Pseudothelomma ocellatum

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Pseudothelomma ocellatum
Pseudothelomma ocellatum 1542546204.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Caliciales
Family: Caliciaceae
Genus: Pseudothelomma
Species:
P. ocellatum
Binomial name
Pseudothelomma ocellatum
(Flot. ex Körb.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Synonyms [1]
  • Trachylia tympanella var. ocellata(Flot. ex Körb.) Fr. (1835)
  • Acolium ocellatumFlot. ex Körb. (1861) [2]
  • Trachylia ocellata(Flot. ex Körb.) Flot. ex Körb. (1861)
  • Cyphelium ocellatum(Flot. ex Körb.) Trevis. (1862)
  • Thelomma ocellatum(Flot. ex Körb.) Tibell (1976)

Pseudothelomma ocellatum is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. [3] This lichen is characterised by its grey, areolate thallus that produces abundant lichenised diaspores, such as short spherical isidia and coarse, dark brown-black soredia. It is typically sterile, meaning apothecia (fruiting bodies) are absent.

Contents

Pseudothelomma ocellatum is primarily a Northern Hemisphere lichen, especially found in temperate to cool temperate areas, and somewhat rare in North America where its range has expanded from southern California to the Yukon since its first documentation in 1978. Its habitats include weathered wooden structures influenced by nitrate enrichment, and while it is largely found in European mountain ranges and reported in New Zealand and South Africa, recent findings also place it in Tasmania, suggesting a broader distribution than previously thought.

Catillaria fungoides and overgrown Buellia griseovirens share certain visible traits with P. ocellatum, like dark pigmented soralia, but differ in substrate preference and chemical composition, respectively. Cyphelium inquinans also resembles P. ocellatum but is distinguishable by its crust texture, exciple colour, and absence of the sorediate-isidiate feature that characterises P. ocellatum.

Taxonomy

The lichen was originally described in 1861 by Gustav Wilhelm Körber, as Acolium ocellatum. In his original description of the lichen, Körber mentioned the roughened, granulose - verrucose texture, dark ash-grey thallus of A. ocellatum, highlighting its unique texture and colouration, particularly its whitened appearance in alpine regions. He also described the species' apothecia (fruiting bodies), which are born from prominent thalloid warts and change from a bluish-green pruina -covered disc to a bare, dark form, barely exceeding the thick, persistent thalloid margin. Additionally, Körber noted the peculiar large, obscurely dark brown spores and the black germination layer. He commented that the sterile form of the lichen (i.e., without any apothecia) was more frequent. Several collections sites around Central Europe were recorded, including Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. [2]

The taxon ended up in the genus Thelomma when Leif Tibell transferred it there in 1976. [4] It was again transferred by María Prieto and Mats Wedin to the newly created genus Pseudothelomma in 2016, in which it was assigned as the type species. [5] The name Cyphelium caliciforme(Flot.) Zahlbr. (1922) has sometimes been used to refer to this species in historical literature, but according to John Walter Thomson, this name is not valid because it is based on a nomen nudum. [6]

Vernacular names that have been used for this species in North America include "granulating guano pots" [7] and "small-eyed nipple lichen". [8]

Description

Pseudothelomma ocellatum has a crustose (crust-like) thallus that is well-developed, with either a mosaic-like pattern ( areolate ) or elevated, coarse, and flattened warts, typically coloured grey. The lichen is characterised by frequent isidia, which are small, outgrowth propagules that form irregular but well-defined clusters of blue or brown-black colour, generally slightly raised (convex). [9]

The medulla, or inner layer of the thallus, turns a blue colour when iodine is applied (I+ blue). The reproductive structures, known as apothecia, are immersed within the thallus; [9] they are generally absent in this species, although there have been reported instances of this normally sterile lichen as fertile. [10] Ascospores of P. ocellatum are divided by a single internal cross wall (1-septate), pinched at the division (constricted at the septum), and have an uneven surface; they measure 22–28  micrometres (μm) in length and 12–15 μm in width. [9] They sometimes have a slightly ornamentation consisting of irregular surface striations, visible using light microscopy. [6]

Chemical spot tests on the thallus yield negative results (C–, K–, Pd–, UV–), suggesting the absence of secondary metabolites (lichen products). However, the species has occasionally been recorded as containing compounds such as atranorin, norstictic acid, and usnic acid. Specifically, the outer ring of the apothecia ( exciple ) and the mass of ascospores may contain rhizocarpic acid and epanorin. [9]

Similar species

Cyphelium inquinans - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Trapeliopsis flexuosa-2.jpg
Cyphelium inquinans (left) and Trapeliopsis flexuosa (right) are lookalikes of P. ocellatum.

