Michael, Row the Boat Ashore

Last updated
"Michael"
Single by The Highwaymen
from the album The Highwaymen
B-side "Santiano"
ReleasedSeptember 1960 (1960-09)
RecordedJune 1960
Studio Bell Sound Studios, New York City
Genre Folk [1]
Length2:57
Label United Artists
Songwriter(s) Tony Saletan, traditional
Producer(s) Lou Adler
The Highwaymen singles chronology
"Michael"
(1960)		"Cotton Fields"
(1961)

A man works a cornfield on St. Helena Island, where "Michael Row the Boat Ashore" was first attested. A FARMER CULTIVATES HIS CORN FIELD ON ST. HELENA'S ISLAND - NARA - 546986.jpg
A man works a cornfield on St. Helena Island, where "Michael Row the Boat Ashore" was first attested.

"Michael, Row the Boat Ashore" (also called "Michael Rowed the Boat Ashore", "Michael, Row Your Boat Ashore", or "Michael, Row That Gospel Boat") is a traditional spiritual first noted during the American Civil War at St. Helena Island, one of the Sea Islands of South Carolina. [2] The best-known recording was released in 1960 by the U.S. folk band The Highwaymen; that version briefly reached number-one hit status as a single.

Contents

It was sung by former slaves whose owners had abandoned the island before the Union navy arrived to enforce a blockade. Charles Pickard Ware was an abolitionist and Harvard graduate who had come to supervise the plantations on St. Helena Island from 1862 to 1865, and he wrote down the song in music notation as he heard the freedmen sing it. Ware's cousin William Francis Allen reported in 1863 that the formerly enslaved Black Americans sang the song as they rowed him in a boat across Station Creek. [3]

The song was first published in 1867 in Slave Songs of the United States by Allen, Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison. [4] Folk musician and educator Tony Saletan rediscovered it in 1954 in a library copy of that book and introduced it into the American folk music revival. The song is cataloged as Roud Folk Song Index No. 11975.

Lyrics

One of the oldest published versions of the song runs in a series of unrhymed couplets: [4]

Michael row de boat ashore, Hallelujah!
Michael boat a gospel boat, Hallelujah!
I wonder where my mudder deh. [there]
See my mudder on de rock gwine home.
On de rock gwine home in Jesus' name.
Michael boat a music boat.
Gabriel blow de trumpet horn.
O you mind your boastin' talk.
Boastin' talk will sink your soul.
Brudder, lend a helpin' hand.
Sister, help for trim dat boat.
Jordan stream is wide and deep.
Jesus stand on t' oder side.
I wonder if my maussa deh.
My fader gone to unknown land.
O de Lord he plant his garden deh.
He raise de fruit for you to eat.
He dat eat shall neber die.
When de riber overflow.
O poor sinner, how you land?
Riber run and darkness comin'.
Sinner row to save your soul.

The same source attests another version in rhyme: [4]

Michael haul the boat ashore.
Then you'll hear the horn they blow.
Then you'll hear the trumpet sound.
Trumpet sound the world around.
Trumpet sound for rich and poor.
Trumpet sound the jubilee.
Trumpet sound for you and me.

This song originated in oral tradition, and there are many versions of the lyrics. It begins with the refrain, "Michael, row the boat ashore, Hallelujah." The lyrics describe crossing the River Jordan, as in these lines from Pete Seeger's version:

Jordan's river is deep and wide, hallelujah.
Meet my mother on the other side, hallelujah.

