Nuclear bodies

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Nuclear bodies in human embryonic lung cells HEL cells + PML3 eCFP.png
Nuclear bodies in human embryonic lung cells

Nuclear bodies (also known as nuclear domains or nuclear dots) are biomolecular condensates, membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. [1] Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, nuclear speckles (also called splicing speckles), histone locus bodies, and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (also called PML oncogenic dots). [2] Nuclear bodies also include ND10s. ND stands for nuclear domain, and 10 refers to the number of dots seen. [3] Additionally, a nuclear body subtype is a clastosome suggested to be a site of protein degradation. [4]

Contents

While biomolecular condensate is a term often used interchangeably with nuclear bodies, the term "condensates" implies the thermodynamic properties of the body are known. [5] Thus, nuclear body (and sometimes nuclear compartment) is a term that is more general and encompasses structures where either the biophysical property is not a condensate or is currently untested. [6]

Nuclear bodies were first seen as prominent interchromatin structures in the nuclei of malignant or hyperstimulated animal cells [7] [8] identified using anti-sp100 autoantibodies from primary biliary cirrhosis and subsequently the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) factor, but appear also to be elevated in many autoimmune and cancerous diseases. [9] Nuclear dots are metabolically stable and resistant to nuclease digestion and salt extraction. [10]

Structure

Diagram of the formation of nuclear bodies. Formation and examples of nuclear membraneless compartments.png
Diagram of the formation of nuclear bodies.

Simple nuclear bodies (types I and II) and the shells of complex nuclear bodies (types III, IVa and V) consist of a non-chromatinic fibrillar material which is most likely proteinaceous. [11] That nuclear bodies co-isolated with the nuclear matrix, and were linked to the fibrogranular nuclear matrix component by projections from the surface of the nuclear bodies. [11] The primary components of the nuclear dots are the proteins sp100 nuclear antigen, LYSP100(a homolog of sp100), [12] ISG20, [13] PML antigen, NDP55 and 53kDa protein associated with the nuclear matrix. [14] Other proteins, such as PIC1/SUMO-1, which are associated with nuclear pore complex also associate with nuclear dots. [15] The proteins can reorganize in the nucleus, by increasing number of dispersion in response to different stress (stimulation or heat shock, respectively). [16]

Function

One of the nuclear body proteins appears to be involved in transcriptional active regions. [17] Expression of PML antigen and sp100 is responsive to interferons. Sp100 seems to have transcriptional transactivating properties. PML protein was reported to suppress growth and transformation, [8] and specifically inhibits the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and influenza A virus, [18] but not other types of viruses. The SUMO-1 ubiquitin like protein is responsible for modifying PML protein such that it is targeted to dots. [19] whereas overexpression of PML results in programmed cell death. [20]

One hypothesized function of the dots is as a 'nuclear dump' or 'storage depot'. [21] The nuclear bodies may not all perform the same function. Sp140 associates with certain bodies and appears to be involved in transcriptional activation. [22]

ND10 nuclear bodies have been shown to play a major role in chromatin regulation. [23]

Nuclear bodies have been suggested to be involved in multiple aspects of gene regulation. By concentrating substrates and enzymes in these defined territories (i.e., pre-ribosomal RNA and associated ribosome biogenesis protein within the nucleolus), it is hypothesized that this may help increase the efficiency of the enzymatic reactions associated with the particular nuclear body. For example, nuclear speckles, once thought to be storage depots of splicing factors, have been now shown to concentrate splicing-promoting factors (e.g., components of the major and minor spliceosome) and pre-mRNA substrate molecules to boost the kinetic efficiency of the splicing reaction. [24] Thus future studies will show whether other nuclear bodies play functional roles in various aspects of gene regulation, such as transcription, RNA modifications, ribosome biogenesis, and other nuclear processes.

Pathology

Immunofluorescence staining pattern of sp100 antibodies. Nuclear dots can be seen in the nucleus of the cells. Produced using serum from a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis on HEp-20-10 cells with a FITC conjugate. ANA NUCLEAR DOT AND AMA.jpg
Immunofluorescence staining pattern of sp100 antibodies. Nuclear dots can be seen in the nucleus of the cells. Produced using serum from a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis on HEp-20-10 cells with a FITC conjugate.

