Osteospermum moniliferum

Last updated

Osteospermum moniliferum
Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp rotundata, blomme en vrugte, Iphithi NR.jpg
Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. rotundatum
Chrysanthemoides monilifera00.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Osteospermum
Species:
O. moniliferum
Binomial name
Osteospermum moniliferum
L. (1753)
Synonyms [1]

Chrysanthemoides monilifera(L.) Norl. (1943)

Osteospermum moniliferum (synonym Chrysanthemoides monilifera) is an evergreen flowering shrub or small tree in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is native to southern Africa, ranging through South Africa and Lesotho to Mozambique and Zimbabwe. [1]

Contents

Most subspecies have woolly, dull, serrate, oval leaves, but the subspecies rotundatum has glossy round leaves. Subspecies are known as boneseed and bitou bush in Australasia, [2] or bietou, tick berry, bosluisbessie, or weskusbietou in South Africa. [3] The plant has become a major environmental weed and invasive species in Australia and New Zealand. [2]

Taxonomy

Osteospermum moniliferum has five recognized subspecies: [1]

Osteospermum moniliferum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was given the binomial name Chrysanthemoides monilifera in 1943 by Nils Tycho Norlindh. [3] It was one of two species in genus Chrysanthemoides, along with Chrysanthemoides incana (now Osteospermum incanum). [4]

The species name moniliferum comes from the Latin, monile, meaning necklace or collar, referring to the shiny fruit arranged around the flowers like a necklace. [3]

In Australia, O. m. subsp. moniliferum is known by the common name 'boneseed', while O. m. subsp. rotundatum is known by the common name 'bitou bush'. [5] In New Zealand subspecies are not distinguished and O. moniliferum is known simply as 'boneseed'. [6]

Description

Boneseed is a perennial, woody, upright shrub, growing to 3 m (9.8 ft), [7] although occasionally taller. [2] It is a member of the Asteraceae (daisy) family and has showy, bright yellow flowers in swirls of 5–8 'petals' (ray florets) up to 30 mm (1.2 in) in diameter. [7] Fruit are berry-like, spherical at around 8 mm in diameter, and turn dark-brown to black with a bone-coloured seed inside of 6–7 mm diameter. Leaves are 2–6 cm (0.79–2.36 in) long by 1.5–5 cm (0.59–1.97 in) wide, oval tapering to the base with irregularly serrate margins. [2]

Bitou bush can be distinguished from boneseed in part due to its more rounded sprawling habit to 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft), less noticeably toothy leaf margins and seeds that are egg-like rather than spherical. [2] [5] [7] [8]

Both boneseed and bitou bush hybridise readily, however, so examples of plants demonstrating a fusion of traits is possible. [2]

O. moniliferum has been shown to need pollinators in order to reproduce. [9]

Distribution and habitat

Osteospermum moniliferum occurs naturally in coastal areas of South Africa, reaching into Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and southern Mozambique. [1] Subspecies rotundatum is concentrated along the eastern coast of South Africa from its southern tip through KwaZulu-Natal to southern Mozambique. [4] [10] Subspecies moniliferum is concentrated around Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula on South Africa's south western coast, where its native habitats include the Cape Flats Dune Strandveld. [4] Subspecies canescens is native to Kwazulu-Natal, the Northern Provinces, and Free State of South Africa and to Lesotho. [11] Subspecies septentrionale is native to Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and the Northern Provinces. [12]

Invasive species

Boneseed in the You Yangs, Victoria, Australia CSIRO ScienceImage 1681 Boneseed Weed in the YouYangs Victoria.jpg
Boneseed in the You Yangs, Victoria, Australia

Australia

In Australia, subspecies rotundatum (bitou bush) has naturalised along the coast of Queensland and New South Wales, while subspecies moniliferum (boneseed) has naturalised along and near the coast in parts of Victoria and South Australia. [5]

New Zealand

In New Zealand O. moniliferum, which is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, is common in coastal locations throughout the North Island, and can also be found in the South Island in Nelson City, Port Hills (Christchurch) and the Otago Peninsula. [6]

