Glory (1989 film)

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Glory
Glory (1989 film) poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Edward Zwick
Screenplay by Kevin Jarre
Based on
Produced by Freddie Fields
Starring
Cinematography Freddie Francis
Edited by Steven Rosenblum
Music by James Horner
Production
company
Freddie Fields Productions
Distributed by Tri-Star Pictures
Release date
  • December 15, 1989 (1989-12-15)(United States)
Running time
122 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$18 million [1]
Box office$27 million [2]

Glory is a 1989 American epic historical war drama film directed by Edward Zwick about the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the Union Army's earliest African American regiments in the American Civil War. It stars Matthew Broderick as Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, the regiment's commanding officer, and Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes, and Morgan Freeman as fictional members of the 54th. The screenplay by Kevin Jarre was based on the books Lay This Laurel (1973) by Lincoln Kirstein and One Gallant Rush (1965) by Peter Burchard and the personal letters of Shaw. The film depicts the soldiers of the 54th from the formation of their regiment to their heroic actions at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner.

Contents

Glory was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions, and distributed by Tri-Star Pictures in the United States. It premiered in limited release in the United States on December 15, 1989, and in wide release on February 16, 1990, grossing $27 million worldwide on an $18 million budget. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three, including Best Supporting Actor for Washington. It also won awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the Golden Globe Awards, the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, the Political Film Society, and the NAACP Image Awards.

Plot

During the American Civil War, Captain Robert Shaw, injured at Antietam, is sent home to Boston on medical leave. Shaw accepts a promotion to Colonel commanding the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first black regiments in the Union Army. He asks his friend, Cabot Forbes, to serve as his second in command, with the rank of major. Their first volunteer is another friend, Thomas Searles, a bookish, free African-American. Other recruits include John Rawlins, Jupiter Sharts, Silas Trip, and a mute teenage drummer boy.

The men learn that, in response to the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy has issued an order that all black soldiers will be returned to slavery. Black soldiers found in a Union uniform will be executed as well as their white officers. They are offered, but turn down, a chance to take an honorable discharge. They undergo rigorous training with Sergeant-Major Mulcahy, to prepare them for the challenges they will face.

Trip goes AWOL and is caught, Shaw orders him flogged in front of the troops. He learns that Trip left to find shoes to replace his worn ones; his men are being denied supplies. He confronts the base's racist quartermaster on their behalf. Shaw also supports them in a pay dispute, as the Federal government pays black soldiers $10 rather than the $13 per month white soldiers earn. Trip encourages the men to go without pay in protest; Shaw tears up his own pay stub in solidarity. In recognition of his leadership, Shaw promotes Rawlins to the rank of Sergeant-Major.

Once the 54th completes its training, they are transferred under the command of General Charles Harker. On the way to South Carolina they are ordered by Colonel James Montgomery to sack and burn Darien, Georgia. Shaw initially refuses to obey an unlawful order, but agrees under threat of having his troops taken away. He continues to lobby his superiors to allow his men to join the fight, as their duties to date have involved manual labor for which they are being mocked. Shaw finally gets the 54th into combat after he confronts Harker and threatens to report the illegal activities he has discovered. In their first battle at James Island, South Carolina, early success is followed by a confrontation with many casualties. The Confederates are defeated and retreat. During the battle, Thomas is wounded but saves Trip. Shaw offers Trip the honor of bearing the regimental flag in battle. He declines not believing the war will result in a better life for slaves.

General George Strong informs Shaw of a major campaign to secure a foothold at Charleston Harbor. This involves assaulting Morris Island and capturing Fort Wagner, whose only landward approach is a strip of open beach; a charge is certain to result in heavy casualties. Shaw volunteers the 54th to lead the charge. The night before the battle the black soldiers conduct a religious service, and several make emotional speeches to inspire the troops, and to ask for God's help. On their way to the attack, the 54th is cheered by the same Union troops who had scorned them earlier.

The 54th leads the charge on the fort suffering heavy casualties. At night the bombardment continues, forestalling progress. Attempting to encourage his men, Shaw is killed. Trip lifts the flag rallying the soldiers to continue the charge. He is shot but holds up the flag until he dies. Forbes takes charge, and the soldiers are able to break through the fort's outer defenses. Outnumbered, Charlie Morse is killed and Thomas is wounded. At the end of the battle it is implied that Forbes, Rawlins, Thomas, Jupiter, and the two Color Sergeants are killed by canister shot. The morning after the battle, the beach is littered with bodies of Union soldiers; the Confederate flag is raised over the fort. The corpses are buried in a mass grave, with Shaw and Trip's bodies next to each other.

