Physcia caesia

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Physcia caesia
Physcia caesia Salle, Norfolk UK - crop.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Caliciales
Family: Physciaceae
Genus: Physcia
Species:
P. caesia
Binomial name
Physcia caesia
(Hoffm.) Hampe, 1839
Subspecies

Physcia caesia caesia
Physcia caesia ventosa

Synonyms [1]

Borrera caesia(Hoffm.) Mudd, 1861
Dimelaena caesia(Hoffm.) Norman, 1853
Hagenia caesia(Hoffm.) Bagl. and Carestia, 1865
Imbricaria caesia(Hoffm.) DC, 1805
Lichen caesiusHoffm., 1784
Lobaria caesia(Hoffm.) Hoffm., 1790
Parmelia caesia(Hoffm.) Ach., 1803
Physcia wainioi Räsänen, 1921 [2]
Placodium caesium(Hoffm.) Frege, 1812
Psora caesia(Hoffm.) Hoffm., 1795
Squamaria caesia(Hoffm.) Hook., 1844
Xanthoria caesia(Hoffm.) Horw., 1912

Physcia caesia, known colloquially as blue-gray rosette lichen and powder-back lichen, is a species of foliose lichenized fungus. First described by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1784, it is common across much of Europe, North America and New Zealand, and more patchily distributed in South America, Asia, Australia and Antarctica. There are 2 subspecies: P. c. caesia and P. c. ventosa, as well as a number of distinct forms and varieties. Molecular studies suggest that the species as currently defined may be polyphyletic. It is typically pale gray shading to darker gray in the center (though some forms are considerably darker), and grows in a small rosette, usually some 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) across at maturity. It only rarely has apothecia, instead reproducing most often vegetatively via soredia, which are piled in round blue-gray mounds across the thallus's upper surface. It grows most often on rock—principally calcareous, but also basaltic and siliceous—and also occurs on bone, bark and soil. It is nitrophilic and is particularly common on substrates where birds perch.

Capable of growing at a multitude of angles on a variety of surfaces, Physcia caesia also tolerates a wide range of environmental extremes from the high temperatures of desert locations to the low temperatures of the Antarctic. It grows on both dry stone and that moistened by seepage, and can survive being irregularly submerged for extended periods underwater. Like many lichens that grow on rock, Physcia caesia is able to extract nutrients from the substrate upon which it grows, as well as from rainwater and atmospheric dust. It is threatened by habitat loss through development, as well as trampling or overgrowth of its location. A number of lichenicolous species are known parasites.

Taxonomy

Physcia caesia was first described by German botanist Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1784 as Lichen caesius. Other lichenologists assigned it to various other genera both before and after it was moved into its current genus by Georg Ernst Ludwig Hampe in 1839. [1] It has two subspecies, P. c. caesia and P. c. ventosa, as well as a number of distinct forms and varieties, [1] some of which were thought to be distinct species in the past. [3] Although this species and Physcia aipolia have been considered a species pair, some molecular studies suggest that they should instead be considered conspecific. [4] Other molecular studies suggest that both Physcia caesia and Physcia aipolia are polyphyletic taxa, with various forms more closely related to other species than to each other. [5] The nomenclatural database MycoBank considers the taxon Physcia wainioi, one of its many synonyms, to be a distinct species. [6]

The genus name Physcia means "inflated" or "sausage-like", referring to the form of the type species. [7] The specific epithet caesia is a Latin word meaning "blue-gray". [8] Physcia caesia is known colloquially as blue-gray rosette lichen and powder-back lichen. [9]

Description

Physcia caesia is a foliose lichen that forms small rosettes, typically measuring 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) across at maturity, [10] though it can reach diameters of up to 7 cm (2.8 in). [11] The thallus is pale gray shading to darker gray in the center, [9] and adheres closely to the substrate on which it grows. Its convex lobes are linear, [10] typically measuring 0.5–1.0 mm (0.02–0.04 in) in width, though occasionally as wide as 2 mm (0.08 in). [9] Forms in some areas, including Greenland, can be considerably darker, with a thallus ranging from gray to dark gray; they can also have broader or narrower lobes. [3] The lichen's surface is white-spotted, [10] though this is not always obvious. [9] It has blue-gray soredia, which are piled in round mounds (such aggregations are known as soralia) across the thallus's upper surface. [9] The lower surface is white to brown with short, dark rhizines. [9] [10] Physcia caesia only rarely has apothecia. [9] Where present, these are black discs measuring up to 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across, with prominent thalline margins (which means the thallus extends up around the edges of the apothecia) and a grayish pruinescence. [11] Each ascus contains 8 spores, which are thick-walled and brown, [7] measuring 18–25 μm (0.00071–0.00098 in) x 6–10 μm (0.00024–0.00039 in). [11] Its photobiont is the green alga Trebouxia impressa , a species associated with many Physcia lichens. [12]

