Oreomecon nudicaulis

Last updated

Oreomecon nudicaulis
Wild wachsender, hellgelb bluhender Islandmohn (Papaver nudicaule).jpg
Status TNC G4.svg
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Oreomecon
Species:
O. nudicaulis
Binomial name
Oreomecon nudicaulis
(L.) Banfi, Bartolucci, J.-M.Tison & Galasso
Subspecies [2]
  • O. n. subsp. americana
  • O. n. subsp. microcarpa
  • O. n. subsp. nudicaulis
Synonyms [2]
  • Papaver alpinum subsp. nudicaule(L.) Nyman
  • Papaver alpinum var. nudicaule(L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
  • Papaver nudicauleL.
  • Papaver nudicaule subsp. nudicaule

Oreomecon nudicaulis, synonym Papaver nudicaule, the Iceland poppy, [3] is a boreal flowering plant. It is native to subpolar regions of Asia and the Yukon in North America (but not Iceland), and has been introduced elsewhere (south Argentina, Colorado, Greenland, and Tibet). [2] [4] Iceland poppies are hardy but short-lived perennials, often grown as biennials. They yield large, papery, bowl-shaped, lightly fragrant flowers supported by hairy, 1 foot (30 cm) curved stems among feathery blue-green foliage 1–6 inches long. They were first described by botanists in 1759. The wild species blooms in white or yellow, and is hardy from USDA Zones 3a-10b.

Contents

Taxonomy

The first scientific name of Oreomecon nudicaulis was Papaver nudicaule, given to the species in 1753 by Linnaeus. [2] In 2021 the new genus Oreomecon was described by Enrico Augusto Banfi, Fabrizio Bartolucci, Jean-Marc Tison, and Gabriele Galasso including Oreomecon nudicaulis. [5] According to Plants of the World Online (POWO) this is the accepted name of the species, [2] though Papaver nudicaule continues to be used in some sources. [1] In POWO it has three accepted subspecies: [2]

Oreomecon nudicaulis has 44 synonyms of the species or one of its three subspecies. [2] [6] [7] [8]

Table of Synonyms
NameYearRankSynonym of:Notes
Oreomecon insularis(V.V.Petrovsky) Chepinoga2024speciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Oreomecon microcarpa(DC.) Krivenko2023speciessubsp. microcarpa≡ hom.
Oreomecon nudicaulis subsp. insularis(V.V.Petrovsky) Elvebakk & Bjerke2024subspeciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Oreomecon ochotensis(Tolm.) Elvebakk & Bjerke2024speciessubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver alpinum var. albumRegel1862varietysubsp. nudicaulis= het., nom. illeg.
Papaver alpinum lusus bipinnatisectumRegel1862sportsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver alpinum lusus glabrescensRegel1862sportsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver alpinum lusus glabrescensRegel1862sportsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver alpinum lusus hirsutumRegel1862sportsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver alpinum lusus hirsutumRegel1862sportsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver alpinum lusus kamtschaticumRegel1862sportsubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver alpinum var. microcarpum(DC.) Ledeb.1842varietysubsp. microcarpa≡ hom.
Papaver alpinum subsp. nudicaule(L.) Nyman1889subspeciesO. nudicaulis≡ hom.
Papaver alpinum var. nudicaule(L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.1837varietyO. nudicaulis≡ hom.
Papaver alpinum var. xanthopetaumTrautv.1860varietysubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver insulare(V.V.Petrovsky) Barkalov & Chepinoga2023speciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver microcarpumDC.1821speciessubsp. microcarpa≡ hom.
Papaver microcarpum var. bipinnatifidum(Tolm.) Tolm.1975varietysubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver microcarpum subsp. ochotense(Tolm.) Tolm.1975subspeciessubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver microcarpum var. xanthopetalumRändel1977varietysubsp. microcarpa= het., without indication of the type.
Papaver miniatumRchb.1830speciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicauleL.1753speciesO. nudicaulis≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. albumFedde1909subspeciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. americanumRändel ex D.F.Murray1995subspeciessubsp. americana≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. baicalenseTolm.1931subspeciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. communeTurcz.1832subspeciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule var. commune(Turcz.) Tolm.1930varietysubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule f. gracileAbrom.1899formsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. insulareV.V.Petrovsky1983subspeciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule var. kamtschaticum(Regel) Fedde1909varietysubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver nudicaule subsp. microcarpum(DC.) Fedde1909subspeciessubsp. microcarpa≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule var. microcarpum(DC.) J.H.Xue, Chepinoga & K.P.Ma2024varietysubsp. microcarpa≡ hom.
Papaver nudicaule f. patulumSerg.1931formsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule var. pilosumElkan1839varietysubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule f. pygmaeaLange1887formsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule var. ripariaV.V.Petrovsky2003varietysubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule f. rubrifloraLange1891formsubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver nudicaule f. typicumSerg.1931formO. nudicaulis≡ hom.
Papaver ochotenseTolm.1931speciessubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver ochotense var. bipinnatifidumTolm.1854varietysubsp. microcarpa= het.
Papaver pseudocorydalifoliumFedde1909speciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver pulvinatum subsp. lenaenseTolm.2016subspeciessubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver pyrenaicum var. puniceumDC.1821varietysubsp. nudicaulis= het.
Papaver radicatum subsp. kamtschaticum(Regel) Fedde1936subspeciessubsp. microcarpa= het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym  ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