Closing text reveals Fort Wagner was never taken by the Union Army. The courage demonstrated by the 54th resulted in the Union accepting thousands of black men for combat, which President Abraham Lincoln credited with helping to turn the tide of the war.

Cast

Robert Gould Shaw.jpg
Colonel Robert Gould Shaw in May 1863
Matthew Broderick 2012.jpg
Matthew Broderick portrays Shaw in Glory.

Production

Development and script

The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial at Boston Common by Augustus Saint-Gaudens Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (36053).jpg
The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial at Boston Common by Augustus Saint-Gaudens

The title of the film recalls the "glory" for which the July 28, 1863, edition of the weekly Columbus Enquirer reported that First-Sergeant Robert John Simmons, mortally wounded at Battery Wagner, came to fight (Simmons himself wrote, in an account of the Battle of Grimball's Landing that was published in the New York Tribune on December 23, 1863: "God has protected me through this, my first fiery, leaden trial, and I do give Him the glory"). [3] [4]

Lincoln Kirstein had first approached Lloyd Fonvielle to write the script. Fonvielle was too in awe of Kirstein to collaborate effectively with him and introduced Kirstein to his friend, Kevin Jarre, who had worked on Rambo: First Blood Part II ; they were originally going to write the script together, but Fonvielle got tied up in another project, leaving Jarre to write the script on his own. [5]

A Civil War buff since he was a child, Jarre met with Kirstein and talked about the 54th. As Jarre stated: "Lincoln’s interest was deeper. It related to his whole philosophy about surrendering yourself to something bigger, some larger cause. He’d always wanted to make a movie about the 54th". [6]

Jarre's inspiration for writing the film came from viewing the monument to Colonel Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in Boston Common. His screenplay was based on several sources, including the books Brave Black Regiment - History of the fifty-forth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (1891) by the 54th's Captain Luis F. Emilio, Lincoln Kirstein's Lay This Laurel (1973), and Peter Burchard's One Gallant Rush (1965), as well as the personal letters of Robert Gould Shaw. [7] [8] [9]

Jarre moved into Room 421 at the Gramercy Park Hotel and worked around the clock, writing the script in a few weeks on spec. [6] [5]

Kirstein showed the script to producer James Ivory of Merchant Ivory Productions. [6] Ivory liked the script but wanted Ruth Prawer Jhabvala to give it a rewrite. According to Fonvielle, Kirstein then got up, shook Ivory’s hand warmly, pulled him to his feet, said, “Jim, thanks so much for coming down,” and ushered him out the front door. [5]

The script was then sent to director Bruce Beresford, who committed to do it and brought in producer Freddie Fields, who then set up a deal at Columbia Pictures, [6] but when David Puttnam left Columbia, pre-production had stopped. Beresford left the project, and Fields then took the script to Tri-Star. The studio agreed to do the film and hired Edward Zwick as director. [10] [6]

Filming

Exterior filming took place primarily in Massachusetts and Georgia. The culminating battle scene of Fort Wagner was filmed on the beaches of Jekyll Island, Georgia. Opening scenes meant to portray the Battle of Antietam show volunteer military reenactors filmed at a major engagement at the Gettysburg battlefield. The scenes depicting the Battle of Grimball's Landing were filmed at Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park. [11] Later in the war, the 54th Massachusetts did fight at the this battle, but it is not depicted in the movie. Zwick did not want to turn Glory "into a black story with a more commercially convenient white hero". [12] Actor Morgan Freeman noted: "We didn't want this film to fall under that shadow. This is a picture about the 54th Regiment, not Colonel Shaw, but at the same time the two are inseparable". [12] Zwick hired the writer Shelby Foote as a technical adviser. Foote later became widely known for his contributions to Ken Burns' PBS nine-episode documentary, The Civil War (1990). [12]

Glory was the first major motion picture to tell the story of black U.S. soldiers fighting for their freedom from slavery during the Civil War. The 1965 James Stewart film Shenandoah also depicted black soldiers fighting for the Union, but the script suggested the Union army at that time was integrated.