The lichen's cortex and medulla react positively with potassium hydroxide (K), turning yellow. [11] Cortex and medulla react positively with para-phenylenediamene (Pd) as well, also turning yellow. They produce no reaction with calcium or sodium hypochlorite (bleach – C), [10] nor with KC (potassium hydroxide quickly followed by bleach). [13] Among the substances produced by the lichen are atranorin and zeorin. [9]

Similar species

Physcia caesia was long considered to be a species pair with the very similar Physcia aipolia; the latter is regularly covered with black apothecia, and typically grows epiphytically. [4] Physcia caesia may also be confused with Physcia poncinsii, but the latter has "crateriform" (hollowed, like a bowl or saucer) rather than rounded soralia, and obviously convex lobes. [14] It may also be confused with Physcia dubia which, like Physcia caesia, can be quite variable; however, P. dubia has lip-shaped soralia (which tend to be primarily apical), and its thallus does not react with potassium hydroxide. [3]

Distribution and habitat

Physcia caesia on rock on St. Paul Island, Alaska Physcia caesia - St. Paul Island, AK.jpg
Physcia caesia on rock on St. Paul Island, Alaska

Physcia caesia is widespread across much of the world, found in Arctic, boreal and temperate vegetation zones. [13] Widely distributed across Europe, it is one of the most common species of Physcia in Greenland, [3] and is abundant throughout Britain. [11] Though found across much of North America, it is absent from central and southeastern United States, parts of the Great Basin, and northern Alaska. [9] In South America, it is found in Argentina, Chile, and Peru; common and widespread in temperate areas, it occurs only rarely and only at elevations above 3,700 m (12,100 ft) in tropical regions. [15] It occurs patchily across Asia—in India, Bhutan, Nepal and Japan—as well as in East Africa. [16] It is described as "cosmopolitan" in New Zealand, [14] has been reported from a number of sites in southeastern Australia and Tasmania, [17] and also occurs in Antarctica. [18]

It is common on calcareous substrates, growing on limestone (including tufa) and concrete. [19] It also grows on basaltic and siliceous rock, as well as on bone. [3] It is particularly common on rocks where birds perch and defecate. [9] It is uncommon on bark; [9] however, in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, it is one of the predominant lichens on juniper trees, growing primarily within 0.1 m (3.9 in) of the ground on the northern and eastern side of trunks. [20] In Antarctica, it grows on mosses, soil and gravel, and may be among the species contributing to the formation of a soil crust on the continent. [18] In California, it is found in montane and subalpine forests ranging from 1,000–8,000 ft (300–2,440 m) in elevation. [10]

Ecology

Physcia caesia tolerates a variety of locations, occurring on vertical, angled and horizontal surfaces, as well as rocky overhangs. It is found on both dry stone and stone moistened by seepage, [3] and can tolerate being irregularly submerged underwater. [21] It survives in hot desert conditions, primarily on the north side of slopes. [22] It also thrives in cold conditions, and is able to photosynthesize at temperatures as low as −14 °C (7 °F). [23]

Like many lichens that grow on rocky substrates, Physcia caesia is able to accumulate a number of necessary nutrients—including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron—from the substrate upon which it grows, as well as from rainwater and atmospheric dust. [24] Its hyphae can extend into substrate as much as 17 mm (0.67 in). [25] It is a nitrophyte and can tolerate higher levels of atmospheric ammonia than can many other species of lichen, because it can survive on substrates with a higher pH. [26] It has been recorded growing on a lead surface (probably a weathered oxide). [27] Physcia caesia is known to accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium, zinc, copper and iron. [28] It is slow-growing, with an increase in size of only 0.98 mm (0.04 in) per year for a colony observed in one study. [29]