Jordan's river is chilly and cold, hallelujah.
Chills the body, but not the soul, hallelujah. [5]

The River Jordan was where Jesus was baptised and can be viewed as a metaphor for deliverance and salvation, but also as the boundary of the Promised Land, death, and the transition to Heaven. [6]

According to William Francis Allen, the song refers to the Archangel Michael. [7] In the Roman Catholic interpretation of Christian tradition, Michael is often regarded as a psychopomp or conductor of the souls of the dead. [8]

The spiritual was also recorded on Johns Island during the 1960s by American folk musician and musicologist Guy Carawan and his wife, Candie Carawan. Janie Hunter, former singer of the Moving Star Hall singers, noted that her father, son of former slaves, would sing the spiritual when he rowed his boat back to the shore after catching fish. [9]

Row, Michael, Row, Hallelujah,
Row, Michael, Row, Hallelujah,
Row the boat ashore, Hallelujah,
See how we (do) the row, Hallelujah,
See how we the row, Hallelujah,
Let me tries me chance, Hallelujah,
Let me tries me chance, Hallelujah,
Jump in the jolly boat, Hallelujah,
Jump in the jolly boat, Hallelujah,
Just row Michael, row, Hallelujah,
Row the boat ashore, Hallelujah.

(repeated thus until end)

A similar version was collected by Guy Carawan on an unspecified Sea Island.

Let me try my chance, Hallelujah,
Let me try my chance, Hallelujah,
Sister Mary try her chance, Hallelujah,
Sister Mary try her chance, Hallelujah,
Just let me try my chance, Hallelujah,
Just let me try my chance, Hallelujah,
Michael row your boat ashore, Hallelujah,
Michael row your boat ashore, Hallelujah,
Sister Mary row your boat, Hallelujah,
Sister Mary row your boat, Hallelujah,
Everybody try a chance, Hallelujah
Everybody try a chance, Hallelujah
Oh just let me try my chance, Hallelujah
Oh just let me try my chance, Hallelujah

(repeated thus until end)

Following the September 1961 murder of local NAACP charter member Herbert Lee in Amite County, Mississippi, [10] – the same month that the Highwaymen's arrangement reached No. 1 on the hit parade – a version of "Michael" was among the songs that civil rights activists arrested for protesting the killing sang to keep their spirits up, led by Hollis Watkins, according to a note smuggled out of the county jail by COFO and SNCC leader Bob Moses: [11]

Michael row the boat ashore, Alleluia
Christian brothers don't be slow, Alleluia
Mississippi's next to go, Alleluia.

Harry Belafonte sang a rather different rendition on his 1962 album Midnight Special which combines elements drawn from Christianity, American slavery, and Civil Rights Movement. The lyrics work their way through different parts of the Biblical narrative before concluding with the following verses: [12]

They nailed Jesus to the Cross, Hallelujah
But his faith was never lost, Hallelujah
So Christian soldiers off to war, Hallelujah
Hold that line in Arkansas, Hallelujah
Michael row the boat ashore, Hallelujah!
Michael row the boat ashore, Hallelujah!

Like Joshua at Jericho, Hallelujah
Alabama's next to go, Hallelujah
So Mississippi kneel and pray, Hallelujah
Some more buses on the way, Hallelujah
Michael row the boat ashore, Hallelujah!
Michael row the boat ashore, Hallelujah!

Recordings

The version of "Michael, Row the Boat Ashore" that became a folk standard was adapted in 1954 by Boston folksinger, songfinder and teacher Tony Saletan from the 1867 songbook Slave Songs of the United States. As Saletan later explained, "I judged that the tune was very singable, added some harmony (a guitar accompaniment) and thought the one-word chorus would be an easy hit with [younger singers]. But a typical original verse consisted of one line repeated once, and I thought a rhyme would be more interesting to the teenagers at Shaker Village Work Camp, where I introduced it. So I adapted traditional African-American couplets in place of the original verses." [13] Saletan taught it to Pete Seeger later that year. [14] Saletan, however, never recorded it. [15] Seeger taught it to the rest of the Weavers, who performed it at their Christmas Eve 1955 post-blacklist reunion concert. [14] A recording of that performance was released in 1957 on an album titled The Weavers on Tour. [16] In the same year, folksinger Bob Gibson included it on his Carnegie Concert album. [17] Saletan shared a 1958 copyright in his adaptation with the members of the Weavers. [18] The Weavers included an arrangement in The Weavers' Song Book, published in 1960. Similarly, Seeger included it in his 1961 songbook, American Favorite Ballads, with an attribution to Saletan. [19] An older, traditional version, titled "Row Michael Row," was later collected in the Sea Islands by folklorist Guy Carawan. [20]

