Northeast Summit

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The first China Northeast Summit (Chinese :东北四省区合作行政首长联席会议) took place in Shenyang on April 16, 2010, and resulted in a framework agreement (Chinese :东北四省区合作框架协议) between the provincial governments of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia. All top government and party leaders of the Northeast gathered with the purpose of coordinating and integrating their regional development strategies. The first Summit decided to hold future meetings once every year and with rotating presidency. [1] The 2011 Summit was scheduled to be held in Changchun on July 25.

Simplified Chinese characters standardized Chinese characters developed in mainland China

Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, they are one of the two standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s to encourage literacy. They are officially used in the People's Republic of China and Singapore.

Shenyang Prefecture-level & Sub-provincial city in Liaoning, Peoples Republic of China

Shenyang, formerly known by its Manchu name Mukden or Fengtian, is the provincial capital and the largest city of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, as well as the largest city in Northeast China by urban population. According to the 2010 census, the city's urban area has 6.3 million inhabitants, while the total population of the Shenyang municipality, which holds the administrative status of a sub-provincial city, is up to 8.1 million. Shenyang's city region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang proper, the county-level city of Xinmin, and two counties of Kangping and Faku.

Liaoning Province

Liaoning is a province located in the northeastern part of China, being the smallest but the most populous province in the region. The modern Liaoning province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and was renamed Liaoning in 1929, also known as Mukden Province at the time for the Manchu pronunciation of Shengjing, the former name of the provincial capital Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945 and again in 1954.

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Background

The Northeast Revitalization Plan (Chinese :东北地区振兴规划), issued in August 2007 by the Office of the State Council Leading Group, mentioned for the first time the need to establish a high level coordination mechanism for consultation and decision-making on important issues of regional development. [2]

State Council of the Peoples Republic of China chief administrative authority of the Peoples Republic of China

The State Council, constitutionally synonymous with the Central People's Government since 1954, is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the premier and includes the heads of each of the cabinet-level executive departments. Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, one executive vice premier, three other vice premiers, five state councilors, and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies. In the politics of the People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.

In September 2009, the State Council issued a policy document about the further revitalization of Northeast China. In articles 24 and 25, the document called for deeper regional cooperation and economic integration in the region, and specifically suggested to establish a regular negotiation mechanism of the administrative chiefs of the four provinces to coordinate cross provincial infrastructure projects and regional development. [3]

Northeast China geographic region

Northeast China or Dongbei is a geographical region of China. It also historically corresponds with the term Inner Manchuria in the English language. It consists specifically of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, collectively referred as the Three Northeastern Provinces (东北三省), but broadly also encompasses the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. The region is separated from Far Eastern Russia to the north largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers, from North Korea to the south by the Yalu River and Tumen River, and from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region to the west by the Greater Khingan Range. The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain.

Similar top level regional economic development coordination and rationalization agendas or mechanisms of neighboring regions had earlier been established in the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Bohai Economic Rim to improve the traditionally hesitant exchange between regions (or departments) on the same level.

Pearl River Delta Metropolitan region and area

The Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary, where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanized regions in the world, and is often considered as a megacity. It is now the wealthiest region in South China and one of the wealthiest in the whole China along with Yangtze River Delta in East China and Jingjinji in North China. The region's economy is referred to as Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, it is also part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area.

Yangtze River Delta Metropolitan region

The Yangtze River Delta or YRD is a triangle-shaped metropolitan region generally comprising the Wu Chinese-speaking areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province. The area lies in the heart of the Jiangnan region, where Yangtze River drains into the East China Sea. The urban build-up in the area has given rise to what may be the largest concentration of adjacent metropolitan areas in the world. It covers an area of 99,600 square kilometres (38,500 sq mi) and is home to over 115 million people as of 2013, of which an estimated 83 million is urban. If based on the greater Yangtze River Delta zone, it has over 140 million people in this region. With about 1/10 of China's population and 1/5 of the country's GDP, the YRD is one of the fastest growing and richest regions in East Asia measured by purchasing power parity. Having a fertile soil, the Yangtze River Delta abundantly produces grain, cotton, hemp and tea. In 2018, the Yangtze River Delta had a GDP of approximately US$2.2 trillion, about the same size as Italy.

The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim is the economic region surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong surrounding the Bohai Sea. This region has undergone major economic and infrastructural changes and is an emerging economic powerhouse of Northern China, rivalling the Pearl River Delta in the south and the Yangtze River Delta in the east.

2010 Framework Agreement

The agreement of the first Summit contains 25 articles on the conditions, the fields, and the mechanisms of cooperation. Accordingly, the Summit is the highest decision-making organ of cooperation between the four provinces. A coordinating secretariate meeting and supporting regular communication mechanisms are to be established under the Development and Reform Commissions of each province. Platforms for better exchange between government departments and sectors are to be provided. Fields of cooperation include economic planning, communications, energy, ecology, industry, agriculture, commerce, foreign trade and investment, logistics, tourism, financing, science and technology, education, health, and culture. [4]

National Development and Reform Commission Chinese government agency for macroeconomic management

The National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China (NDRC), formerly State Planning Commission and State Development Planning Commission, is a macroeconomic management agency under the Chinese State Council, which has broad administrative and planning control over the Chinese economy. The candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China and approved by the National People's Congress. Since February 2017 the Commission has been headed by He Lifeng.

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Jilin Province of China

Jilin is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west.

Provinces of China Peoples Republic of China province-level subdivision

Provincial-level administrative divisions, or first-level administrative divisions, are the highest-level Chinese administrative divisions. There are 34 such divisions, classified as 23 provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions, and two Special Administrative Regions. All but Taiwan Province and a small fraction of Fujian Province are controlled by the People's Republic of China.