In Greenland, it often grows in association with other lichen species tolerant of enriched environments, including Umbilicaria arctica , Xanthoria candelaria , Xanthoria elegans , Physcia dubia , and Rhizoplaca melanophthalma . [3] In Poland, it is part of bryophyte communities found on asbestos tile roofs, occurring with Tortula ruralis , Orthotrichum anomalum , Grimmia pulvinata , Schistidium apocarpum and others. [30]

Foliose lichens such as Physcia caesia are intermediate in their response to air pollution — less sensitive than fruticose lichens, but more sensitive than crustose lichens. [31] Physcia caesia is found in cities, though at lower frequencies than more pollution-tolerant species. [32] As with most lichens, Physcia caesia is impacted by habitat loss through development, as well as by the trampling or overgrowth of its location. However, the retention of old stone walls, buildings and bridges can help to support its populations, even in cities. [33] Physcia caesia is attacked by lichenicolous fungi, including Polycoccum galligenum , [34] Polycoccum pulvinatum , [35] Zwackhiomyces physciicola [36] and Arthonia epiphyscia . [37] [38]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<i>Physcia stellaris</i> Species of lichen

Physcia stellaris is a species of lichen. It is pale grey, but darker in the centre, and lacks isidia, lobules, soredia and pruina.It tests positive K+ yellow upper cortex with a 10% potassium hydroxide solution. In North America, it is known colloquially as the fringed rosette lichen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Physciaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.

<i>Buellia</i> Genus of lichens

Buellia is a genus of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The fungi are usually part of a crustose lichen. In this case, the lichen species is given the same name as the fungus. But members may also grow as parasites on lichens (lichenicolous). The algae in the lichen is always a member of the genus Trebouxia.

<i>Physcia</i> Genus of lichens

Physcia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. The widely distributed genus contains about 80 species. The genus is cosmopolitan, and has been extensively studied in various regions in the past several decades, with significant biodiversity in South America identified as a central diversity hotspot. Physcia species are foliose, lobate lichens that grow with a loose to close appressed habit. Their upper surface is typically whitish, pale greenish, green-grey, or dark grey in colour. The thallus colour remains relatively unchanged when moistened. Physcia lichens typically grow on bark, on wood, or rock, although they have occasionally been recorded dwelling on man-made structures. They thrive in nutrient-rich environments and are expanding rapidly in urban areas of the United Kingdom previously affected by SO2 pollution.

<i>Phaeophyscia</i> Genus of lichens

Phaeophyscia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae.

<i>Candelariella vitellina</i> Species of lichen

Candelariella vitellina is a common and widespread green-yellow to orange-yellow crustose areolate lichen that grows on rock, wood, and bark, all over the world. It grows on non-calcareous rock, wood, and bark.

<i>Diploicia canescens</i> Species of lichenized fungus

Diploicia canescens is a widespread species of lichenized fungus. It is found throughout much of the world, occurring on every continent except Antarctica.

<i>Lecanora polytropa</i> Species of lichen

Lecanora polytropa, the granite-speck rim lichen, is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. A small, inconspicuous species that grows in the cracks of rock surfaces, it has a cosmopolitan distribution and has been recorded on all continents, including Antarctica.

<i>Pyxine sorediata</i> Species of lichen

Pyxine sorediata, commonly known as mustard lichen, is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It has a subtropical to warm temperate distribution, and grows on bark, rocks, and moss as substrates. Pyxine sorediata has been reported from regions of North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australasia.

<i>Muellerella lichenicola</i> Species of fungus

Muellerella lichenicola is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Verrucariaceae. It was first formally described as a new species in 1826 by Søren Christian Sommerfelt, as Sphaeria lichenicola. David Leslie Hawksworth transferred it to the genus Muellerella in 1979.

Kashiwadia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. The genus was circumscribed in Sergey Kondratyuk, László Lőkös, and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2014 to contain the species Physcia orientalis, after molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the taxon occupied an isolated phylogenetic position in the Physciaceae. An additional five species were added to the genus in 2021. The genus name honours Japanese lichenologist Hiroyuki Kashiwadani, who originally described the type species.