The American folk quintet the Highwaymen had a #1 hit in 1961 on both the pop and easy listening charts in the U.S. with their version, under the simpler title of "Michael", recorded and released in 1960. The Highwaymen's arrangement reached #1 for three weeks on Top 40 radio station WABC in New York City in August 1961, [21] and for two weeks in September 1961 on Billboard's Top 40 nationally, remaining in the top ten into October. [22] This recording also went to #1 in the United Kingdom. [23] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 song of 1961. [24] Out of respect for the original, unknown authors of the song, Saletan kept his royalties from the Highwaymen's hit in escrow "seeking some good use for it." [25]

The Highwaymen version that went to #1 on the Billboard charts had these lyrics:

Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
Sister help to trim the sail, hallelujah.
Sister help to trim the sail, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
The River Jordan is chilly and cold, hallelujah.
Chills the body but not the soul, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
The river is deep and the river is wide, hallelujah.
Milk and honey on the other side, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.
Michael row the boat ashore, hallelujah.

The recording begins and ends with one of the singers whistling the tune a cappella, later accompanied by simple instruments, in a slow, ballad style. All the Highwaymen sang and harmonized on the Michael lines but individual singers soloed for each set of additional lyrics. This version differs from the Pete Seeger/Tony Saletan version by changing "meet my mother on the other side" to "milk and honey on the other side." "Milk and honey" is a phrase used in the Book of Exodus during Moses' vision of the burning bush. The original Negro spiritual mentions the singer's mother but the hit version does not.

Lonnie Donegan reached #6 in the UK Singles Chart with his cover version in 1961. Harry Belafonte recorded a popular version of it for his 1962 Midnight Special album. Pete Seeger included it in his Children's Concert at Town Hall in 1963. Seeger also sang a solo version at a 1968 Town Hall children's concert, recorded live and released on Harmony Records (#H30399, track B3), a budget label of Columbia Records. Seeger likewise included "Michael" when he appeared as a guest on Sesame Street in 1970, during the iconic children's television show's second season, using it to teach Big Bird the idea of a participatory sing-along. The same lesson was included when Seeger recorded a Sesame Street album for Children's Television Workshop in 1974 with Brother Kirk.

Trini Lopez had a minor hit with it in 1964. The Israeli-French singer Rika Zaraï also recorded a French version under the title "Michaël" in 1964. The African-American gospel/folk duo Joe & Eddie recorded it for their "Walking Down the Line" album in 1965. The Lennon Sisters recorded a version which was later featured as a bonus track on a CD re-release of their album "The Lennon Sisters Sing Great Hits".

The Carawans' recording from St. Johns Island of "Jane Hunter and three Moving Star Hall singers" of a traditional "Row, Michael, Row," was released by Smithsonian Folkways Records in 1967 on the album, Been in the Storm So Long. [26]

In the Jan 12, 1968 TV episode of Tarzan ("The Convert"), the song is performed by a trio of nuns arriving at an African village by canoe. The nuns were played by guest stars Diana Ross and the Supremes.

The song was recorded by The Beach Boys for their 1976 15 Big Ones album but was left off the final running order. Brian Wilson rearranged the song, giving it a rich arrangement with sound similar to the many other covers recorded during this period, including a complex vocal arrangement. Mike Love sang lead vocals. Richard Jon Smith's version spent nine weeks in mid-1979 at #1 in South Africa. [27]

The counselors sing the song, along with "Down in the Valley" in the opening scene of the 1980 horror film, Friday the 13th .

A German version is "Michael, bring dein Boot an Land" by Ronny (de). A German gospel version is "Hört, wen Jesus glücklich preist" (A song of the Beatitudes). The German disco group Dschinghis Khan recorded a version of it in 1981.

The Smothers Brothers did a fairly straightforward version of the song on their album It Must Have Been Something I Said! , before turning it into a comic sing-along on Golden Hits of the Smothers Brothers, Vol. 2 (which is also included on their album Sibling Revelry: The Best of the Smothers Brothers ).