Catillaria fungoides shares some characteristics with Pseudothelomma ocellatum, such as dark pigmented soralia and an absence of lichen products. However, unlike Pseudothelomma ocellatum, C. fungoides typically grows on the smooth bark of relatively young hardwoods, and has a greenish-grey-coloured thallus. [11] Overgrown forms of Buellia griseovirens also somewhat resemble P. ocellatum due to the presence of a white thallus with what appears to be dark brownish-black soredia. Buellia griseovirens can be sometimes be distinguished from P. ocellatum by the presence of the diagnostic substances atranorin and norstictic acid. [12] However, the report of norstictic acid-deficient populations of Buellia griseovirens in the Yukon of Canada indicates that the chemical variability in this species is greater than previously suspected. [13] The sterile morphs of the lichen Trapeliopsis flexuosa have been suggested as another potential lookalike. [14]

Cyphelium inquinans , another similar species, can sometimes resemble Pseudothelomma ocellatum due to its thick crust and partially immersed apothecia. However, the two can be distinguished: P. ocellatum features a thick, gray verrucose crust with dark granular soredioid isidia and typically contains apothecia within a thalline margin, whereas Cyphelium inquinans lacks these characteristics and has a blackish exciple compared to Pseudothelomma's pale exciple sides. Additionally, P. ocellatum consistently displays sorediate-isidiate traits, further differentiating it from Cyphelium inquinans. [15]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Pseudothelomma ocellatum (top and middle of branch) and Calicium viride (bottom of branch) Thelomma ocellatum and Calicium viride - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Pseudothelomma ocellatum (top and middle of branch) and Calicium viride (bottom of branch)

Pseudothelomma ocellatum is distributed widely in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in temperate to cool temperate areas. [16] It was once believed to be confined to the western mountainous regions from southern California to British Columbia, extending as far inland as central Montana. [15] Tibell first documented the species in 1978, [17] with the next report coming from British Columbia in 1992. [18] In 1995, McCune and Rosentreter noted that the species is rarely found west of the Cascade crest in Oregon and Washington and is absent from the extreme coastal regions. In California, the lichen seems to be prevalent in the northeast part of the state and becomes less frequent moving southward, occurring sporadically in both the Sierra foothills and the Coast Ranges. [15] A significant discovery in 2013, however, extended its range to include the Yukon, marking a notable expansion of its distribution. [12] A search of North America herbaria in the mid-1990s turned up a few specimens of Pseudothelomma ocellatum that had been stored under the name Cyphelium inquinans. [15] In California, Pseudothelomma ocellatum has been observed growing on wooden corral boards adjacent to metal fence posts, a specific microhabitat thought to be influenced by nitrate enrichment caused by perching birds around these posts. [19] The frequent occurrence of this lichen on bird perches, combined with its substantial tolerance for nutrient-rich environments, as well as its resilience to both desiccation and intense light, implies that birds may serve as a significant agent of dispersal. [15]

In Italy, its distribution is restricted to the Alps; [20] similarly, in Slovenia, it is known from a single record in the Slovenian Julian Alps. [21] In Estonia, it has been classified as a vulnerable species because it is known from only a few records in restricted areas. [22] The species also occurs in the Carpathians and the Sudeten Mountains. [6] It was reported to occur in Tasmania, Australia, in 2022. Although this was claimed to be the first record of this species in the Southern Hemisphere, [23] Tibell reported it as widely distributed in New Zealand in 1994. He suggested that it could be a recent accidental introduction. [24] The lichen often grows on old weathered wooden fence posts, [9] and sometimes wooden buildings. [24] Tibell also reported it in 2000 from a single location in the Western Cape of South Africa. [16] Thelomma ocellatum is found on both coniferous and hardwood wood in North America. Hardwood hosts include species such as Purshia and Robinia , while its coniferous partners encompass Abies , Juniperus , Larix , Pinus , Pseudotsuga , and Thuja . The lichen adapts well to open environments but is also found in partially shaded areas, particularly within open forests dominated by Pinus ponderosa , Pinus albicaulis , or Juniperus. Pseudothelomma ocellatum is sometimes found growing on the roots of tipped-over trees—but only those that also serve as bird perches. [15]

