| Oenanthe silaifolia | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Oenanthe |
| Species: | O. silaifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Oenanthe silaifolia M. Bieb. | |
Oenanthe silaifolia, narrow-leaved water-dropwort, is a flowering plant in the carrot family, which is native to Europe and adjacent parts of Asia and North Africa. It is an uncommon plant of water-meadows and wetlands.
Narrow-leaved water-dropwort is a hairless, tuberous perennial growing up to 100 cm tall with a stem that is solid below and hollow in the upper parts, grooved and striated, 0.7 cm in diameter. The upper leaves are once to twice pinnate with linear or lanceolate (sword-shaped) leaflets up to 3 cm long; the lower ones are 2-4 pinnate, with similarly narrow leaflets. The leaf stalks of the lower leaves are long, but the upper leaves have stalks that are shorter than the leaf blade. They do not form a sheath around the stem at their base. [1] [2]
It flowers in June in northern Europe, with primary umbels of 4-8 smaller rounded umbellules about 2 cm in diameter, each of which has numerous white flowers. There are no bracts on the main umbel and many (10-17) small, lanceolate bracteoles at the base of each of the individual secondary umblets. Plants are monoecious, with hermaphroditic and male flowers on the terminal umbels and only male flowers on the lateral ones. [3] Each flower has 5 unequal petals with the outer ones slightly larger, 5 stamens and 2 prominent styles arising from a swollen base (stylopodium) at the top of the ovary. After flowering, the flower stalks thicken, and the umbels do not become flat-topped in fruit. The fruit are 3-3.5 mm long, cylindrical, with prominent ridges. [1] [4]
The first description of narrow-leaved water-dropwort was by the German botanist Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein in his Flora Taurico-Caucasica [5] in 1819. It has dozens of synonyms (i.e. other authors have subsequently named the same plant, but Bieberstein's name has precedence), including O. biebersteinii Simon (1903), O. peucedanifolia Heuff. ex Boiss. (1873) and Phellandrium lobelii Bubani (1899). A full list can be found in the Synonymic Checklists of the Plants of the World. [6] A few forms and varieties have also been named, but none is currently accepted. It is not known to hybridise with any other species. [4]
Its chromosome number is 2n = 22 (based on British specimens). [1]
The generic name Oenanthe , which comes from the Ancient Greek οίνος, "wine" and άνθος, "flower", was used in ancient times for certain Mediterranean plants and later adopted to describe this genus. The specific epithet "silaifolia" means "with leaves like silaum" and refers to its uniformly narrow leaflets. A "dropwort" is a plant with drop-shaped tubers. [7] [8]
Great care must be taken to distinguish this species from several very similar ones. In Britain, it can most easily be confused with corky-fruited water-dropwort and parsley water-dropwort. Both of these are likely to have slightly broader segments on the lower leaves and will usually have bracts on the main umbels. Unlike the other two, parsley water-dropwort has rays and pedicels that do not thicken in fruit, while corky-fruited water-dropwort is the only one to have umbels that become flat-topped in fruit. [1] Fine-leaved water-dropwort also has stems which remain hollow as they age, with thin walls (<0.5 mm thick) while the other species often develop solid stems or thicker stem walls. [3]
The global range of narrow-leaved water-dropwort is centred on Europe, the main populations being in France, England, Spain, Italy and Greece. It extends as far north as The Netherlands, east to the Caspian Sea, and southwards as far as Israel and North Africa. It is not recorded as an introduction beyond its natural range. [9]
In Britain, it is found from southern England as far north as Yorkshire, and as far west as SE Wales.
In Britain and France, it is classified as Least Concern, meaning that it is not rare nor declining at a particularly high rate. In certain counties and regions, however, it is judged to have a higher threat status. [10] [11] Overall, it appears to be increasing slightly in Britain, although there is uncertainty about the veracity of some records. [12]
It is considered an axiophyte in all the British counties in which it occurs. [13]
It is a plant of wet meadows, typically those which are flooded with calcareous river water during winter, but it is not tolerant of agricultural intensification and is common only in unimproved grasslands. It is also found on river banks and ditch sides. [12]
Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 8, F = 9, R = 7, N = 5, and S = 0, [14] whereas in the Czech Republic the assigned values are L = 8, T = 6, F = 8, R = 7, N = 6, and S = 2. [15]
In a study of grasslands in the Marais Poitevin region of France, Oenanthe silaifolia was found not to contribute to the soil seed bank, which the authors of the study considered was because it primarily reproduces vegetatively. Any seeds that are produced may be short-lived. [16] In Britain, populations in unimproved fields can number tens of thousands of plants, but the meadows are typically mown before flowering, so seed production is rare. [17]
The vegetation community in which it grows is described in Croatia as Alopecurus pratensis-Oenanthe silaifolia grassland, in periodically flooded meadows with a slightly acidic reaction and high nutrient status, along with rare species such as Allium angulosum , Alopecurus rendlei and Fritillaria meleagris . [18] The British equivalent is MG4 Alopecurus pratensis-Sanguisorba officinalis flood meadow grassland, [19] which is also known for having populations of F. meleagris.