Impact

In Australia, O. moniliferum has been particularly successful in invading natural bushland. In part, this is due to the species' ability to establish on relatively nutrient-poor soils [13] and in areas exposed to salt such as coastlines, as well as the ability of the seeds to germinate readily. [7] Disturbances such as fire can assist O. moniliferum to spread as the plant produces a large amount of seed that can persist in the soil seed bank for 10 years or more, and this reserve in turn enables the species to quickly recolonize a burnt area. [2]

An individual plant can produce 50,000 seeds a year, about 60% of which are viable. [7] Once germinated, seedlings grow vigorously with dense, bushy growth. [13] This lush growth shades out and displaces slower growing native species that might otherwise occupy the same ecological niche. [5] Rapid, vigorous growth also means that O. moniliferum is capable of flowering and setting seed within 12–18 months, [13] making it extremely persistent even in situations where disturbance or regular management activity is common.

Once established, the plant's shallow root system enables it to absorb moisture after light rain before the moisture reaches the roots of more deeply rooted species [7] further limiting opportunities for slower growing species to establish and out-compete O. moniliferum over time. Furthermore, outside of Southern Africa the plant has few local, indigenous pathogens or predators to control its growth [5] also reducing the potential for gaps to emerge that might provide opportunities for other species to reestablish. The net consequence of C. monilifera's growth characteristics is that outside of its natural ecosystem it can ultimately form large, dense, unhealthy stands of a single species with extraordinarily poor biodiversity.

The plant can extend its existing range in a variety of ways. Its fruit is attractive to birds, rabbits, other animals and even some insects such as ants, and because seeds are tough and difficult to digest they will often be dispersed in animal droppings. [13] [14] Seeds can also spread on vehicles and equipment, in contaminated soil, in garden waste, along water drainage lines and deliberately by human intervention. [2] Osteospermum moniliferum, unlike many other weed species, is not generally considered to be a problem for agricultural productivity due to its sensitivity to trampling as well as being readily grazed by stock. [7] [13] [14]

Control

Osteospermum moniliferum is potentially susceptible to a range of control strategies, but Burgman and Lindenmayer recommended that the strategy chosen be responsive to the local situation and available resources. [5] Due to its relatively shallow root system, removal by hand is an ideal method of control. [5] [14] Where manual removal is impractical, many common herbicides can be used, in which case the herbicide is commonly applied directly to the wood of the plant via a cut notch, or at the end of a pruned stump. [5] Mechanical removal of O. moniliferum by tractor or other machinery can also be effective, but that process can be extremely indiscriminate, and is only recommended in areas of poor environmental values and minimal erosion risk. [5]

Another way of tackling an infestation is the use of controlled burns, but there are risks associated with that method. Principally, O. moniliferum has higher moisture levels than many Australian indigenous species so, for burns to be effective, a burn of higher than normal intensity is required. That can, in turn, have a detrimental impact on indigenous vegetation which has evolved in response to more frequent, lower-intensity fires. Furthermore, fire can trigger re-germination from the extensive O. moniliferum seed bank, potentially worsening the situation. However, if a program is implemented to monitor and control C. monilifera seedlings following the burn and emerging O. moniliferum seedlings are removed, burning can be extremely effective at exhausting the seed bank and minimising the chances of re-infestation. [5] [7]

Various methods of biological control have been attempted, particularly the introduction of insects which are natural enemies of O. moniliferum, such as the bitou tip moth ( Comostolopsis germana ) and bitou seed fly ( Mesoclanis polana ). [5] Although they have had some success in controlling bitou bush (ssp. rotundatum) in Australia, to date they have not had similar success in combating boneseed (ssp. moniliferum). [5]

In a study carried out by researchers at the University of New England and published in 2017, it was found that a serious error was made with the introduction of biological control agents into Australia for C. moniliferum ssp. rotundatum. Bitou seed fly (Mesoclanis polana) was introduced based on the naive belief that it is a natural enemy of O. moniliferum. After reviewing many hours of video footage of bitou bush flowers in Northern NSW, researchers at the School of Ecosystem Management [15] found that Mesoclanis polana is actually the most frequent pollinator of O. moniliferum. [9] Because O. moniliferum is a weed of National Significance in Australia, that oversight could potentially be devastating to Australian ecosystems. Much like the introduction of the cane toad to control the population of cane beetles, such a discovery is an important reminder about the importance of thoroughly researching biological control agents before introducing them into new ecosystems.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuraygir National Park</span> Protected area in New South Wales, Australia