Sule Greg Wilson produced a version based upon Allen/Ware/Garrison, as well as Row, Michael Row, by Jane Hunter and Moving Star Hall singers. The Wilson version features Tuscarora vocalist Pura Fé (with Wilson on instruments and background vocals). It was used for the end credits of The Librarian and the Banjo, Jim Carrier's 2013 film on Dena Epstein, author of the book, Sinful Tunes and Spirituals.

Greg & Steve appropriated the Saletan tune and substituted original lyrics for their song, "A Man Named King," on their 1989 Holidays & Special Times album.

Raffi sings this song on his 1994 Bananaphone album.

Peter, Paul and Mary included it on their 1998 Around the Campfire album.

The melody, as adapted by Saletan in 1954, was also appropriated for use in a hymn entitled Glory Be to God on High. [28]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pete Seeger</span> American folk singer and social activist (1919–2014)

Peter Seeger was an American folk singer and social activist. He was a fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, and had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of The Weavers, notably their recording of Lead Belly's "Goodnight, Irene," which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, Seeger re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture, workers' rights, and environmental causes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guy Carawan</span> American musician and musicologist

Guy Hughes Carawan Jr. was an American folk musician and musicologist. He served as music director and song leader for the Highlander Research and Education Center in New Market, Tennessee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">We Shall Overcome</span> Protest song of the civil rights movement

"We Shall Overcome" is a gospel song that is associated heavily with the U.S. civil rights movement. The origins of the song are unclear; it was thought to have descended from "I'll Overcome Some Day," a hymn by Charles Albert Tindley, while the modern version of the song was first said to have been sung by tobacco workers led by Lucille Simmons during the 1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike in Charleston, South Carolina.

The Weavers were an American folk music quartet based in the Greenwich Village area of New York City originally consisting of Lee Hays, Pete Seeger, Ronnie Gilbert, and Fred Hellerman. Founded in 1948, the group sang traditional folk songs from around the world, as well as blues, gospel music, children's songs, labor songs, and American ballads. The group sold millions of records at the height of their popularity, including the first folk song to reach No. 1 on popular music charts, their recording of Lead Belly's "Goodnight, Irene." Despite their popularity, the Weavers were blacklisted during much of the 1950s.

"The Water Is Wide" is a folk song of Scottish origin. It remains popular in the 21st century. Cecil Sharp published the song in Folk Songs From Somerset (1906).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">On Top of Old Smoky</span> Traditional song

"On Top of Old Smoky" is a traditional folk song of the United States. As recorded by The Weavers, the song reached the pop music charts in 1951. It is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 414.

"Tzena, Tzena, Tzena", sometimes "Tzena, Tzena", is a song, written in 1941 in Hebrew. Its music is by Issachar Miron, a Polish emigrant in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine, and the lyrics are by Yechiel Chagiz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isla Cameron</span> Musical artist

Isla Cameron was a Scottish-born, English-raised actress and singer. AllMusic noted that "Cameron was one of a quartet of key figures in England's postwar folk song revival – and to give a measure of her importance, the other three were Ewan MacColl, A. L. Lloyd, and Alan Lomax". She was a respected and popular folk music performer through the 1950s and early 60s as well as appearing in several films; she focused almost exclusively on her acting career from 1966 onwards. Cameron provided the singing voice for actress Julie Christie's part in the hit 1967 film version of Thomas Hardy's Far From the Madding Crowd, but changed career direction and became a film researcher in the early 1970s before her early death in a domestic accident in 1980. One of the traditional songs in her repertoire, "Blackwaterside", recorded by Cameron in 1962, was subsequently popularised by notable "next generation" U.K. folk music performers Anne Briggs, Bert Jansch and Sandy Denny.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinner Man</span> African American traditional spiritual song

"Sinner Man" or "Sinnerman" is an African American traditional spiritual song that has been recorded by a number of performers and has been incorporated in many other media and arts. The lyrics describe a sinner attempting to hide from divine justice on Judgment Day. It was recorded in the 1950s by Les Baxter, the Swan Silvertones, the Weavers and others, before Nina Simone recorded an extended version in 1965.