The parsnip moth is the only insect known to feed on narrow-leaved water-dropwort in Britain. [20] The caterpillars eat this, and various other types of umbellifer.
Most water-dropworts (Oenanthe spp.) are toxic to some degree but, as a widespread component of pastures and hay meadows, narrow-leaved water-dropwort is clearly not harmful to livestock, although the tubers may be. [21] It is not widely consumed by humans, but there are reports of the leaves being eaten as a vegetable or salad in Biga, Çanakkale, where it is known as Kazayağı. [22]
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose identity is unclear and which may be extinct.
Timothy is an abundant perennial grass native to most of Europe except for the Mediterranean region. It is also known as timothy-grass, meadow cat's-tail or common cat's tail. It is a member of the genus Phleum, consisting of about 15 species of annual and perennial grasses.
Alopecurus pratensis, known as the meadow foxtail or the field meadow foxtail, is a perennial grass belonging to the grass family (Poaceae). It is native to Europe and Asia.
Oenanthe, known as water dropworts, oenanthes, water parsleys, and water celeries, are a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae. Most of the species grow in damp ground, such as in marshes or in water.
Lathyrus pratensis or meadow vetchling, yellow pea, meadow pea and meadow pea-vine, is a perennial legume that grows to 1.2 m in height.
Smyrnium olusatrum, common name alexanders is an edible flowering plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), which grows on waste ground and in hedges around the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions of Europe. It was formerly widely grown as a pot herb, but is now appreciated mostly by foragers.
Anthriscus sylvestris, known as cow parsley, wild chervil, wild beaked parsley, Queen Anne's lace or keck, is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), genus Anthriscus. It is also sometimes called mother-die, a name that is also applied to the common hawthorn. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa. It is related to other diverse members of Apiaceae, such as parsley, carrot, hemlock and hogweed. It is often confused with Daucus carota, another member of the Apiaceae also known as "Queen Anne's lace" or "wild carrot".
Stenocarpus is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae. They are trees or shrubs with variably-shaped leaves, zygomorphic, bisexual flowers, the floral tube opening on the lower side before separating into four parts, followed by fruit that is usually a narrow oblong or cylindrical follicle.
North Meadow, Cricklade is a hay meadow near the town of Cricklade, in Wiltshire, England. It is 24.6 hectares in size. It is a traditionally managed lowland hay-meadow, or lammas land, and is grazed in common between 12 August and 12 February each year, and cut for hay no earlier than 1 July. This pattern of land use and management has existed for many centuries and has resulted in the species rich grassland flora and fauna present on the site.
British NVC community MG4 is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows.
Laserpitium latifolium, common name broad-leaved sermountain, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Laserpitium of the family Apiaceae.
Sium suave, the water parsnip or hemlock waterparsnip, is a perennial wildflower in the family Apiaceae. It is native to many areas of both Asia and North America. The common name water parsnip is due to its similarity to parsnip and its wetland habitat. The alternate common name hemlock waterparsnip is due to its similarity to the highly poisonous spotted water hemlock.
Thorpe Hay Meadow is a 6.4-hectare (16-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Staines-upon-Thames in Surrey. It is owned and managed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust.
Alopecurus aequalis is a common species of grass known as shortawn foxtail or orange foxtail. It is native to much of the temperate Northern Hemisphere from Eurasia to North America. It is most commonly found in areas near fresh water, such as the margins of ponds and ditches.
Oenanthe pimpinelloides is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae known by the common name corky-fruited water-dropwort. It is a plant of damp or dry grassland and more ruderal tall herb communities.
Oenanthe crocata, hemlock water-dropwort is a flowering plant in the carrot family, native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia. It grows in damp grassland and wet woodland, often along river and stream banks. All parts of the plant are extremely toxic and it has been known to cause human and livestock poisoning.
Oenanthe aquatica, fine-leaved water-dropwort, is an aquatic flowering plant in the carrot family. It is widely distributed from the Atlantic coast of Europe to central Asia.
Oenanthe fistulosa, tubular water-dropwort, is a flowering plant in the carrot family, native to Europe, North Africa and western parts of Asia. It is an uncommon plant of wetlands, growing around pools and along ditches, mainly in areas of high conservation value.
Oenanthe fluviatilis, the river water-dropwort, is a flowering plant in the carrot family, Apiaceae, which is endemic to north-west Europe. It grows only in clear, unpolluted rivers and is declining throughout its range.
Oenanthe lachenalii, parsley water-dropwort, is a flowering plant in the carrot family, which is native to Europe and parts of North Africa. It is a declining plant of coastal wetlands.
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