Pseudothelomma ocellatum is a part of the Lecanorion variae alliance, a specific ecological community known for its low tolerance to pollution. This alliance, which includes species such as Strangospora moriformis , Strangospora pinicola , and Lecanora pulicaris , often thrives in similar, unpolluted habitats. The occurrence of this community, particularly in France, is commonly observed on wooden substrates like old vineyard stakes or abandoned agricultural wood, suggesting these lichens play a role in the ecological succession of these areas post-cultivation. [25]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycocaliciaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Mycocaliciaceae are a family of fungi in the order Mycocaliciales, comprising seven genera and approximately 90 species. Originally proposed in 1970 by Alexander Schmidt, the family is characterised by immersed thalli, stalked brown or black ascomata, and small cylindrical asci that release ascospores without forming a mazaedium. Molecular phylogenetic studies have placed Mycocaliciaceae within the class Eurotiomycetes and led to the inclusion of taxa formerly classified in the Sphinctrinaceae. The family has a fossil record dating back at least 50 million years, with several specimens discovered in Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. Mycocaliciaceae genera include Chaenothecopsis, Mycocalicium, and Phaeocalicium, which exhibit a range of ecological roles from saprobic to parasitic relationships with their substrates.

<i>Schadonia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Schadonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. Established by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1859, this genus of crustose lichens is characterised by its black, sessile apothecia, muriform ascospores, and growth on mosses, plant debris, and rocks in montane habitats. While traditionally placed in the family Ramalinaceae, recent studies have suggested its classification may be uncertain within the order Lecanorales, with some researchers proposing its placement in the Pilocarpaceae or the resurrection of the family Schadoniaceae. The genus currently comprises four recognised species.

<i>Calicium</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Calicium is a genus of leprose lichens. It is in the family Caliciaceae, and has 40 species.

<i>Acolium</i> Genus of lichens

Acolium is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains six species. These lichens are found on bark and wood, occasionally on rocks, or growing on other lichens.

<i>Cyphelium</i> Genus of lichens

Cyphelium is a genus of crustose areolate lichens with cup-like apothecia filled with sooty black spores. The genus is in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in north and south temperate regions, and contains about 12 species. Members of the genus are commonly called soot lichens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caliciaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Caliciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. Although the family has had its classification changed several times throughout its taxonomic history, the use of modern molecular phylogenetic methods have helped to establish its current placement in the order Caliciales. Caliciaceae contains 39 genera and about 670 species. The largest genus is Buellia, with around 300 species; there are more than a dozen genera that contain only a single species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichen growth forms</span> Gross morphological classification

Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up of multiple species: a fungus, one or more photobionts and sometimes a yeast. They are regularly grouped by their external appearance – a characteristic known as their growth form. This form, which is based on the appearance of vegetative part of the lichen, varies depending on the species and the environmental conditions it faces. Those who study lichens (lichenologists) have described a dozen of these forms: areolate, byssoid, calicioid, cladoniform, crustose, filamentous, foliose, fruticose, gelatinous, leprose, placoidioid and squamulose. Traditionally, crustose (flat), foliose (leafy) and fruticose (shrubby) are considered to be the three main forms. In addition to these more formalised, traditional growth types, there are a handful of informal types named for their resemblance to the lichens of specific genera. These include alectorioid, catapyrenioid, cetrarioid, hypogymnioid, parmelioid and usneoid.

Leif Tibell is a Swedish lichenologist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Uppsala. He is known for his expertise on calicioid lichens. He was awarded the Acharius Medal in 2012 for lifetime achievements in lichenology.