Yuraygir is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, located 482 km (300 mi) northeast of Sydney. It was created in 1980, a result of the merger and enlargement of two national parks, Angourie and Red Rock National Parks, both of which had been established in 1975. At the time of its establishment in 1980, the park was fragmented, and parcels of land were bought over the following two decades to unite segments into a more contiguous protected area. Sometimes these acquisitions required protracted negotiations with land owners.

<i>Osteospermum</i> Genus of plants

Osteospermum, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies. Its species have been given several common names, including African daisy, South African daisy, Cape daisy and blue-eyed daisy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invasive species in New Zealand</span>

A number of introduced species, some of which have become invasive species, have been added to New Zealand's native flora and fauna. Both deliberate and accidental introductions have been made from the time of the first human settlement, with several waves of Polynesian people at some time before the year 1300, followed by Europeans after 1769.

<i>Hakea</i> Genus of plants in the family Proteaceae endemic to Australia

Hakea is a genus of about 150 species of plants in the Family Proteaceae, endemic to Australia. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circular in cross section in which case they are sometimes divided. The flowers are usually arranged in groups in leaf axils and resemble those of other genera, especially Grevillea. Hakeas have woody fruit which distinguishes them from grevilleas which have non-woody fruit which release the seeds as they mature. Hakeas are found in every state of Australia with the highest species diversity being found in the south west of Western Australia.

<i>Watsonia</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the iris family Iridaceae

Watsonia is a genus of plants in the family Iridaceae, subfamily Crocoideae. Watsonias are native to southern Africa. The genus is named after Sir William Watson, an 18th-century British botanist.

<i>Lachenalia reflexa</i> Species of flowering plant

Lachenalia reflexa is species of the genus Lachenalia endemic to lowland areas near Cape Town, South Africa.

<i>Chenopodium berlandieri</i> Species of edible flowering plant

Chenopodium berlandieri, also known by the common names pitseed goosefoot, lamb's quarters, and huauzontle (Nahuatl) is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Amaranthaceae.

<i>Acacia longifolia</i> Species of plant

Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, eastern and southern Victoria, southeastern South Australia, and Tasmania. Common names for it include long-leaved wattle, acacia trinervis, aroma doble, golden wattle, coast wattle, sallow wattle and Sydney golden wattle. It is not listed as being a threatened species, and is considered invasive in Portugal, New Zealand and South Africa. In the southern region of Western Australia, it has become naturalised and has been classed as a weed by out-competing indigenous species. It is a tree that grows very quickly reaching 7–10 m in five to six years.

<i>Bromus hordeaceus</i> Species of grass

Bromus hordeaceus, the soft brome, is an annual or biennial species of grass in the grass family (Poaceae). It is also known in North America as bull grass, soft cheat, and soft chess.

<i>Hordeum murinum</i> Species of grass

Hordeum murinum is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, commonly known as wall barley or false barley. It is a close relative of cultivated barley.

<i>Pimelea spicata</i> Species of flowering plant

Pimelea spicata, commonly known as the spiked rice flower, is a flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a slender plant with white flowers and elliptic leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calenduleae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Calenduleae is a flowering plant tribe of the family Asteraceae. Calenduleae has been widely recognized since Alexandre de Cassini in the early 19th century. There are eight genera and over 110 species, mostly found in South Africa.

<i>Ficinia nodosa</i> Species of plant

Ficinia nodosa, the knotted club-rush or knobby club-rush, is a rhizomatous perennial in the family Cyperaceae, native to South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Widespread in the Southern Hemisphere, Ficinia nodosa grows to between 15 and 220 cm in height. Although it grows best in sandy, salty soil, the plant grows in a wide variety of environments from coastal sand dunes to alpine regions. F. nodosa’s appearance is characterised by dense clusters of long green stems topped with small, rounded flowers often remaining throughout the year.

