Nuphar lutea

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Nuphar lutea
Nuphar lutea (habitus).jpg
Nuphar lutea at Leiemeersen, Oostkamp, Belgium
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Nuphar
Section: Nuphar sect. Nuphar
Species:
N. lutea
Binomial name
Nuphar lutea
Range Map for Nuphar lutea in Eurasia.png
It is native to the region spanning from Europe to Siberia, Xinjiang, China, and North Algeria. [2]
Synonyms [2]
List
  • Nenuphar luteum (L.) Link
  • Nymphaea lutea L.
  • Nymphona lutea (L.) Bubani
  • Nymphozanthus europaeus Desv.
  • Nymphozanthus luteus (L.) Fernald
  • Nuphar affinis Harz
  • Nuphar fluviatile Laest.
  • Nuphar grandiflora Laest.
  • Nuphar grandifolia Laest.
  • Nuphar graveolens Laest.
  • Nuphar latifolia Laest.
  • Nuphar latifolia subsp. boreale Laest.
  • Nuphar lobata Laest.
  • Nuphar lutea var. rivularis (Dumort.) De Wild. & T.Durand
  • Nuphar lutea var. submersa Rouy & Foucaud
  • Nuphar rivularis Dumort.
  • Nuphar sericea Láng
  • Nuphar spathulifera Rchb.
  • Nuphar systyla Wallr.
  • Nuphar tenella Rchb.
  • Nymphaea affinis (Harz) Hayek
  • Nymphaea lutea var. affinis (Harz) J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea subf. denticulata J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea var. harzii J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea var. minor Lej.
  • Nymphaea lutea var. puberula J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. punctata J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. purpureosignata J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. schlierensis J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. sericea J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. submersa J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. tenella (Rchb.) J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. terrestris J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea lutea f. urceolata J.Schust.
  • Nymphaea umbilicalis Salisb.
  • Nymphozanthus affinis (Harz) Fernald
  • Nymphozanthus sericeus (Láng) Fernald
  • Nymphozanthus vulgaris Rich.

Nuphar lutea, the yellow water-lily, brandy-bottle, or spadderdock, is an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, native to northern temperate and some subtropical regions of Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. [3] [4] This species was used as a food source and in medicinal practices from prehistoric times with potential research and medical applications going forward. [5] : 30 

Contents

Description

Korinnia Glechikiv Zhovtikh (Nuphar lutea).jpg
Branching rhizomes of Nuphar lutea
Nuphar lutea flower Glechiki zhovti, latattia zhovte abo kubishka zhovta (Nuphar lutea) 19.jpg
Nuphar lutea flower
Nuphar lutea fruit with persistent sepals Nuphar lutea Grazel zolty 2019-08-03 04.jpg
Nuphar lutea fruit with persistent sepals
Upper leaf surface of a floating leaf Nuphar lutea sl5.jpg
Upper leaf surface of a floating leaf
Cross section of the petiole with scale bar (10 mm) Nuphar lutea sl30.jpg
Cross section of the petiole with scale bar (10 mm)
Seeds with scale bar (10 mm) Nuphar lutea sl44.jpg
Seeds with scale bar (10 mm)

Vegetative characteristics

Nuphar lutea is an aquatic, rhizomatous, [6] perennial herb [7] with stout, [8] branching, spongy, [9] 3–8(–15) cm wide rhizomes. [10] It has floating and sumberged leaves. [11] [12] [10] The broadly elliptic to ovate, [9] [10] green, [10] leathery floating leaf [8] with an entire margin, a deep sinus [7] and spreading basal lobes [8] is 16–30 cm long, and 11.5–22.1 cm wide. [10] The adaxial surface is glabrous, and the abaxial surface is glabrous or pubescent. [8] The trigonous petiole is 3–10 mm wide. [10] The very thin submerged leaf [7] with undulate margins has short petioles. [12]