On February 16, 1989, the body of a middle-aged man was discovered on the film's set in Savannah, about a day after his death. Described as having a Middle Eastern appearance, with no apparent signs of suffering a violent death, he was never positively identified. [13]

Music

Glory's original motion picture soundtrack was released by Virgin Records on January 11, 1990. The score for the film was composed and orchestrated by James Horner in association with the Boys Choir of Harlem. [14] [15] Jim Henrikson edited the film's music, while Shawn Murphy mixed the score. [16]

Marketing

Monograph

A nonfiction study of the regiment first appeared in 1965 and was republished in paperback in January 1990 by St. Martin's Press under the title One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment. The book, by Peter Burchard, expands on how the 54th Massachusetts developed as battle-ready soldiers. [17] Summarizing the historical events, the book provides events surrounding the aftermath of the first Black Union regiment and how it influenced the outcome of the war. [17]

Release

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95%, based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's consensus states: "Bolstered by exceptional cinematography, powerful storytelling, and an Oscar-winning performance by Denzel Washington, Glory remains one of the finest Civil War movies ever made." [18] On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film holds a score of 78/100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [19]

Film critic Vincent Canby's review in The New York Times stated, "[Broderick] gives his most mature and controlled performance to date ... [Washington is] an actor clearly on his way to a major screen career ... The movie unfolds in a succession of often brilliantly realized vignettes tracing the 54th's organization, training and first experiences below the Mason-Dixon line. The characters' idiosyncrasies emerge". [7] Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it "a strong and valuable film no matter whose eyes it is seen through". [8] He believed the production design credited to Norman Garwood and the cinematography of Freddie Francis paid "enormous attention to period detail". [8]

Watching "Glory," I had one recurring problem. I didn't understand why it had to be told so often from the point of view of the 54th's white commanding officer. Why did we see the black troops through his eyes — instead of seeing him through theirs? To put it another way, why does the top billing in this movie go to a white actor?

— Roger Ebert, writing in the Chicago Sun-Times [8]

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone was not impressed at all with the overall acting, calling Broderick "catastrophically miscast as Shaw". [20] Alternatively, Richard Schickel of Time described the picture by saying, "the movie's often awesome imagery and a bravely soaring choral score by James Horner that transfigure the reality, granting it the status of necessary myth". [21] Desson Howe of The Washington Post , pointed out some flaws that included mentioning Broderick as "an amiable non-presence, creating unintentionally the notion that the 54th earned their stripes despite wimpy leadership". [22]

James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews , called the film "without question, one of the best movies ever made about the American Civil War", noting that it "has important things to say, yet it does so without becoming pedantic". [23] Rating the film four stars, critic Leonard Maltin wrote that it was "grand, moving, breathtakingly filmed (by veteran cinematographer Freddie Francis) and faultlessly performed", calling it "one of the finest historical dramas ever made". [24]

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a thumbs up review, saying, "like Driving Miss Daisy , this is another admirable film that turns out to be surprisingly entertaining". He thought the film took on "some true social significance" and felt the actors portrayed the characters as "more than simply black men". He explained: "They're so different, that they become not merely standard Hollywood blacks, but true individuals". [25]

American Civil War historian James M. McPherson stated the film "accomplished a remarkable feat in sensitizing a lot of today's black students to the role that their ancestors played in the Civil War in winning their own freedom". [26]

Accolades

The film was nominated and won several awards in 1989–90. [27] [28] A complete list of awards the film won or was nominated for are listed below.

AwardCategoryNomineeResult
62nd Academy Awards [29] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Denzel Washington Won
Best Art Direction Norman Garwood, Garrett Lewis Nominated
Best Cinematography Freddie Francis Won
Best Film Editing Steven Rosenblum Nominated
Best Sound Donald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff,
Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams II 		Won
41st ACE Eddie Awards [30] Best Edited Feature Film————Won
44th British Academy Film Awards [31] Best Cinematography Freddie FrancisNominated
British Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990 [32] Best CinematographyWon
Casting Society of America Artios Awards 1990 [33] Best Casting for Feature Film, DramaMary ColquhounNominated
47th Golden Globe Awards [34] Best Motion Picture – Drama Freddie Fields Nominated
Best Director Edward Zwick Nominated
Best Screenplay Kevin Jarre Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Denzel WashingtonWon
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
33rd Grammy Awards [35] Best Instrumental Composition Written
for a Motion Picture or for Television		Won
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989 [36] Best Film————Won
Best DirectorEdward ZwickWon
Best Supporting ActorDenzel WashingtonWon
NAACP Image Awards 1992 [37] [38] Outstanding Motion Picture————Won
Outstanding Supporting ActorDenzel WashingtonWon
1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards [39] Best Picture————Nominated
1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards [40] Best Supporting ActorDenzel WashingtonNominated
1990 Political Film Society Awards [41] Human Rights————Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards 1989 [42] Best Adapted ScreenplayKevin JarreNominated

