new specimen of Teleidosaurus calvadosii (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1866) (Crocodylia, Thalattosuchia) from the Middle Jurassic of France". Annales de Paléontologie. 106 (4). doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2020.102423.
  23. ↑ Buffetaut E (1982). "Radiation évolutive, paléoécologie et biogéographie des Crocodiliens mésosuchienes". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. 142: 1–88.
  24. ↑ Simonelli V (1896). "Intoro agli avanzi di coccodrilliano scoperti a San Valentino (provincial di Reggio Emilia) nel 1886". Atli della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Series Qunita Rendiconti. 5 (2): 11–18.
  25. ↑ Fanti, Federico; Cau, Andrea; Negri, Alessandra (2014-05-01). "A giant mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) with an unusually twisted dentition from the Argille Scagliose Complex (late Campanian) of Northern Italy". Cretaceous Research. 49: 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.01.003. ISSN   0195-6671.
  26. ↑ Quenstedt FA. 1856. Sonst und Jetzt: Populäre Vortäge über Geologie. Tübingen: Laupp, 131.
  27. ↑ Koken E (1883). "Die reptilian der norddeutschen unteren Kreide". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 35: 735–827.
  28. ↑ Sachs S, Young MT, Hornung JJ (2020). "The enigma of Enaliosuchus, and a reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous fossil record of Metriorhynchidae". Cretaceous Research. 114: 104479. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104479. hdl: 20.500.11820/c52d1d56-1bf3-4aae-b2e1-38c85eed44fa . S2CID   218996914.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Cuvier G. 1824. Sur les ossements fossiles de crocodiles, 5. In: Dufour & D'Occagne, eds. Recherches sur les ossements fossiles, 2nd édition. Paris: 143-160
  30. ↑ Young Mark T., Brusatte Stephen L., Ruta M., Andrade Marco B. (2009). "The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (Mesoeucrocodylia, Thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometrics morphometrics, analysis of disparity and biomechanics". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (4): 801–859. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00571.x .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Andrade, M.B.D.; Young, M.T.; Desojo, J.B.; Brusatte, S.L. (2010). "The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1451–1465. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501442. hdl: 11336/69039 . S2CID   83985855.
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