Ornithodoros savignyi

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Ornithodoros savignyi
Ornithodoros-savignyi.jpg
Dorsal view of adult female
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Argasidae
Genus: Ornithodoros
Species:
O. savignyi
Binomial name
Ornithodoros savignyi
Audouin, 1827
Synonyms
  • Ornithodoros pavimentosusNeumann, 1901 [1]

Ornithodoros savignyi, known as sand tampan, African eyed tampan or Kalahari sand tampan, is one of some 37 species in the genus Ornithodoros and is a soft tick with a leathery, mammillated integument, causing paralysis and tampan toxicosis, two unrelated conditions. The sand tampan is an ectoparasite on humans, their livestock and wild animals, including birds and bats. Occurring in semi-desert areas of Africa, Saudi Arabia and other parts of the Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka and into Asia, it is able to survive for lengthy periods without feeding, spending most of its life burrowed under sand or loose soil, often in wait for animals that rest or sleep under trees or in the lee of rocks, but also in places where people or their animals congregate such as marketplaces, places of worship, cattle kraals and village squares. The timing of its activity is geared to coincide with that of potential hosts, but hot sunny conditions are usually avoided. [2] Because of its habit of feeding and dropping from its host, adult dispersal is limited, whereas larvae may remain attached to their hosts for several days. [3] During its life cycle it will feed on multiple hosts between moults. [4]

Contents

This species is of interest because of the pathogens it carries, and its salivary apyrases which prevent platelet activation and aggregation, that is, blood-clotting. [5] [6] In humans the tick may cause dermatitis, fever and lymphadenitis. [7] It is also a carrier of Borrelia , a spirochaete bacterium, [8] and is a carrier of a flavivirus causing Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHFV). The closely related Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) is endemic to certain regions of India. [9] That AHFV and KFDV diverged some 700 years ago would suggest that unknown tick-borne hemorrhagic/encephalitic viruses may exist between Saudi Arabia and India. [10]

Soft ticks of the family Argasidae lack the hard scutum or shield present in hard ticks of the family Ixodidae. Their gnathosoma or mouth structure is located on the underside of the body and is not readily visible. Their feeding method differs from that of the hard ticks in that they do not embed a capitulum in the host, but make an incision through the skin and sip the oozing blood. The feeding lasts up to 30 minutes during which time their body weight may increase as much as tenfold. Sand tampans by their concerted attack in large numbers are able to paralyse and kill sizeable mammals, especially penned livestock, by introducing toxins during feeding, mainly through coxal gland secretions, leading to symptoms similar to those of anaphylactic shock in older animals. [11] These toxins affect the cardiac system, causing Mobitz type atrial-ventricular blocks and ventricular tachycardia. [12] The defensins employed by O. savignyi are being studied for developing multifunctional peptides - shorter peptides derived from the defensin isoform 2 (OsDef2) have useful antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties. [13]

Ornithodoros spp are found worldwide in semi-arid regions, living in burrows, caves, dens, cliffsides, and bird colonies. O. savignyi and O. coriaceus are exceptional in having eyes. O. coriaceus occurs under hillside scrub oak from northern California and Nevada to Mexico, in deer beds under trees and in the lee of large rocks. O. gurneyi favours tree-shaded sand in the deserts of Australia, resting places of kangaroos and people. [14] O. porcinus is found on warthogs, bushpigs and other pig species and occurs throughout Africa in suitable habitats - it plays a role in transmitting the virus causing African swine fever which in 2013 was found 35 km north of Pretoria. [15] A salticid spider, Phidippus rimator, has been recorded from northern California as predating Ornithodoros coriaceus and is only the second predator recorded for this species. [16]

O. savignyi was named after the zoologist Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny, a contemporary of Jean Victoire Audouin's.

Since they are attracted by carbon dioxide, dry ice may be used for their collection, or they may be sifted from the soil. Ornithodoros tampans also fluoresce under ultraviolet light.

Distribution

The extensive distribution of this species from Africa to Asia strongly suggests anthropogenic origins. "Dispersal of the ancestral viruses of AHFV and KFDV may have been accomplished through the movement of animals, including camels presumably carrying ticks, along the Silk Road, which by the 1300s stretched from Europe to China." [10]

Mating behaviour

The coxal secretion of adult female ticks, appearing during and after a blood meal, contains a sex pheromone provoking a mating response from males. [17] Mating occurs off the host, hard ticks doing so on the host animal. Females lay a few hundred eggs in several batches, and may do so for several seasons—adults of Ornithodoros erraticus can live for 15–20 years (Encinas Grandes et al. 1993). There is little seasonal fluctuation in their numbers as their microhabitats are quite stable.

