| COIL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | COIL , Coil, C79982, Cln80, p80, p80-coilin, coilin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 600272 MGI: 104842 HomoloGene: 3413 GeneCards: COIL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Coilin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COIL gene. [5] [6] Coilin got its name from the coiled shape of the Cajal bodies in which it is found. It was first identified using human autoimmune serum.
Coilin protein is one of the main molecular components of Cajal bodies. Cajal bodies are non-membrane bound nuclear bodies of varying number and composition that are involved in the post-transcriptional modification of small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs. In addition to its structural role, coilin acts as glue to connect the CB to the nucleolus. The N-terminus of the coilin protein directs its self-oligomerization while the C-terminus influences the number of nuclear bodies assembled per cell. Differential methylation and phosphorylation of coilin likely influences its localization among nuclear bodies and the composition and assembly of Cajal bodies. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosome 4 and chromosome 14. [6]
To study CBs, coilin can be combined with GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) to form Coilin-GFP hybrid protein. The hybrid protein can then be used to locate CBs underneath a microscope, usually near the nucleolus of the cell. Other proteins that make up the CB include snRNPs and nucleolar snoRNPs.
Coilin has been shown to interact with ataxin 1, [7] [8] nucleolar phosphoprotein p130, [9] SMN, [10] [11] and SNRPB. [11]
The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm; and the nuclear matrix, a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support.
Cajal bodies (CBs) also coiled bodies, are spherical nuclear bodies of 0.3–1.0 µm in diameter found in the nucleus of proliferative cells like embryonic cells and tumor cells, or metabolically active cells like neurons. CBs are membrane-less organelles and largely consist of proteins and RNA. They were first reported by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 1903, who called them nucleolar accessory bodies due to their association with the nucleoli in neuronal cells. They were rediscovered with the use of the electron microscope (EM) and named coiled bodies, according to their appearance as coiled threads on EM images, and later renamed after their discoverer. Research on CBs was accelerated after discovery and cloning of the marker protein p80/Coilin. CBs have been implicated in RNA-related metabolic processes such as the biogenesis, maturation and recycling of snRNPs, histone mRNA processing and telomere maintenance. CBs assemble RNA which is used by telomerase to add nucleotides to the ends of telomeres.
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The length of an average snRNA is approximately 150 nucleotides. They are transcribed by either RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. Their primary function is in the processing of pre-messenger RNA (hnRNA) in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors or RNA polymerase II, and maintaining the telomeres.
The U7 small nuclear RNA is an RNA molecule and a component of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex. The U7 snRNA is required for histone pre-mRNA processing.
Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes.
Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) are a class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that specifically localise to the Cajal body, a nuclear organelle involved in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. ScaRNAs guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
Importin subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KPNB1 gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPB gene.
Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the U2AF1 gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPD2 gene. It belongs to the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein core protein family, and is required for pre-mRNA splicing and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPD3 gene.
Nucleolar phosphoprotein p130 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOLC1 gene.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX20, also known as DEAD-box helicase 20 and gem-associated protein 3 (GEMIN3), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX20 gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPG gene.
Survival of motor neuron-related-splicing factor 30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMNDC1 gene.
H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAR1 gene.
Gem-associated protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN4 gene.
Zinc finger protein ZPR1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF259 gene.
Gem-associated protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN5 gene.
WRAP53 is a gene implicated in cancer development. The name was coined in 2009 to describe the dual role of this gene, encoding both an antisense RNA that regulates the p53 tumor suppressor and a protein involved in DNA repair, telomere elongation and maintenance of nuclear organelles Cajal bodies.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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