These, or similar, bodies have been found increased in the presence of lymphoid cancers [25] [26] and SLE (lupus). [27] They are also observed at higher frequencies in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; in this instance, antibodies to measles show expression in and localization to the nuclear bodies. [28]

References

  1. ↑ Weber SC (June 2017). "Sequence-encoded material properties dictate the structure and function of nuclear bodies". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 46: 62–71. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.003. PMID   28343140.
  2. ↑ Zimber A, Nguyen QD, Gespach C (October 2004). "Nuclear bodies and compartments: functional roles and cellular signalling in health and disease". Cellular Signalling. 16 (10): 1085–104. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.03.020. PMID   15240004.
  3. ↑ Rivera-Molina YA, Martínez FP, Tang Q (August 2013). "Nuclear domain 10 of the viral aspect". World Journal of Virology. 2 (3): 110–22. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i3.110 . PMC   3832855 . PMID   24255882.
  4. ↑ Lafarga M, Berciano MT, Pena E, Mayo I, Castaño JG, Bohmann D, et al. (August 2002). "Clastosome: a subtype of nuclear body enriched in 19S and 20S proteasomes, ubiquitin, and protein substrates of proteasome". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 13 (8): 2771–82. doi:10.1091/mbc.e02-03-0122. PMC   117941 . PMID   12181345.
  5. ↑ Banani SF, Lee HO, Hyman AA, Rosen MK (May 2017). "Biomolecular condensates: organizers of cellular biochemistry". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (5): 285–298. doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.7. PMC   7434221 . PMID   28225081. S2CID   37694361.
  6. ↑ Bhat P, Hanson D, Guttman M (August 2021). "Nuclear compartmentalization as a mechanism for quantitative control of gene expression". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 22 (5): 653–670. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00387-1. PMC   12145136 . PMID   34341548.
  7. ↑ Brasch K, Ochs RL (October 1992). "Nuclear bodies (NBs): a newly "rediscovered" organelle". Experimental Cell Research. 202 (2): 211–23. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(92)90068-J. PMID   1397076.
  8. 1 2 Sternsdorf T, Grötzinger T, Jensen K, Will H (December 1997). "Nuclear dots: actors on many stages". Immunobiology. 198 (1–3): 307–31. doi:10.1016/s0171-2985(97)80051-4. PMID   9442402.
  9. ↑ Pawlotsky JM, Andre C, Metreau JM, Beaugrand M, Zafrani ES, Dhumeaux D (July 1992). "Multiple nuclear dots antinuclear antibodies are not specific for primary biliary cirrhosis". Hepatology. 16 (1): 127–31. doi:10.1002/hep.1840160121. PMID   1319948. S2CID   22729443.
  10. ↑ Ascoli CA, Maul GG (March 1991). "Identification of a novel nuclear domain". The Journal of Cell Biology. 112 (5): 785–95. doi:10.1083/jcb.112.5.785. PMC   2288866 . PMID   1999457.
  11. 1 2 Chaly N, Setterfield G, Kaplan JG, Brown DL (1983). "Nuclear bodies in mouse splenic lymphocytes: II - Cytochemistry and autoradiography during stimulation by concanavalin A". Biology of the Cell. 49 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1111/j.1768-322x.1984.tb00220.x. PMID   6199062. S2CID   43084163.
  12. ↑ Dent AL, Yewdell J, Puvion-Dutilleul F, Koken MH, de The H, Staudt LM (August 1996). "LYSP100-associated nuclear domains (LANDs): description of a new class of subnuclear structures and their relationship to PML nuclear bodies". Blood. 88 (4): 1423–6. doi: 10.1182/blood.V88.4.1423.bloodjournal8841423 . PMID   8695863.
  13. ↑ Gongora C, David G, Pintard L, Tissot C, Hua TD, Dejean A, Mechti N (August 1997). "Molecular cloning of a new interferon-induced PML nuclear body-associated protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (31): 19457–63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.31.19457 . PMID   9235947.
  14. ↑ Zuber M, Heyden TS, Lajous-Petter AM (1995). "A human autoantibody recognizing nuclear matrix-associated nuclear protein localized in dot structures". Biology of the Cell. 85 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1111/j.1768-322X.1995.tb00944.x. PMID   8882521.