"Mrs. McGrath" is an Irish folk song set during the Peninsular War of the early 19th century. The song tells the story of a woman whose son enters the British Army and returns seven years later having lost his legs to a cannonball while fighting against Napoleon presumably at the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro. The general theme of the song is one of opposition to war. Along with "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye", it is one of the most graphic of all Irish folk songs that deal with sickness and injuries caused by warfare. Irish folk song collector Colm Ó Lochlainn described "Mrs. Grath" as "known to every true born citizen of Dublin". It was very popular among the Irish Volunteers in the years leading up to the 1916 Rising and has been recorded by many singers and folk groups.

The Highwaymen was an American 1960s "collegiate folk" group. The quintet's version of "Michael, Row the Boat Ashore", a 19th Century African-American work song, released in 1959 under the title "Michael," was a Billboard #1 hit in September 1961. The group scored another Top 20 hit in 1962 with a version of Lead Belly's "Cotton Fields". "Michael" sold over one million copies, achieving gold record status. The group originated at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, where its members were undergraduates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Where Have All the Flowers Gone?</span> Folk song written by Pete Seeger in 1955

"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" is a folk song written by American singer-songwriter Pete Seeger in 1955. Inspired lyrically by the traditional Cossack folk song "Koloda-Duda", Seeger borrowed an Irish melody for the music, and published the first three verses in Sing Out! magazine. Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson, who turned it into a circular song. Its rhetorical "where?" and meditation on death place the song in the ubi sunt tradition. In 2010, the New Statesman listed it as one of the "Top 20 Political Songs".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American folk music revival</span> 20th-century American musical movement

The American folk music revival began during the 1940s and peaked in popularity in the mid-1960s. Its roots went earlier, and performers like Josh White, Burl Ives, Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, Big Bill Broonzy, Richard Dyer-Bennet, Oscar Brand, Jean Ritchie, John Jacob Niles, Susan Reed, Paul Robeson, Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey and Cisco Houston had enjoyed a limited general popularity in the 1930s and 1940s. The revival brought forward styles of American folk music that had in earlier times contributed to the development of country and western, blues, jazz, and rock and roll music.

"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" is a folk song that became influential during the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. It is based on the traditional song, "Gospel Plow," also known as "Hold On," "Keep Your Hand on the Plow," and various permutations thereof.

"The Sinking of the Reuben James" is a song by Woody Guthrie about the sinking of the U.S. convoy escort USS Reuben James, which was the first U.S. naval ship sunk by German U-boats in World War II. Woody Guthrie had started to write a song including each name on the casualty list of the sinking. This was later replaced by the chorus "tell me what were their names."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Boys</span> Musical artist

The Union Boys was an American folk music group, formed impromptu in 1944, to record several songs on an album called Songs for Victory: Music for Political Action. Its "all-star leftist" members were Josh White, Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, Pete Seeger, Burl Ives, Tom Glazer.

The Shaker Village Work Group was a recreational summer camp and teen educational program that occupied historic Shaker land and buildings in New Lebanon, New York. The property was purchased by founders Jerome (Jerry) and Sybil A. Count from the Mount Lebanon Shaker Village community in 1946, and was opened to its first group of young "villagers" as the Shaker Village Work Camp in 1947. Around 1960, the Work Camp's name was changed to the Shaker Village Work Group. Operating until 1973, the Shaker Village Work Group was noteworthy as a program that gave urban youths the opportunity to learn skilled hands-on work through folk crafts, for its efforts to preserve Shaker architecture and culture, for its role in the American folk music revival of the 1950s and 60s, and for its influence on the 1960s counterculture movement.

"Walkin' Down the Line" is a song written by Bob Dylan and first recorded by him in November 1962 for Broadside magazine. Dylan recorded the song again in March 1963 for his music publisher Witmark and this version was released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 1961–1991.

<i>We Shall Overcome</i> (Pete Seeger album) 1963 live album by Pete Seeger

We Shall Overcome is a 1963 album by Pete Seeger. It was recorded live at his concert at Carnegie Hall, New York City, on June 8, 1963, and was released by Columbia Records.

