Buckwheat, or common buckwheat, is a flowering plant in the knotweed family Polygonaceae cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop. The name "buckwheat" is used for several other species, such as Fagopyrum tataricum, a domesticated food plant raised in Asia.
Quercus robur, the pedunculate oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe and western Asia, and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions. It grows on circumneutral soils in the lowlands and is notable for its value to natural ecosystems, supporting a very wide diversity of herbivorous insects and other pests, predators and pathogens.
A glucoside is a glycoside that is chemically derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes.
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. Several species of Heliconius butterfly are capable of incorporating these plant compounds as a form of chemical defense against predators. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.
Quercitron is a yellow natural dye obtained from the bark of the Eastern Black Oak, a forest tree indigenous in North America. It was formerly called Dutch pink, English pink, or Italian pink.
The genus Fagopyrum is in the flowering plant family Polygonaceae. It includes some important food plants, such as F. esculentum (buckwheat) and F. tataricum. The genus is native to the Indian subcontinent, much of Indochina, and central and southeastern China. Species have been widely introduced elsewhere, throughout the Holarctic and parts of Africa and South America.
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods.
Fagopyrum tataricum, also known as Tartary buckwheat, green buckwheat, ku qiao, Tatar buckwheat, or bitter buckwheat, is a domesticated food plant in the genus Fagopyrum in the family Polygonaceae. With another species in the same genus, common buckwheat, it is often counted as a cereal, but the buckwheats are not closely related to true cereals.
Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin, is the glycoside combining the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose. It is a flavonoid found in a wide variety of plants, including citrus.
In enzymology, a quercitrinase (EC 3.2.1.66) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound. It is the 8-C glucoside of luteolin.
Hyperoside is a chemical compound. It is the 3-O-galactoside of quercetin.
Fagopyrin is a term used for several closely related naturally occurring substances in the buckwheat plant. Their chemical structure contains a naphthodianthrone skeleton similar to that of hypericin.
Glucogallin is chemical compound formed from gallic acid and β-D-glucose. It can be found in oaks species like the North American white oak, European red oak and Amla fruit.
5-Deoxyinositol (quercitol) is a cyclitol. It can be found in wines aged in oak wood barrels. It can also be found in Quercus sp. (oaks) and in Gymnema sylvestre. It is different from quercetol, a synonym of quercetin.
Tergallic acids are trimers of gallic acid, often found naturally in the form of glycosides. Tergallic acid O- or C-glucosides that can be found in acorns of several Quercus (oak) species. The dehydrated tergallic acid C-glucoside and tergallic acid O-glucoside can be characterised in the acorns of Quercus macrocarpa. Dehydrated tergallic-C-glucoside can be found in the cork from Quercus suber.
Taxillus kaempferi is a parasitic plant species in the genus Taxillus found in China, Bhutan and Japan. Its host is Pinus thunbergii.
Taxillusin is a flavonol found in the parasitic plant Taxillus kaempferi. It is a galloylated 3-O-glucoside of quercetin.
Fagopyrum cymosum, also known as tall buckwheat, is a domesticated plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, for animal feed, and as an ornamental plant. It is native to much of China, and to Bhutan, Nepal, India, Burma, and Vietnam.
2-Hydroxybenzylamine is a natural product found in Himalayan tartary buckwheat. It acts as an antioxidant and scavanger of free radicals and isolevuglandins and is sold as a dietary supplement.
Audah, K.A.; Ettin, J.; Darmadi, J.; Azizah, N.N.; Anisa, A.S.; Hermawan, T.D.F.; Tjampakasari, C.R.; Heryanto, R.; Ismail, I.S.; Batubara, I. Indonesian Mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Drug. Molecules 2022, 27, 8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238369