Generative characteristics

The solitary, yellow, subglobose, 30–65 mm wide, [9] floating [12] or emergent flowers [11] have 4–10 mm wide, glabrous to pubescent peduncles. [10] The 5(–6) [9] [10] yellow, broadly ovate to orbicular sepals [8] with a rounded apex [9] are 2–3 cm long. [9] [8] The 11–20 obovate [9] inconspicuous petals [7] with a rounded apex are 7.5–23 mm long. [9] The androecium consists of numerous stamens [11] with 4–7 mm long, yellow anthers. [10] The sulcate, spheroidal pollen grains are 26–50 µm long. [13] The gynoecium consists of 5-20 carpels. [11] The stigmatic disk with an entire margin is 7–19 mm wide. [8] The urceolate, green, 2.6–4.5 cm long, and 1.9–3.4 cm wide fruit, [10] which is enclosed in persistent sepals, [12] bears up to 400 ovoid, [10] olive green, [10] [8] 3.5–5 mm long, and 3.5 mm wide seeds. [10]

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 34. [8]

Taxonomy

Publication

It was first described by Carl Linnaeus as Nymphaea lutea L. in 1753. Later, it was transferred to genus Nuphar Sm. as Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. by James Edward Smith in 1809. [2]

Species delimitation

Some botanists have treated Nuphar lutea as the sole species in Nuphar, including all the other species in it as subspecies and giving the species a holarctic range, [14] [15] but the genus is now more usually divided into eight species (see Nuphar for details). [16]

Etymology

The specific epithet lutea, from the Latin luteus, means yellow. [17] [18] [9]

Ecology

Habitat

Habitat for Nuphar lutea ranges widely from moving to stagnant waters of "shallow lakes, ponds, swamps, river and stream margins, canals, ditches, and tidal reaches of freshwater streams"; alkaline to acidic waters; and sea level to mountainous lakes up to 10,000 feet in altitude. [5] : 24  The species is less tolerant of water pollution than water-lilies in the genus Nymphaea . [19] This aquatic plant grows in shallow water and wetlands, with its roots in the sediment and its leaves floating on the water surface; it can grow in water up to 5 metres deep. [19] It is usually found in shallower water than the white water lily, and often in beaver ponds. Since the flooded soils are deficient in oxygen, aerenchyma in the leaves and rhizome transport oxygen from the atmosphere to the rhizome roots. Often there is mass flow from the young leaves into the rhizome, and out through the older leaves. [20] This "ventilation mechanism" has become the subject of research because of this species' substantial benefit to the surrounding ecosystem by "exhaling" methane gas from lake sediments. [21]

Herbivory

Nuphar lutea plant colonies in turn are affected by organisms that graze on its leaves, gnaw on stems, and eat its roots, including turtles, birds, deer, moose, porcupines, and more. The rhizomes are often consumed by muskrats. [5] : 27–29  The waterlily leaf beetle, Galerucella nymphaeae , spends its entire life cycle around various Nuphar species, exposing leaf tissue to microbial attack and loss of floating ability. [22]

With other species in the Nymphaeales order, Nuphar lutea provides habitat for fish and a wide range of aquatic invertebrates, insects, snails, birds, turtles, crayfish, moose, deer, muskrats, porcupine, and beaver in shallow waters along lake, pond, and stream margins across the multiple continents where it is found. [23]

Distribution and habitat

Nuphar lutea is native to the region spanning from Europe to Siberia, Xinjiang, China, and North Algeria. It is extinct in Sicily, Italy. It has been introduced to Bangladesh, New Zealand, and the Russian region Primorye. [2]

Conservation status

The IUCN conservation status is Least Concern (LC). [1]

Use

Horticulture

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant. [7] [24]

Food

Nuphar lutea is used as food. [25]

Symbolism

Flag of Frisia Frisian flag.svg
Flag of Frisia

Stylized red leaves of the yellow water lily, known as seeblatts or pompeblêden are used as a symbol of Frisia. The flag of the Dutch province of Friesland features seven pompeblêden. Stone masons carved forms of the flowers on the roof bosses of Bristol Cathedral and Westminster Abbey, these are thought to encourage celibacy. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeaceae</span> Family of plants

Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 known species. Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on or rising from the surface. Leaves are oval and heart-shaped in Barclaya. Leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar, but fully circular in Victoria and Euryale.