American Film Institute Lists

Box office

Director Edward Zwick in 2016 Edward Zwick 2016.jpg
Director Edward Zwick in 2016

The film premiered in cinemas on December 14, 1989, in limited release within the US. During its limited opening weekend, the film grossed $63,661 in business showing at three locations. Its official wide release began in theaters on February 16, 1990. [2] Opening in a distant eighth place, the film earned $2,683,350 (~$5.53 million in 2023) showing at 801 cinemas. The film Driving Miss Daisy soundly beat its competition during that weekend opening in first place with $9,834,744. [43] The film's revenue dropped by 37% in its second week of release, earning $1,682,720. For that particular weekend, the film remained in 8th place screening in 809 theaters not challenging a top five position. The film Driving Miss Daisy, remained in first place grossing $6,107,836 in box office revenue. [44] Glory went on to top out domestically at $26,828,365 (~$57.4 million in 2023) in total ticket sales through a 17-week theatrical run. [2] For 1989 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 45. [45]

Home media

Following its release in theaters, the film was released on VHS video format on June 22, 1990. [46] The Region 1 DVD widescreen edition of the film was released in the United States on January 20, 1998. Special DVD features include: interactive menus, scene selections, 1.85:1 anamorphic widescreen, along with subtitles in English, Italian, Spanish and French. [47] A Special Edition DVD of the Film was released on January 30, 2001.

A special repackaged version of Glory was also officially released on DVD on January 2, 2007. It includes two discs featuring: widescreen and full screen versions of the film; Picture-in-Picture video commentary by director Ed Zwick and actors Morgan Freeman and Matthew Broderick; a director's audio commentary; and a documentary entitled, The True Story of Glory Continues narrated by Morgan Freeman. Also included are: an exclusive featurette entitled, Voices of Glory, an original featurette, deleted scenes, production notes, theatrical trailers, talent files, and scene selections. [48]

The Blu-ray disc version of the film was released on June 2, 2009. Special features include: a virtual civil war battlefield, interactive map, The Voice of Glory feature, The True Story Continues documentary, the making of Glory, director's commentary, and deleted scenes. [49] The film is displayed in widescreen 1.85:1 color format in 1080p screen resolution. The audio is enhanced with Dolby TrueHD sound and is available with subtitles in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. [49] A UMD version of the film for the Sony PlayStation Portable was also released on July 1, 2008. It features dubbed, subtitled, and color widescreen format viewing options. [50]

Lewis Henry Douglass Lewis Henry Douglass.jpg
Lewis Henry Douglass

Retrospective response

In 2019, on the film's 30th anniversary, Glory was re-released in over 600 theaters in the US. [51] There were many positive reviews noting its artistic impact. One article noted "the legacy of Zwick’s depiction of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment extends well beyond a 30th anniversary showcase. As a film both about the shared sacrifice of the men of the 54th and the work they left undone .... Glory is a distinctly American story—one so compelling that it has become part of the common curriculum in U.S. history classes across the nation." [52]