Chemical and vaccine control

Attempted chemical control of tampans by poisoning leads inevitably to their acquiring resistance and immunity to the drugs used. The long-term damage done to the environment by use of such chemicals outweighs any short-term benefits that may accrue. Natural controls in the form of pathogens, predators and parasites are sufficient to curb tampan numbers. [18]

A final possibility for the control of O. erraticus is the use of tick vaccines, the basic principle of which is to stimulate the host immune system to produce a response which damages feeding ticks (Manzano-Román et al. 2012a). This approach has been successful against hard ticks, and two recombinant anti-hard tick vaccines are currently available commercially (de la Fuente et al. 2007, Willadsen 2008). To date, attempts to develop anti-Ornithodoros vaccines have focused on either salivary gland antigens or gut antigens as candidate targets (Manzano-Román et al. 2012a). Although experiments using salivary gland proteins achieved mixed results, an approach using gut antigens was more promising, inducing a protective response in pigs, decreasing female fecundity in 50% and causing up to 80% mortality in nymphs (Manzano-Román et al. 2012a)

[19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tick</span> Order of arachnids in the arthropod phylum

Ticks are parasitic arachnids that are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, species, and "fullness". Ticks are external parasites, living by feeding on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. The timing of the origin of ticks is uncertain, though the oldest known tick fossils are from the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years old. Ticks are widely distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ixodidae</span> Family of ticks

The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks, one of the three families of ticks, consisting of over 700 species. They are known as 'hard ticks' because they have a scutum or hard shield, which the other major family of ticks, the 'soft ticks' (Argasidae), lack. They are ectoparasites of a wide range of host species, and some are vectors of pathogens that can cause human disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argasidae</span> Family of arachnids

The Argasidae are the family of soft ticks, one of the three families of ticks. The family contains 193 species, although the composition of the genera is less certain, and more study is needed before the genera can become stable. The currently accepted genera are Antricola, Argas, Nothoaspis, Ornithodoros, and Otobius. The Argasidae are very common in South Asia, along with 96 other species of ticks, making South Asia the region with the highest biodiversity of ticks worldwide. Soft ticks are resistant to desiccation and can live for several years in arid conditions.

Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substantial in humans, and tick-borne diseases are estimated to affect ~80 % of cattle worldwide. Most of these pathogens require passage through vertebrate hosts as part of their life cycle. Tick-borne infections in humans, farm animals, and companion animals are primarily associated with wildlife animal reservoirs. many tick-borne infections in humans involve a complex cycle between wildlife animal reservoirs and tick vectors. The survival and transmission of these tick-borne viruses are closely linked to their interactions with tick vectors and host cells. These viruses are classified into different families, including Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae.

Alkhurma virus (ALKV) is a zoonotic virus of the Flaviviridae virus family. ALKV causes Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHF), or alternatively termed as Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, and is mainly based in Saudi Arabia.

Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by infection with certain bacteria in the genus Borrelia, which is transmitted through the bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks.

<i>Borrelia</i> Genus of bacteria

Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Several species cause Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever, and are transmitted by ticks or lice, depending on the species of bacteria. A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia. The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia, B. anserina, and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum. This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy, which make the cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. Of 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 are members of the Lyme disease group, 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles. A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella, but this change is not widely accepted. This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors. Testing for the presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyme disease microbiology</span>

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Carios erraticus, formerly called Ornithodoros erraticus, is a species of tick in the family Argasidae. The tick was described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1849.

<i>Ornithodoros</i> Genus of arachnids in the soft-bodied tick family, Argasidae.

Ornithodoros is a genus in the soft-bodied tick family, Argasidae.

<i>Ornithodoros hermsi</i> Species of tick

Ornithodoros hermsi is a species of soft tick. It can be infected with Borrelia hermsii.

<i>Ornithodoros moubata</i> Species of tick

Ornithodoros moubata, commonly known as the African hut tampan or the eyeless tampan, is a species of tick in the family Argasidae. It is an ectoparasite and vector of relapsing fever in humans, and African swine fever in pigs.

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Ticks of domestic animals directly cause poor health and loss of production to their hosts. Ticks also transmit numerous kinds of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa between domestic animals. These microbes cause diseases which can be severely debilitating or fatal to domestic animals, and may also affect humans. Ticks are especially important to domestic animals in tropical and subtropical countries, where the warm climate enables many species to flourish. Also, the large populations of wild animals in warm countries provide a reservoir of ticks and infective microbes that spread to domestic animals. Farmers of livestock animals use many methods to control ticks, and related treatments are used to reduce infestation of companion animals.

Borrelia coriaceae is a species of spirochete bacteria and member of the genus Borrelia. Strains of this species have been isolated from the soft tick Ornithodoros coriaceus and from mule deer.

Royal Farm virus, previously known as Karshi virus, was not viewed as pathogenic or harmful to humans. Although infected people suffer with fever-like symptoms, some people in Uzbekistan have reported with severe disease such as encephalitis and other large outbreaks of fever illness connected infection with the virus.

Artashat orthonairovirus, also called Artashat virus (ARTSV), is a species in the genus Orthonairovirus. It was first isolated in Armenia in 1972 from Ornithodoros alactagalis, a soft tick of the family Argasidae.

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<i>Ornithodoros coriaceus</i> Species of tick

Ornithodoros coriaceus, the Pajahuello or Pajahuello tick, is a tick that feeds on the blood of mammals and birds. It is widely distributed throughout western North America from southern Mexico to Oregon. Although this species rarely bites humans its bite is considered to be particularly painful. It is the primary vector of the bacterium that causes Epizootic Bovine Abortion, a severe and commercially-important disease afflicting domestic cattle.