The Latin specific epithet nudicaulis means "with bare stems". [9] The common name Icelandic poppy is a source of confusion as the species is not native to Iceland or Europe. [10]

Cultivars

Cultivars come in shades of yellow, orange, salmon, rose, pink, cream and white as well as bi-colored varieties. Seed strains include: 'Champagne Bubbles' (15-inch plants in orange, pink, scarlet, apricot, yellow, and creamy-white); 'Wonderland' (10-inch dwarf strain with flowers up to 4 inches wide); 'Flamenco' (pink shades, bordered white, 11⁄2 to 2 feet tall); 'Party Fun' (to 1 foot, said to bloom reliably the first year in autumn and the second spring); 'Illumination' and 'Meadow Pastels' (to 2 feet, perhaps the tallest strains); 'Matador' (scarlet flowers to 5 inches across on 16 inch plants); the perennial 'Victory Giants' with red petals and 'Oregon Rainbows', which has large selfed, bicolor, and picoteed[ check spelling ] flowers and is perhaps the best strain for the cool Pacific Northwest [11] (elsewhere this strain's buds frequently fail to open).

The dwarf Gartenzwerg group, [12] and the cultivars 'Solar Fire Orange' [13] and 'Summer Breeze Orange' [14] have all won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [15]

Color variations
Islandischer Mohn.jpg
White
Iceland Poppy Papaver nudicaule 'Champagne Bubbles' Orange Flower.jpg
Orange
Iceland Poppy Papaver nudicaule 'Champagne Bubbles' Red Top.jpg
Red
Iceland Poppy Papaver nudicaule 'Champagne Bubbles' Pink Flower.jpg
Pink
Iceland Poppy Papaver nudicaule 'Champagne Bubbles' Yellow Top.jpg
Yellow
White is the dominant color, the others being recessive.

Cultivation

Bud capsule remains on a flower Papaver nudicaule sc.JPG
Bud capsule remains on a flower

The plants prefer light, well-drained soil and full sun. The plants are not hardy in hot weather, perishing within a season in hot summer climates.

Iceland poppies, like all poppies, possess exceedingly minute seeds and long taproots that resent disturbance.[ citation needed ] In cool summer climates on well-drained soils, Iceland poppies can live 2–3 seasons, flowering from early spring to fall. [16]

Iceland poppies are amongst the best poppies for cutting, as they last for several days in the vase. [17]

Genetics

The genetics of the garden forms of O.  nudicaulis have been studied, particularly with respect to flower colour. [18] The white flower colour is dominant with respect to yellow. Other colours, such as buff and orange, are recessive.

Toxicity

All parts of this plant are likely to be poisonous, [19] containing (like all poppies) toxic alkaloids. In particular, O.  nudicaulis has been shown to contain the benzophenanthidine alkaloid, chelidonine. [20] It also contains (+)-amurine, (-)-amurensinine, (-)-O-methylthalisopavine, (-)-flavinantine and (-)-amurensine. [21]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 NatureServe 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 POWO 2025b.
  3. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ↑ "Oreomecon nudicaulis". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  5. ↑ POWO 2025a.
  6. 1 2 POWO 2025c.
  7. 1 2 POWO 2025d.
  8. 1 2 POWO 2025e.
  9. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN   978-1845337315.
  10. ↑ Grey-Wilson 1993, p. 151.
  11. ↑ Brenzel, Kathleen Norris (2001). Sunset Western Garden Book. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Books/Sunset Publishing Corporation. ISBN   0-376-03874-8.
  12. ↑ "Oreomecon nudicaulis Gartenzwerg Group". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  13. ↑ "Papaver nudicaule 'Solar Fire Orange'". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  14. ↑ "Papaver nudicaule 'Summer Breeze Orange'". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  15. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  16. ↑ Armitage, Allan M. (2001). Armitage's Manual of Annuals, Biennials, and Half-hardy Perennials. Portland, Or. [Great Britain]: Timber Press (OR). ISBN   0-88192-505-5.
  17. ↑ "Poppy Primer". Floret Flowers. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  18. ↑ Fabergé, A. C. (1942). "Genetics of the scapiflora section of Papaver: I. The garden iceland poppy". Journal of Genetics. 44 (2–3): 169–193. doi:10.1007/BF02982827. ISSN   0022-1333.
  19. ↑ Kingsbury, J. M. (1964). Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  20. ↑ Zhang, Y.; Pan, H.; Chen, S.; Meng, Y.; Kang, S. (1997). "[Minor alkaloids from the capsule of Papaver nudicaule L]". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica (in Chinese). 22 (9): 550–551, 576. ISSN   1001-5302. PMID   11038947.
  21. ↑ Philipov, S; Istatkova, R; Yadamsurenghiin, GO; Samdan, J; Dangaa, S (2007). "A new 8,14-dihydropromorphinane alkaloid from Papaver nudicaule L". Natural Product Research. 21 (9): 852–6. doi:10.1080/14786410701494777. PMID   17763104. S2CID   8609245.

Sources

Books
Web sources
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.