<i>Allocalicium</i> Single-species lichen genus

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<i>Pseudothelomma</i> Genus of lichens in the family Caliciaceae

Pseudothelomma is a genus of crustose pin lichens in the family Caliciaceae. It currently contains two species. The genus was circumscribed in 2016 by lichenologists Maria Prieto and Mats Wedin. The generic name Pseudothelomma refers to its resemblance to the genus Thelomma, where the two species used to be classified. Both species grow on dry exposed wood, particularly fence posts.

Japewiella dollypartoniana is a species of crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It is widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America, and has also been reported from Ontario, Canada. The lichen grows on tree branches and sapling and shrub stems at middle to high elevations.

Calicium carolinianum is a species of lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is endemic to the Gulf Coastal Plain region of the United States. The lichen contains norstictic acid, and has ascospores that measure 13–17 by 8–9 μm.

<i>Calicium pinicola</i> Species of lichen

Calicium pinicola is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is widely distributed in Europe, and also occurs in the United States.

Buellia peregrina is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in the Namib desert in Namibia.

Buellia nashii is a species of lichen characterized by its crustose thallus, typically found in the Sonoran Desert Region and adjacent areas. It was first described by Bungartz et al. The species is named in honor of Dr. Thomas H. Nash III, a notable lichenologist and the Ph.D. supervisor of the author.

<i>Buellia griseovirens</i> Species of fungus

Buellia griseovirens is a species of lichen belonging to the family Caliciaceae. It exhibits a crustose growth type and is commonly found on well-lit, smooth bark, and worked timber surfaces. The species can tolerate moderate pollution.

<i>Buellia aethalea</i> Species of fungus

Buellia aethalea is a species of lichen that belongs to the family Caliciaceae. It is commonly known as darkened button lichen, and Buellie noircie in French. The lichen's familiar nickname is inspired by the appearance of its surface, adorned with small black spots reminiscent of buttons.

Thelomma ocellatum is a crustose lichen inactive species that belonged to the family Caliciaceae. It was first described by Körber and later reassigned by Tibell in 1976. Since 2020, the species has been declared inactive and was swapped with Pseudothelomma ocellatum.

<i>Pseudothelomma occidentale</i> Species of lichen

Pseudothelomma occidentale is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It was first formally described by Albert William Herre in 1910, who initially classified it in the genus Cyphelium. Leif Tibell transferred it to Thelomma in 1976. In 2016, María Prieto and Mats Wedin transferred the taxon to the newly circumscribed genus Pseudothelomma.