<i>Victoria</i> (plant) Genus of aquatic plants

Victoria or giant waterlily is a genus of aquatic herbs in the plant family Nymphaeaceae. Its leaves have a remarkable size: Victoria boliviana produces leaves up to 3.2 metres (10 ft) in width. The genus name was given in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

<i>Nymphaea</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nymphaea is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds. Plants of the genus are known commonly as water lilies, or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, nymphaia and the Latin nymphaea, which means "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology.

<i>Nymphaea alba</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea alba, the white waterlily, European white water lily or white nenuphar, is an aquatic flowering plant in the family Nymphaeaceae. It is native to North Africa, temperate Asia, Europe and tropical Asia.

<i>Nuphar</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nuphar is a genus of aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae, with a temperate to subarctic Northern Hemisphere distribution. Common names include water-lily, pond-lily, alligator-bonnet or bonnet lily, and spatterdock.

<i>Nymphaea mexicana</i> Species of aquatic plant

Nymphaea mexicana is a species of aquatic plant that is native to the Southern United States and Mexico as far south as Michoacán. Common names include yellow water lily, Mexican water lily and banana water lily.

<i>Nymphaea macrosperma</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea macrosperma is an annual or perennial, aquatic, rhizomatous herb in the family Nymphaeaceae native to Australia and New Guinea.

<i>Nymphaea ondinea</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea ondinea is an aquatic plant in the family Nymphaeaceae native to northwestern Australia.

<i>Nuphar pumila</i> Species of flowering plant

Nuphar pumila, the least water-lily or small yellow pond-lily, is an aquatic perennial plant in the Nymphaeaceae family. It is also known as the dwarf water lily since it looks like a smaller Nuphar lutea. while Nuphar pumila has a star-shaped, or lobed form of the stigma disc and glabrous leaf undersides, Nuphar lutea has a round stigma disc and the undersides of its leaves are occasionally fine-haired on the midribs. Its flowers bloom from July to August and are typically pollinated by flies.

<i>Nuphar polysepala</i> Species of flowering plant

Nuphar polysepala is a species of Nuphar native to western North America. It is commonly found in shallow muddy ponds from northern Alaska and Yukon southward to central California and northern New Mexico, and can be recognized easily by its large floating leaves and bright yellow blossoms.

<i>Nuphar subintegerrima</i> Species of perennial aquatic plant

Nuphar subintegerrima is a species of rhizomatous aquatic plant endemic to Japan.

<i>Nymphaea gracilis</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea gracilis is a species of waterlily endemic to Mexico. It is the only species of its genus which is endemic to Mexico.

<i>Nymphaea loriana</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea loriana is a species of waterlily endemic to Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada.

<i>Nymphaea noelae</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea noelae is a species of water lily endemic to Queensland, Australia.

Nuphar ulvacea is a species of rhizomatous aquatic plant native to the US-American states Alabama and Florida.

<i>Nuphar submersa</i> Species of perennial aquatic plant

Nuphar submersa is a species of rhizomatous aquatic plant endemic to Japan.

<i>Nuphar saikokuensis</i> Species of perennial aquatic plant

Nuphar saikokuensis is a species of rhizomatous aquatic plant endemic to Japan.

<i>Nuphar <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> porphyranthera</i> Hybrid of perennial aquatic plant

Nuphar × porphyranthera is a species of rhizomatous aquatic plant native to Great Britain. It is a hybrid of Nuphar lutea and Nuphar advena.