Shishou County-level city in Hubei, Peoples Republic of China

Shishou is a county-level city under the administration of the prefectural-level city Jingzhou, in the south of Hubei province, near its border with Hunan province, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The Swan Islet Wetland of the Yangtze River in this area is the world’s largest national natural reserve both for wild elks(Milu, or David Deer) and for Chinese river dolphins. The Shishou City National Baiji Reserve for Chinese river dolphins is nearby. It shares its name with a stream flowing into the Yangtze River. In addition, the area enjoys convenient transportation, with an hour’s drive from Yueyang East Railway Station on the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway line, and 70 kilometers from Jingzhou Railway Station on the Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu high-speed railway line. Moreover, Shishou boasts a diversified landscape, including mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, terraces and plains, as well as abundant resources such as rice, cotton, oil plants, eggs, fish, and lotus roots.

Northeast Area Revitalization Plan

Revitalize The Old Northeast Industrial Bases, also Revitalize Northeast China or Northeast China Revitalization, is a policy adopted by the People's Republic of China to rejuvenate industrial bases in Northeast China. The areas targeted once functioned as the center of heavy industry in China, first under Japanese-occupation and then under the state-led development of the People's Republic of China. Since the 1980s, the region has been heavily affected by the restructuring of the Chinese economy and the closing and consolidation of many heavy industry State-owned enterprises (SOEs). It covers three provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, collectively referred to as Dongbei, as well as the five eastern prefectures of Inner Mongolia: Xilin Gol, Chifeng, Tongliao, Hinggan and Hulunbuir.

Huarong County County in Hunan, Peoples Republic of China

Huarong County is a county in Hunan province, China, it is under the administration of Yueyang City.

Yingcheng County-level city in Hubei, Peoples Republic of China

Yingcheng is a sub-prefecture-level city of about 600,000 inhabitants in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China.

The first libraries in China came into being during the time of the Shang dynasty as intellectuals known as the Shi (historians) and Wu (diviners) emerged from manual labor to special occupations for the creation and spread of culture. Among the documents that these occupations managed were "the country's statute books, genealogies of imperial kinsmen, issued notices and orders, and recorded important events and natural phenomena. For future verification and reference, they built storehouses to keep records in different media. To meet the needs of more and more complicated affairs and to ensure easy use, they began to collect and sort out those records according to chronological order and category. Thus, the earliest library in China came into being. The numerous kinds of media loaded with information and knowledge emerged in human society, resulting in the concepts of preservation and collection. Accordingly, the earliest libraries and archives were the result of conscious collection, process, coalition, and utilization."

Xiling District District in Hubei, Peoples Republic of China

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China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit Annual diplomatic meeting

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Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang District in Hebei, Peoples Republic of China

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Kaifu District, Changsha District in Hunan, Peoples Republic of China

Kaifu District is one of six urban districts of Changsha, the capital of Hunan province, China. The district is bordered by Furong and Tianxin Districts to the south, Changsha County to the east and northeast, Wangcheng District to the north, Yuelu and Wangcheng Districts across the Xiang river to the west. Located in the central Changsha, Kaifu covers 188.73 km2 (72.87 sq mi) with population of 595,000, registered population of 452,168. The district has 16 subdistricts under its jurisdiction, the government seat is at Furongbeilu subdistrict.

Beihu District District in Hunan, Peoples Republic of China

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Luhe District District in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

Luhe District is one of 11 districts of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, China.

Yuhong District District in Liaoning, Peoples Republic of China

Yuhong District is one of nine districts of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, and forms part of the northwestern and western suburbs. It borders Shenbei New Area to the northeast, Huanggu District to the east, Sujiatun District to the south, and Xinmin City to the west; in addition, Tiexi District also lies in between the two parts of Yuhong.

Lingyuan County-level city in Liaoning, Peoples Republic of China

Lingyuan is a city in the west of Liaoning province in Northeast China, bordering Hebei province and Inner Mongolia. It is under the administration of Chaoyang City, which lies 94 kilometres (58 mi) to the east-northeast.

Yongding District, Zhangjiajie District in Hunan, Peoples Republic of China

Yongding District is one of two urban districts in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China. Located on the south of Zhangjiajie, the district is bordered to the north by Wulingyuan District and Sangzhi County, to the northeast by Cili County, to the east by Taoyuan County, to the southeast by Yuanling County, to the southwest by Yongshun County. Yongding District has an area of 2,208 kilometres (1,372 mi) with 468,300 of registered population. It is divided into 6 subdistricts, 7 towns and 7 subdistricts, its government seat is Xixiping (西溪坪街道).

Tianjin Free-Trade Zone Free-Trade Zone in Tianjin, China

Tianjin Free-Trade Zone, officially China (Tianjin) Pilot Free-Trade Zone is a free-trade zone in Tianjin, China. It is the only free-trade zone in North China. The zone covers three areas — Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Dongjiang Free Trade Port Zone and Binhai New Area Central Business District.

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area Pearl River Delta metropolitan region

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area or simply Greater Bay Area (GBA), is a megalopolis formerly known as the Pearl River Delta consisting of 9 cities and 2 special administrative regions in south China. On 7 December 2016, the concept of the area was mentioned in the English version of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China. On 13 April 2017, the heading of a piece of news released at the English.gov.cn website of the State Council adopted the name "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area". After a few months, on 1 July 2017, the "Framework Agreement on Deepening Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Cooperation in the Development of the Bay Area" was signed in Hong Kong.

References

  1. Central People's Government Article (in Chinese)
  2. Northeast Revitalization Plan (in Chinese), Section 3 of Chapter 9.
  3. State Council Document No. 33/2009 (in English)
  4. Text of Agreement at China Northeast (in Chinese)