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References

  1. ↑ Theiler, Gertrud; Hoogstraal, Harry (1955). "The Identity of Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin, 1827) and O. Pavimentosus Neumann, 1901 (Ixodoidea, Argasidae)". The Journal of Parasitology. 41 (3): 245–247. doi:10.2307/3274198. JSTOR   3274198. PMID   13252492.
  2. ↑ "Studies on diurnal abundance of the soft tick Ornithodoros savignyi in semi-arid Nigeria | Basu | West Indian Veterinary Journal". Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  3. ↑ "Armed Forces Pest Management Board" (PDF). Afpmb.org. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  4. ↑ "SOFT TICKS of LIVESTOCK, HORSES, DOGS and CATS. Biology, prevention and control. Argasidae, Argas, Ornithodorus, Otobius". Parasitipedia.net.
  5. ↑ Stutzer, C; Mans, BJ; Gaspar, AR; Neitz, AW; Maritz-Olivier, C (2009). "Ornithodoros savignyi: soft tick apyrase belongs to the 5'-nucleotidase family". Exp. Parasitol. 122 (4): 318–27. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.04.007. PMID   19393241.
  6. ↑ B.J. Mans; A.W.H. Neitz (June 2004). "The sand tampan, Ornithodoros savignyi, as a model for tick–host interactions" (PDF). South African Journal of Science. 100. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  7. ↑ S. A. Joseph (1980). "Bionomics and Vector Capability of Ornithodoros savignyi, Audonin, 1827 in Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. 6: 846–8. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  8. ↑ Shanbaky, NM; Helmy, N (2000). "First record of natural infection with Borrelia in Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) savignyi. Reservoir potential and specificity of the tick to Borrelia". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 30 (3): 765–80. PMID   11198375.
  9. ↑ Charrel, RN; Fagbo, S; Moureau, G; Alqahtani, MH; Temmam, S; de Lamballerie, X (2007). "Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus in Ornithodoros savignyi ticks". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 153–5. doi:10.3201/eid1301.061094. PMC   2725816 . PMID   17370534.
  10. 1 2 Rico-Hesse, Rebeca; Dodd, Kimberly A.; Bird, Brian H.; Khristova, Marina L.; Albariño, César G.; Carroll, Serena A.; Comer, James A.; Erickson, Bobbie R.; Rollin, Pierre E.; Nichol, Stuart T. (2011). "Ancient ancestry of KFDV and AHFV revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (10): e1352. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001352. PMC   3186760 . PMID   21991403.
  11. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2016-02-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ↑ Mans, BJ; Steinmann, CM; Venter, JD; Louw, AI; Neitz, AW (2002). "Pathogenic mechanisms of sand tampan toxicoses induced by the tick, Ornithodoros savignyi". Toxicon. 40 (7): 1007–16. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00098-3. PMID   12076655.
  13. ↑ Prinsloo, Lezaan; Naidoo, Alex; Serem, June; Taute, Helena; Sayed, Yasien; Bester, Megan; Neitz, Albert; Gaspar, Anabella (2013). "Structural and functional characterization of peptides derived from the carboxy-terminal region of a defensin from the tick Ornithodoros savignyi" (PDF). Journal of Peptide Science. 19 (5): 325–332. doi:10.1002/psc.2505. hdl: 2263/39717 . PMID   23553969. S2CID   8775089.
  14. ↑ "Ornithodoros spp - Integumentary System". Merckvetmanual.com.
  15. ↑ "AgriEco | Central SA". Agrieco.net.
  16. ↑ Ault, Steven K.; Elliott, Kathllen D. (1979). "Spider Predation (Araneae: Salticidae) on Ornithodoros Coriaceus (Acarina: Argasidae), with a Survey of the Predators of the Genus Ornithodoros". Journal of Medical Entomology. 15 (5–6): 570–571. doi:10.1093/jmedent/15.5-6.570.
  17. ↑ Schlein, Y.; Gunders, A. E. (2009). "Pheromone of Ornithodoros spp. (Argasidae) in the coxal fluid of female ticks". Parasitology. 82 (3): 467471. doi:10.1017/S0031182000066993. S2CID   85691239.
  18. ↑ Ahmed, MI; Shinggu, PA; Basu, AK (2007). "Susceptibility of the soft tick Ornithodoros savignyi to different classes of acaricides". Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 24 (1): 179–184. doi:10.4314/njpar.v24i1.37824.
  19. ↑ Fernando Boinas; Rita Ribeiro; Sara Madeira; Mariana Palma; Isabel Lopes de Carvalho; Sofia Núncio; Anthony James Wilson (December 2014). "The medical and veterinary role of Ornithodoros erraticus complex ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on the Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). Journal of Vector Ecology. 39 (2): 238–248. doi: 10.1111/jvec.12098 . PMID   25424252. S2CID   206163354 . Retrieved 24 March 2022.
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