<i>Physcia aipolia</i> Species of lichen

Physcia aipolia, commonly known as the Hoary rosette lichen, is a lichen species of fungus in the genus Physcia, and family Lecanoromycetes. Physcia aipolia is a species of lichen in the family Physciaceae. It has a worldwide distribution.Physcia aipolia is a known host species to the lichenicolous fungus species Muellerella lichenicola. It is characterized by the pale blue to gray thallus with many apothecia. Physcia aipolia is a common, widely distributed species, and can be found growing on a variety of trees and branches.

Porpidia submelinodes is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecideaceae. Found in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, it was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologists Piotr Osyczka and Maria Olech. The type specimen was collected from Penguin Island, where it was found growing on a volcanic boulder. The lichen has a rusty orange thallus comprising distinct rounded areoles surrounded by deep cracks, and an inconspicuous black prothallus. It has soralia that are black with a whitish rim. All examined specimens were sterile, producing neither apothecia nor pycnidia. All chemical spot tests are negative, and the species does not contain any lichen products detectable with thin-layer chromatography. The species epithet refers to its similarity with Porpidia melinodes.

<i>Dirina fallax</i> Species of lichen

Dirina fallax is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found in the western Mediterranean, the Atlantic coasts of both Africa and Europe, and central Europe, where it grows on siliceous and acidic rocks. In 2017, it was reported from the Abrau Peninsula in Russia.

<i>Imshaugia aleurites</i> Species of lichen

Imshaugia aleurites, commonly known as the salted starburst lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has a wide distribution in Europe and North America, and has also been recorded in China.

<i>Anaptychia ciliaris</i> Species of lichen

Anaptychia ciliaris, commonly known as the great ciliated lichen or eagle's claws, is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is predominantly found in Northern Europe, with its range extending to European Russia, the Caucasus, Central and Southern Europe, the Canary Islands, and some parts of Asia. First mentioned in botanical literature by Italian botanist Fabio Colonna in 1606, the species was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, who highlighted its unique physical characteristics such as its grey colour, its unusual leafy form with linear fringe-like segments, and the presence of hair-like structures. This lichen is adaptable in its choice of substrates, mostly growing on tree barks, and less commonly on rocks.

<i>Physciella chloantha</i> Species of lichen

Physciella chloantha is a species of foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. The lichen, which occurs in diverse regions including the Upper Midwest of the US, Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and European Russia, is common in certain areas. Its thallus forms circular patches up to 3 cm in diameter, made up of many small, discrete lobes that can grow together to cover large areas, often intermingling with other lichen species. These lobes, which vary from short and rounded to slightly elongated, have numerous soralia on their edges and surfaces, while the undersides are white to pale tan with sparse rhizines. Apothecia are uncommon in this species. Physciella chloantha is known to grow on bark and on rocks.

<i>Dirinaria picta</i> Species of fungus

Dirinaria picta is a species of lichen within the family Caliciaceae, classified under the order Caliciales in the class Lecanoromycetes of the division Ascomycota.

Physcia ucrainica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae, described from the Crimean Peninsula. It occupies a transitional phylogenetic position related closely to both the Physcia adscendens and Physcia stellaris groups.