Anthony D. Saletan, known professionally as Tony Saletan, is an American folk singer, children's instructional television pioneer, and music educator. Saletan is responsible for the modern rediscovery, in the mid-1950s, of two of the genre's best-known songs, "Michael Row the Boat Ashore" and "Kumbaya". In 1955, he was the first performer to appear on Boston's educational television station, WGBH. In 1969, Saletan was the first musical guest to appear on Sesame Street.

References

  1. ↑ Breihan, Tom (November 15, 2022). "The Byrds - "Mr. Tambourine Man". The Number Ones: Twenty Chart-Topping Hits That Reveal the History of Pop Music. New York: Hachette Book Group. p. 68.
  2. ↑ William Francis Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, p. xl.
  3. ↑ Epstein, Dena (2003). Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music of the Civil War. University of Illinois Press. p. 290. ISBN   0-252-07150-6.
  4. 1 2 3 William Francis Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, p. 23.
  5. ↑ "Michael, Row the Boat Ashore", Pete Seeger Appreciation Page.
  6. ↑ Gast, Walter E. "Christian Symbols R: River". Symbols in Christian Art and Architecture. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  7. ↑ William Francis Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, p. xvi.
  8. ↑ "St. Michael the Archangel", The Catholic Encyclopedia , 1913.
  9. ↑ "Moving Hall Star Singers – Row Michael Row". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  10. ↑ "Lee, Herbert". Mississippi Civil Rights Project.
  11. ↑ Seeger, Pete; Reiser, Bob; Carawan, Guy; Carawan, Candie (1989). Everybody Says Freedom: A History of the Civil Rights Movement in Songs and Pictures. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-393-30604-0.
  12. ↑ "Harry Belafonte – Michael Row The Boat Ashore Lyrics". LyricsTime.com. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  13. ↑ Kopp, Richard. "Michael Row the Boat Ashore". Robokopp Database of Choral Music. Musica. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  14. 1 2 Seeger, Pete & Bob Reiser (1989). Everybody Says Freedom: A History of the Civil Rights Movement in Songs and Pictures . New York: W.W. Norton. p.  164. ISBN   978-0-393-30604-0.
  15. ↑ "Shaker Village Work Group" Shaker Village Work Group#Role in the American folk music revival
  16. ↑ The Weavers. "On Tour". Discogs. Retrieved March 24, 2020. (Track B1)
  17. ↑ Keefer, Jane. "Folk Music Index". Folk Music – An Index to Recorded and Print Resources. iBiblio. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  18. ↑ Catalog of Copyright Entries (Third Series ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Library of Congress, Copyright Office. 1967. p. 1614.
  19. ↑ Seeger, Pete (1961). Irwin Silber; Ethel Raim (eds.). American Favorite Ballads: Tunes and Songs as Sung by Pete Seeger. New York, NY: Oak Publications. p. 75. OCLC   894933338.
  20. ↑ Carawan, Guy. "Been in the Storm So Long (1967)". AllMusic. RhythmOne Group. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  21. ↑ Williamson, Ken. "WABC Swingin' Sound Survey for Week of August 29, 1961". WABC Musicradio 77. American Broadcasting Co. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  22. ↑ "All US Top 40 Singles for 1961". Top40Weekly.com. Mattch Box Collective. December 25, 1961. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  23. ↑ Eder, Bruce. "The Highwaymen". AllMusic. NetAktion LLC. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  24. ↑ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1961
  25. ↑ Barretta, Scott, ed. (2013). The Conscience of the Folk Revival: The Writings of Israel "Izzy" Young. Scarecrow Press, Rowman & Littlefield. p. 75.
  26. ↑ Carawan, Guy. "Been in the Storm So Long". AllMusic. RhythmOne Group. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  27. ↑ Samson, John; Chris Kimberly (November 2000). "South African Rock Lists Website – Number of No.1's on the SA Charts". SA Rock Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Glory Be to God on High". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Calvin Institute of Christian Worship. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.