Calicium brachysporum is a species of leprose lichen in the family Caliciaceae.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy. Current Name: Pseudothelomma ocellatum (Flot. ex Körb.) M. Prieto & Wedin, Fungal Diversity 82: 235 (2016)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. 1 2 Körber, G.W. (1861). Parerga lichenologica. Ergänzungen zum Systema lichenum Germaniae [Parerga lichenologica. Supplements to the System of German Lichens] (in German). Vol. 3. p. 285.
  3. ↑ "Pseudothelomma ocellatum (Flot. ex Körb.) M. Prieto & Wedin". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  4. ↑ Tibell, L. (1976). "The genus Thelomma". Botaniska Notiser. 129: 221–249 [240].
  5. ↑ Prieto, Maria; Wedin, Mats (2016). "Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae". Fungal Diversity. 82 (1): 221–238. doi: 10.1007/s13225-016-0372-y .
  6. 1 2 3 Thomson, John W. (1998). American Arctic Lichens. Volume 2. The Microlichens. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 211. ISBN   978-0-29-913460-0.
  7. ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2020). "Thelomma ocellatum (Körb.) Tibell". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  8. ↑ "Small Eyed Nipple Lichen – Thelomma ocellatum. Montana Field Guide". Montana Natural Heritage Program.Government of Montana . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Cannon, Paul; Prieto, Maria; Coppins, Brian; Sanderson, Neil; Scheidegger, Christoph; Simkin, Janet (2021). "Caliciales: Caliciaceae, including the genera Acolium, Amandinea, Buellia, Calicium, Diploicia, Diplotomma, Endohyalina, Monerolechia, Orcularia, Pseudothelomma, Rinodina and Tetramelas". Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 15: 1–35 [30]. doi:10.34885/174. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  10. ↑ Bilovitz, Peter Othmar (2014). "The importance of old deciduous trees and wooden fences for lichen diversity – an example from the Teichalm area (Eastern Alps)". Herzogia. 27 (1): 199–204. doi: 10.13158/heia.27.1.2014.199 . PMC   4896386 . PMID   27284208.
  11. ↑ Curtis, Tomas; Lendemer, James C. (2022). "Catillaria fungoides (Catillariaceae; Lecanoromycetes) an inconspicuous crustose lichen previously overlooked in eastern North America". Castanea. 87 (1): 12–19. doi:10.2179/0008-7475.87.1.12.
  12. 1 2 Lendemer, James C. (2013). "Thelomma ocellatum, a range extension to the Yukon Territory and case study in the use of molecular data to recognize asexually reproducing crustose lichens". North American Fungi. 8 (13): 1–13. doi:10.2509/naf2013.008.013 (inactive 2 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  13. ↑ Allen, Jessica C.; Lendemer, James (2013). "Uncovering chemical variability: molecular data reveal the identity of a sterile crustose lichen from the Yukon and affirm an expanded circumscription for Buellia griseovirens". North American Fungi. 8 (12): 1–14. doi:10.2509/naf2013.008.012 (inactive 2 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  14. ↑ Groner, Urs (2010). "Calicioid lichens and fungi in the Muota Valley, central Switzerland: high species diversity in a small area". Candollea. 65 (2): 377–391 [387]. doi: 10.15553/c2010v652a17 .
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McCune, Bruce; Rosentreter, Roger (1995). "Distribution and ecology of Thelomma ocellatum in western North America". Evansia. 12 (3): 103–106. doi: 10.5962/p.346059 .
  16. 1 2 Tibell, Leif (2000). "A synopsis of crustose calicioid lichens and fungi from mainland Africa and Madagascar". Nordic Journal of Botany. 20 (6): 717–742 [740]. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb00759.x.
  17. ↑ Tibell, L. (1978). "Comments on Caliciales exsiccatae I.". The Lichenologist. 10 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1017/S0024282978000286.
  18. ↑ Goward, Trevor; Thor, Göran (1992). "Notes on the lichens and allied fungi of British Columbia. I". The Bryologist. 95 (1): 33–37. doi:10.2307/3243782. JSTOR   3243782.
  19. ↑ Benson, Shelly; Carlberg, Tom; Miller, Jesse; Patton, Rachael; Peterson, Eric (2010). "The lichens of the Horseshoe Ranch wildlife area". Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 17 (1 & 2): 9–12.
  20. ↑ Puntillo, D.; Puntillo, M. (2009). "Calicioid lichens and fungi of Italy: a state of the art" (PDF). Flora Mediterranea. 19: 251–260.
  21. ↑ Batič, Franc; Primožič, Katja; Surina, Boštjan; Trošt, Tadeja; Mayrhofer, Helmut (2003). "Contributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia X. Lichens from the Slovenian Julian Alps" (PDF). Herzogia. 16: 143–154.
  22. ↑ Lõhmus, Asko; Lõhmus, Piret (2011). "Old-forest species: the importance of specific substrata vs. stand continuity in the case of calicioid fungi". Silva Fennica. 45 (5): 1015–1039. doi: 10.14214/sf.84 .
  23. ↑ de Salas, Miguel F.; Baker, Matthew L.; Cave, Lynette; Kantvilas, Gintaras (2022). "The botany of the Stony head training area: new records from a biodiverse remnant in northern Tasmania, Australia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 134 (2): 85–107. doi: 10.1071/RS22003 .
  24. 1 2 Tibell, Leif B. (1994). "Distribution patterns and dispersal strategies of Caliciales". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 116 (3): 159–202. doi:10.1006/bojl.1994.1059.
  25. ↑ Coste, Clother; Pinault, Patrick (2018). "Une association lichénique singulière sur des piquets de Robinia pseudoacacia L. en milieu rural: le Strangosporo moriformis-Calicietum notarisii ass. nov. prov" [A unique lichen association on Robinia pseudoacacia L. stakes in rural areas: the Strangosporo moriformis-Calicietum notarisii ass. nov. prov.]. Revue d'Écologie (in French). 73 (1): 31–40. doi:10.3406/revec.2018.1909.
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