  15. ↑ Sternsdorf T, Jensen K, Will H (December 1997). "Evidence for covalent modification of the nuclear dot-associated proteins PML and Sp100 by PIC1/SUMO-1". The Journal of Cell Biology. 139 (7): 1621–34. doi:10.1083/jcb.139.7.1621. PMC   2132645 . PMID   9412458.
  16. ↑ Maul GG, Yu E, Ishov AM, Epstein AL (December 1995). "Nuclear domain 10 (ND10) associated proteins are also present in nuclear bodies and redistribute to hundreds of nuclear sites after stress". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 59 (4): 498–513. doi:10.1002/jcb.240590410. PMID   8749719. S2CID   22209911.
  17. ↑ Xie K, Lambie EJ, Snyder M (October 1993). "Nuclear dot antigens may specify transcriptional domains in the nucleus". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 13 (10): 6170–9. doi:10.1128/MCB.13.10.6170. PMC   364676 . PMID   8413218.
  18. ↑ Chelbi-Alix MK, Quignon F, Pelicano L, Koken MH, de Thé H (February 1998). "Resistance to virus infection conferred by the interferon-induced promyelocytic leukemia protein". Journal of Virology. 72 (2): 1043–51. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.2.1043-1051.1998. PMC   124576 . PMID   9444998.
  19. 1 2 Müller S, Matunis MJ, Dejean A (January 1998). "Conjugation with the ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO-1 regulates the partitioning of PML within the nucleus". The EMBO Journal. 17 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.1.61. PMC   1170358 . PMID   9427741.
  20. ↑ Quignon F, De Bels F, Koken M, Feunteun J, Ameisen JC, de Thé H (November 1998). "PML induces a novel caspase-independent death process". Nature Genetics. 20 (3): 259–65. doi:10.1038/3068. PMID   9806544. S2CID   856232.
  21. ↑ Maul GG (August 1998). "Nuclear domain 10, the site of DNA virus transcription and replication". BioEssays. 20 (8): 660–7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199808)20:8<660::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-M. PMID   9780840. S2CID   46499841.
  22. ↑ Bloch DB, Chiche JD, Orth D, de la Monte SM, Rosenzweig A, Bloch KD (June 1999). "Structural and functional heterogeneity of nuclear bodies". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (6): 4423–30. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.6.4423. PMC   104401 . PMID   10330182.
  23. ↑ Gu H, Zheng Y (April 2016). "Role of ND10 nuclear bodies in the chromatin repression of HSV-1". Virology Journal. 13: 62. doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0516-4 . PMC   4822283 . PMID   27048561.
  24. ↑ Bhat P, Chow A, Emert B, et al. (May 2024). "Genome organization around nuclear speckles drives mRNA splicing efficiency". Nature. 629 (5): 1165–1173. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07429-6. PMC   11164319 . PMID   38720076.
  25. ↑ Rivas C, Oliva H (1974). "Nuclear bodies in Hodgkin's disease". Pathologia Europaea. 9 (4): 297–301. PMID   4457783.
  26. ↑ Tani E, Ametani T (1975). "Nuclear Characteristics of Malignant Lymphoma in the Brain". Malignant Lymphomas of the Nervous System. Vol. Suppl 6. pp. 167–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08456-4_28. ISBN   978-3-540-07208-9. PMID   168720.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Jones JM, Martinez AJ, Joshi VV, McWilliams N (March 1975). "Systemic lupus erythematosus". Archives of Pathology. 99 (3): 152–7. PMID   164172.
  28. ↑ Brown HR, Thormar H (November 1976). "Immunoperoxidase staining of simple nuclear bodies in sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) by antiserum to Measles nucleocapsids". Acta Neuropathologica. 36 (3): 259–67. doi:10.1007/BF00685370. PMID   795259. S2CID   38057985.
  29. ↑ Nervi C, Ferrara FF, Fanelli M, Rippo MR, Tomassini B, Ferrucci PF, et al. (October 1998). "Caspases mediate retinoic acid-induced degradation of the acute promyelocytic leukemia PML/RARalpha fusion protein". Blood. 92 (7): 2244–51. PMID   9746761.
  30. ↑ Schneider SM, Pritchard SM, Wudiri GA, Trammell CE, Nicola AV (May 2019). Dermody TS (ed.). "Early Steps in Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Blocked by a Proteasome Inhibitor". mBio. 10 (3): e00732–19, /mbio/10/3/mBio.00732–19.atom. doi:10.1128/mBio.00732-19. PMC   6520451 . PMID   31088925.
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