Historical accuracy

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 "Glory". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Robert Simmons' Letter". National Park Service (Government of the United States of America). Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Historian hopes to write 'Glory' book". Bermuda: The Royal Gazette. June 14, 2002. Archived from the original (Newspaper article) on July 19, 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 "I Can't Even Remember What It Was I Came Here To Get Away From: An Interview With Lloyd Fonvielle". uncouthreflections.com. June 21, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Champlin, Charles (January 18, 1990). "Threads That Led to the Making of 'Glory' : Movies: Screenwriter Kevin Jarre recalls the 'unbelievable odyssey' in getting the tale of a black Civil War regiment made". Los Angeles Times .
  7. 1 2 Canby, Vincent (December 14, 1989). "Glory (1989)". The New York Times . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Ebert, Roger (January 12, 1990). "Glory". Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  9. ↑ "The Making of "Glory"" (PDF). www.latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  10. ↑ Zwick, Ed (February 13, 2024). Hits, Flops, and Other Illusions My Fortysomething Years in Hollywood. Gallery Books. ISBN   978-1-6680-4699-9 . Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  11. ↑ "Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park | Florida State Parks". February 14, 2025.
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  13. ↑ "NamUs #UP17578". National Missing and Unidentified Persons System . March 13, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  14. ↑ James Horner, The Boys Choir Of Harlem – Glory (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) at Discogs (list of releases)
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  16. ↑ "Glory (1989) Cast and Credits". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  17. 1 2 Burchard, Peter (1990). One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN   978-0312046439.
  18. ↑ "Glory (1989)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  19. ↑ "Glory Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  20. ↑ Travers, Peter (December 1989). "Glory (1989)". Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  21. ↑ Schickel, Richard (December 5, 1989). "Cinema: Of Time and the River". Time . Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  22. ↑ Howe, Desson (January 12, 1990). "'Glory' (R)". The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  23. ↑ Berardinelli, James (December 1989). "Glory". ReelViews . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  24. ↑ Maltin, Leonard (2008). Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. New York City: Signet. p. 528. ISBN   978-0452289789.
  25. ↑ Siskel, Gene (December 1989). "Glory". At the Movies . Retrieved November 7, 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  26. ↑ McPherson, James M.; Lamb, Brian (May 22, 1994). "James McPherson: What They Fought For, 18611865". Booknotes. National Cable Satellite Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2018. Glory accomplished a remarkable feat in sensitizing a lot of today's black students to the role that their ancestors played in the Civil War in winning their own freedom.
  27. ↑ "Glory: Awards & Nominations". MSN Movies. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Glory (1989) Awards & Nominations". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
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  30. ↑ "Nominees & Recipients". American Cinema Editors. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Film Nominations 1990". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Best Cinematography Award". The British Society of Cinematographers. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  33. ↑ "Artios Award Winners". Casting Society. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Glory". GoldenGlobes.org. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Videos for 33rd Annual Grammy Awards". Grammy.com. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  36. ↑ "KCFCC Award Winners 1980–1989". Kansas City Film Critics Circle. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  37. ↑ "Image Awards History". NAACP Image Awards. Archived from the original on March 30, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  38. ↑ "NAACP's Image Awards Honor Black Entertainers". Orlando Sentinel . December 4, 1990. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Awards for 1989". National Board of Review. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  40. ↑ "1989 Awards". New York Film Critics Circle. Archived from the original on November 9, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  41. ↑ "Previous Winners". Political Film Society. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Awards Winners". Writers Guild Awards. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  43. ↑ "February 16–19, 1990 Weekend". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  44. ↑ "October 23–25, 1990 Weekend". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  45. ↑ "1989 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  46. ↑ Glory (VHS Format), ASIN   6301777867
  47. ↑ "Glory DVD". DVDEmpire.com . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  48. ↑ "Glory Special Edition". Amazon. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  49. 1 2 "Glory Blu-ray". DVDEmpire.com . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Glory UMD for PSP". Amazon. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  51. ↑ Glory director Ed Zwick explains how he worked to avoid 'a white savior narrative', By Lauren Huff Published on July 19, 2019 Entertainment Weekly website.
  52. ↑ Glory and the Legacy of the Most Graceful Civil War Movie, Edward Zwick reflects on the legacy of Glory 30 years later, and how the film's meaning evolved even while making it. By David Crow, July 16, 2019 denofgeek.com
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Schiller, Laurence. "Glory: History or Just a Good Story?" (PDF). Blue & Gray Education Society. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  54. ↑ Kuryla, Peter. "54th Regiment". Britannica. Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  55. ↑ "HISTORY". Britannica. A&E Television Networks. January 25, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  56. ↑ Levin, Kevin. "Why 'Glory' Still Resonates More Than Three Decades Later". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  57. ↑ Lawson, Brenda (1990). "The Letters of Robert Gould Shaw at the Massachusetts Historical Society". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 102 (3): 127–147. JSTOR   25081020 . Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  58. ↑ Levin, Kevin (February 22, 2012). "How the Men of 'Glory' Stood Up to the U.S. Government". The Atlantic. Atlantic Media. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  59. ↑ American Battlefield Trust. "Robert Gould Shaw". American Battlefield Trust. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  60. ↑ American Battlefield Trust. "The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment". American Battlefield Trust. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  61. ↑ "What the Film Glory Got Right About the American Civil War and What It Did Not | War History Online". May 13, 2017.
  62. ↑ American Battlefield Trust. "Fort Wagner". American Battlefield Trust. Simon & Schuster. JSTOR   25081020 . Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  63. ↑ "Report of Col. Edward N. Hallowell". Battle of Olustee. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
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