<i>Agapanthus praecox</i> Species of flowering plant

Agapanthus praecox is a popular garden plant around the world, especially in Mediterranean climates. It is native to the Kwa-Zulu Natal and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Local names include agapant, bloulelie, isicakathi and ubani. Most of the cultivated plants of the genus Agapanthus are hybrids or cultivars of this species. It is divided into three subspecies: subsp.praecox, subsp. orientalis and subsp. minimus.

<i>Paraserianthes</i> Species of legume

Paraserianthes lophantha, the Cape Leeuwin wattle, Bicol wattle, Cape wattle, Crested wattle, Brush wattle or plume albizia, is a fast-growing tree with creamy-yellow, bottlebrush like flowers. It is the sole species in genus Paraserianthes.

<i>Chrysoritis thysbe</i> Species of butterfly

Chrysoritis thysbe, the opal copper or common opal, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa.

Boneseed and closely related Bitou Bush are two subspecies of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, an invasive species in Australia

<i>Pterostylis truncata</i> Species of orchid

Pterostylis truncata, commonly known as the brittle greenhood or little dumpies, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It is easily distinguished from other greenhood orchids by its short habit and relatively large, "dumpy", green, white and brown flowers. It is widespread and common in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory but is classed as "endangered" in Victoria due to habitat loss as a result of urbanisation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Osteospermum moniliferum L. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Blood, K (2001), Environmental weeds: a field guide for SE Australia, Melbourne, Vic., Australia: CH Jerram & Associates, pp. 46–47, 86, ISBN   0-9579086-0-1, OCLC   156877920
  3. 1 2 3 van Jaarsveld, Ernst (April 2001), Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) T.Nord., Kirstenbosch, South Africa: SA National Biodiversity Institute, archived from the original on 2008-08-21, retrieved 2008-08-04 (Archived by )
  4. 1 2 3 Scott, John K (1996), "Population ecology of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in South Africa: implications for its control in Australia", The Journal of Applied Ecology, 33 (6): 1496–1508, doi:10.2307/2404788, ISSN   0021-8901, JSTOR   2404788
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brougham, KJ; Cherry, H; Downey, PO (2006), Boneseed management manual: current management and control options for boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera) in Australia (PDF), Sydney, NSW, Australia: Department of Environment and Conservation NSW, pp. 2–5, archived from the original on 2008-01-13, retrieved 2008-08-04(Archived by the Wayback Machine: Introduction, Sections 1, 2, 3, , , )
  6. 1 2 Roy, Bruce; Popay, Ian; Champion, Paul; James, Trevor; Rahman, Anis (2004), An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New Zealand (2nd ed.), New Zealand Plant Protection Society, ISBN   0-473-09760-5, OCLC   57620998, archived from the original on 2008-10-15 (Archived by )
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CRC for Australian Weed Management (2003), Weed Management Guide – Boneseed - Chrysanthemoidesmonilifera ssp. monilifera (PDF), pp. 1–2, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-24, retrieved 2008-08-04 (Archived by the Wayback Machine)
  8. Auld, BA; Medd, RW (1992), Weeds: an illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia (Revised ed.), Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Inkata Press, p. 93, ISBN   0-909605-37-8, OCLC   16581672
  9. 1 2 Gross, Caroline L.; Whitehead, Joshua D.; Silveira de Souza, Camila; Mackay, David (2017-09-21). "Unsuccessful introduced biocontrol agents can act as pollinators of invasive weeds: Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) as an example". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (20): 8643–8656. doi:10.1002/ece3.3441. ISSN   2045-7758. PMC   648678 . PMID   29075478.
  10. Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. rotundatum (DC.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  11. Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. canescens (DC.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  12. Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. septentrionale (Norl.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Parsons, WT (1973), Noxious weeds of Victoria, Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Inkata Press, pp. 100–101, ISBN   0-909605-00-9, OCLC   874633
  14. 1 2 3 Emert, S (2001), Gardener's companion to weeds (2nd ed.), Sydney, NSW, Australia: Reed New Holland, p. 100, ISBN   1-876334-77-0, OCLC   52245716
  15. "Ecosystem Management - University of New England (UNE)". Archived from the original on 2017-12-22.