References

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  2. ↑ "Synonymy: Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Moberg & Hansen (1986), p. 9–10.
  4. 1 2 Myllys, Leena; Lohtander, Katileena; Tehler, Anders (Mar–Apr 2001). "β-Tubulin, ITS and Group I Intron Sequences Challenge the Species Pair Concept in Physcia aipolia and P. caesia". Mycologia. 93 (2): 335–343. doi:10.1080/00275514.2001.12063165. JSTOR   3761655. S2CID   196621949.
  5. ↑ Lohtander, Katileena; Myllys, Leena; Källersjö, Mari; Moberg, Roland; Stenroos, Soili; Tehler, Anders (27 February 2009). "New entities in Physcia aipolia–P. caesia group (Physciaceae, Ascomycetes): an analysis based on mtSSU, ITS, group I intron and betatubulin sequences" (PDF). Ann. Bot. Fennici. 46: 43–53. doi:10.5735/085.046.0104. ISSN   0003-3847. S2CID   86657575.
  6. ↑ "Physcia wainioi". MycoBank . Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  7. 1 2 Dobson (2011), p. 337.
  8. ↑ Anthon & Frueund (1873), p. 132.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff (2001), p. 553.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hale & Cole (1998), p. 98.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Dobson (2011), p. 340.
  12. ↑ Dahlkild, Åsa; Källersjö, Mari; Lohtander, Katileena; Tehler, Anders (Winter 2001). "Photobiont Diversity in the Physciaceae (Lecanorales)". The Bryologist. 104 (4): 527–536. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0527:PDITPL]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   3244586. S2CID   85776368.
  13. 1 2 "Physcia caesia". lichenportal.org. Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  14. 1 2 Galloway, D. J.; Moberg, R. (2005). "The lichen genus Physcia (Schreb.) Michx (Physciaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand" (PDF). Tuhinga. 16: 59–91.
  15. ↑ Moberg, Roland (1990). "The lichen genus Physcia in Central and South America". Nordic Journal of Botany. 10 (3): 319–342. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb01776.x.
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  17. ↑ "Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr". ala.org.au. Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
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  19. ↑ Frank-Kamenetskaya, Panova & Vlasov (2016), p. 407.
  20. ↑ Peard, Janet L. (August 1983). "Distribution of Corticolous Noncrustose Lichens on Trunks of Rocky Mountain Junipers in Boulder County, Colorado". The Bryologist. 86 (3): 244–250. doi:10.2307/3242712. JSTOR   3242712.
  21. ↑ Timoney, Kevin P.; Marsh, Janet (2005). "Lichen Trimlines in the Peace-Athabasca Delta: Variations in Flora, Form, and Disturbance Regime". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 119 (1): 76–81. doi: 10.22621/cfn.v119i1.83 .
  22. ↑ Nash, III, T. H.; White, S. L.; Marsh, J. E. (Autumn 1977). "Lichen and Moss Distribution and Biomass in Hot Desert Ecosystems". The Bryologist. 80 (3): 470–479. doi:10.2307/3242022. JSTOR   3242022.
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  26. ↑ Sutton, Reis & Baker (2009), pp. 74–76.
  27. ↑ Gadd (2006), p. 346.
  28. ↑ Pandey, Vivek; Upreti, D. K. (2000). Department of Ocean Development (ed.). "Determination of Heavy Metals in Lichens Growing on Different Ecological Habitats in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica" (PDF). Seventeenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica, Scientific Report 2000. Technical Publication. 33 (15): 203–209. Bibcode:2000SpecL..33..435U. doi:10.1080/00387010009350090. S2CID   54024804.
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  30. ↑ Rusinska, Anna; Balcerkiewicz, Stanislaw (June 1978). "Moss Communities of the roofs of buildings". Abstracta Botanica. 5 (Supplementum 3): 51–60. JSTOR   43519036.
  31. ↑ Nash III, Thomas H. (Oct 1974). "Lichens of the Page Environs as Potential Indicators of Air Pollution". Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science. 9 (3): 97–101. doi:10.2307/40023608. JSTOR   40023608.
  32. ↑ Jovan, Sarah; McCune, Bruce (Oct 2005). "Air-Quality Bioindication in the Greater Central Valley of California, with Epiphytic Macrolichen Communities". Ecological Applications. 15 (5): 1712–1726. doi:10.1890/03-5368. JSTOR   4543475.
  33. ↑ Kelcey & Müller (2011), pp. 106–107.
  34. ↑ Alstrup & Hawksworth (1991), p. 8.
  35. ↑ de los Rios, Asunción; Ascaso, Carmen; Grube, Martin. "Infection mechanisms of lichenicolous fungi studied by various microscopic techniques". In Llimona, X.; Lumbsch, H. T.; Ott, S. (eds.). Progress and Problems in Lichenology at the Turn of the Millenium (PDF). Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 82. pp. 153–161.
  36. ↑ Kocakaya, Mustafa; Halici, Mehmet Gökhan; Aksoy, Ahmet (April–June 2011). "Zwackhiomyces turcicus sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Xanthopyreniaceae) from Turkey" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 116: 329–333. doi:10.5248/116.329. ISSN   2154-8889.
  37. ↑ Alstrup & Hawksworth (1991), p. 16.
  38. ↑ Svane, Svanhildur Jónsdóttir; Alstrup, Vagn (2004). "Some lichenicolous fungi from Iceland" (PDF). Acta Botanica Islandica . 14: 53–58.

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