<i>Nuphar <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> rubrodisca</i> Species of perennial aquatic plant

Nuphar × rubrodisca is a species of rhizomatous aquatic plant native to Canada and the USA. It is a natural hybrid of Nuphar variegata and Nuphar microphylla.

<i>Nymphaea pygmaea</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea pygmaea is a controversial species of perennial, aquatic herb in the family Nymphaeaceae native to Asia.

References

  1. 1 2 Akhani, H. 2014. Nuphar lutea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164316A42398895. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164316A42398895.en. Accessed on 07 June 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  3. ↑ Flora Europaea: Nuphar lutea
  4. ↑ "Nuphar lutea". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 Padgett, Donald Jay (1997). A Biosystematic Monograph of the Genus Nuphar sm (Nymphaeaceae) (PDF) (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New Hampshire Scholars’ Repository. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  6. ↑ Danin, A., & Fragman-Sapir, O. (n.d.). Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. Flora of Israel and Adjacent Areas. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from https://flora.org.il/en/plants/NUPLUT/
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Nuphar lutea. (n.d.-b). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/nuphar-lutea/
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nuphar lutea (Linnaeus) Smith. (n.d.). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220009308
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-b). Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Nuphar-lutea.html
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Padgett, D. J. (2007). A Monograph of Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae). Rhodora, 109(937), 1–95. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23314744
  11. 1 2 3 4 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-a). Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. Biota of New Zealand. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/1D1A8A4B-28B4-475A-8E85-85B287E17258
  12. 1 2 3 4 Janßen, D. (n.d.). Gelbe Teichrose Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. Flora Emslandia - Pflanzen Im Emsland. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from http://www.flora-emslandia.de/wildblumen/nymphaeaceae/nuphar/nuphar_lutea.htm
  13. ↑ Halbritter H., Svojtka M. 2016. Nuphar lutea. In: PalDat - A palynological database. https://www.paldat.org/pub/Nuphar_lutea/302325; accessed 2024-12-05
  14. ↑ Beal, E. O. (1956). Taxonomic revision of the genus Nuphar Sm. of North America and Europe. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 72: 317–346.
  15. ↑ "Plants Profile: Nuphar lutea". Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  16. ↑ USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network: Nuphar Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Cyanella lutea subsp. lutea | PlantZAfrica. (n.d.). Retrieved January 6, 2024, from https://pza.sanbi.org/cyanella-lutea-subsp-lutea
  18. ↑ Passiflora lutea | The Italian Collection of Maurizio Vecchia. (n.d.). Passiflora. Retrieved January 6, 2024, from https://www.passiflora.it/lutea/372/eng/
  19. 1 2 Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN   0-340-40170-2
  20. ↑ Dacey, J. W. H. (1981). Pressurized ventilation in the yellow water lily. Ecology, 62, 1137–47.
  21. ↑ Dacey, J. W. H.; Klug, M. J. (March 23, 1979). "Methane Efflux from Lake Sediments Through Water Lilies". Science. 203 (4386): 1253–1255. Bibcode:1979Sci...203.1253D. doi:10.1126/science.203.4386.1253. PMID   17841139. S2CID   8478786.
  22. ↑ Kouki, Jari (December 1991). "The Effect of the Water-lily Beetle, Garerucella nymphaeae, on Leaf Production and Leaf Longevity of the Yellow Water-lily, Nuphar lutea". Freshwater Biology. 26 (3): 347–353. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1991.tb01402.x . Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Nymphaeales". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. February 26, 2003.
  24. ↑ Nuphar lutea. (n.d.). EPPO Global Database. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/NUPLU
  25. ↑ Vanhanen, Santeri; Lagerås, Per (2020). Archaeobotanical Studies of Past Plant Cultivation in Northern Europe. Kooiweg, Holland: Barkhuis. p. 109. ISBN   9789493194113.
  26. ↑ Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 29. ISBN   9780276002175.
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