RRM2

RRM2
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2UW2, 3OLJ, 3VPM, 3VPN, 3VPO
Identifiers
Aliases	RRM2 , R2, RR2, RR2M, ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2
External IDs	OMIM: 180390; MGI: 98181; HomoloGene: 20277; GeneCards: RRM2; OMA:RRM2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	10,211,725 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 12 (mouse)
End	24,764,145 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	secondary oocyte; ; ventricular zone; ; ganglionic eminence; ; trabecular bone; ; thymus; ; bone marrow; ; bone marrow cell; ; amniotic fluid; ; gingival epithelium; ; appendix;
	Top expressed in
	gastrula; ; decidua; ; fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell; ; somite; ; primitive streak; ; medial ganglionic eminence; ; tibiofemoral joint; ; abdominal wall; ; renal corpuscle; ; endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	metal ion binding ; protein binding ; oxidoreductase activity ; ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor ; ferric iron binding ; protein homodimerization activity ;
Cellular component	cytoplasm ; cytosol ; ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex ;
Biological process	regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle ; deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process ; DNA replication ; negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition ; deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process ; protein complex oligomerization ; protein heterotetramerization ; nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion ;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	6241
	20135
	ENSG00000171848
	ENSMUSG00000020649
	P31350
	P11157
	NM_001165931 ; NM_001034
	NM_009104
	NP_001025 ; NP_001159403
	NP_033130
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated July 31, 2025

Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2, also known as ribonucleotide reductase small subunit, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RRM2 gene.^[5]^[6]

Function

This gene encodes one of two non-identical subunits for ribonucleotide reductase. This reductase catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. Synthesis of the encoded protein (M2) is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent fashion. Transcription from this gene can initiate from alternative promoters, which results in two isoforms that differ in the lengths of their N-termini.^[5]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.^{[§ 1]}

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|alt=Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit]]

Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit

↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171848 – Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020649 – Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: ribonucleotide reductase M2".
↑ Pavloff N, Rivard D, Masson S, Shen SH, Mes-Masson AM (1992). "Sequence analysis of the large and small subunits of human ribonucleotide reductase". DNA Seq. 2 (4): 227–34. doi:10.3109/10425179209020807. PMID 1627826.

Lin ZP, Belcourt MF, Cory JG, Sartorelli AC (2004). "Stable suppression of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase by R2-targeted short interference RNA sensitizes p53(-/-) HCT-116 colon cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (26): 27030–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M402056200 . PMID 15096505.
Zhang K, Hu S, Wu J, et al. (2009). "Overexpression of RRM2 decreases thrombspondin-1 and increases VEGF production in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: implication of RRM2 in angiogenesis". Mol. Cancer. 8 11. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-11 . PMC 2662784 . PMID 19250552.
Cohen D, Adamovich Y, Reuven N, Shaul Y (2010). "Hepatitis B virus activates deoxynucleotide synthesis in nondividing hepatocytes by targeting the R2 gene". Hepatology. 51 (5): 1538–46. doi: 10.1002/hep.23519 . PMID 20155784. S2CID 30044162.
Ferrandina G, Mey V, Nannizzi S, et al. (2010). "Expression of nucleoside transporters, deoxycitidine kinase, ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunits, and gemcitabine catabolic enzymes in primary ovarian cancer". Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 65 (4): 679–86. doi:10.1007/s00280-009-1073-y. PMID 19639316. S2CID 13276061.
Qiu W, Zhou B, Darwish D, et al. (2006). "Characterization of enzymatic properties of human ribonucleotide reductase holoenzyme reconstituted in vitro from hRRM1, hRRM2, and p53R2 subunits". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 340 (2): 428–34. Bibcode:2006BBRC..340..428Q. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.019. PMID 16376858.
Boukovinas I, Papadaki C, Mendez P, et al. (2008). Ramqvist T (ed.). "Tumor BRCA1, RRM1 and RRM2 mRNA Expression Levels and Clinical Response to First-Line Gemcitabine plus Docetaxel in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients". PLOS ONE. 3 (11): e3695. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3695B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003695 . PMC 2579656 . PMID 19002265.
Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, et al. (2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nat. Biotechnol. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.
Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129 . PMID 16344560.
Duxbury MS, Whang EE (2007). "RRM2 induces NF-kappaB-dependent MMP-9 activation and enhances cellular invasiveness". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 354 (1): 190–6. Bibcode:2007BBRC..354..190D. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.177. PMID 17222798.
Attia S, Kolesar J, Mahoney MR, et al. (2008). "A phase 2 consortium (P2C) trial of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP) for advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas". Invest New Drugs. 26 (4): 369–79. doi:10.1007/s10637-008-9123-6. PMC 4461052 . PMID 18278438.
Couch FJ, Wang X, Bamlet WR, et al. (2010). "Association of Mitotic Regulation Pathway Polymorphisms with Pancreatic Cancer Risk and Outcome". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (1): 251–7. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0629. PMC 2805468 . PMID 20056645.
Réjiba S, Bigand C, Parmentier C, Hajri A (2009). "Gemcitabine-Based Chemogene Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer Using Ad-dCK::UMK GDEPT and TS/RR siRNA Strategies". Neoplasia. 11 (7): 637–50. doi:10.1593/neo.81686. PMC 2697350 . PMID 19568409.
Kolesar J, Huang W, Eickhoff J, et al. (2009). "Evaluation of mRNA by Q-RTPCR and Protein Expression by AQUA of the M2 Subunit of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RRM2) in Human Tumors". Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 64 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1007/s00280-008-0845-0. PMC 3043989 . PMID 18941749.
Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, et al. (2005). "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature. 434 (7034): 724–31. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..724H. doi: 10.1038/nature03466 . PMID 15815621.
Liu X, Xue L, Yen Y (2008). "Redox Property of Ribonucleotide Reductase Small Subunit M2 and p53R2" . Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress I. Methods In Molecular Biology. Vol. 477. pp. 195–206. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-517-0_15. ISBN 978-1-60327-218-6. PMID 19082948.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928 . PMID 15489334.
Bourdon A, Minai L, Serre V, et al. (2007). "Mutation of RRM2B, encoding p53-controlled ribonucleotide reductase (p53R2), causes severe mitochondrial DNA depletion". Nat. Genet. 39 (6): 776–80. doi:10.1038/ng2040. PMID 17486094. S2CID 22103978.
Souglakos J, Boukovinas I, Taron M, et al. (2008). "Ribonucleotide reductase subunits M1 and M2 mRNA expression levels and clinical outcome of lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with docetaxel/gemcitabine". Br. J. Cancer. 98 (10): 1710–5. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604344. PMC 2391126 . PMID 18414411.
Zhang YW, Jones TL, Martin SE, et al. (2009). "Implication of Checkpoint Kinase-dependent Up-regulation of Ribonucleotide Reductase R2 in DNA Damage Response". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (27): 18085–95. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.003020 . PMC 2709352 . PMID 19416980.

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[WikiPathways-7] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171848 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020649 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[entrez-5] 1 2 "Entrez Gene: ribonucleotide reductase M2".

[pmid1627826-6] Pavloff N, Rivard D, Masson S, Shen SH, Mes-Masson AM (1992). "Sequence analysis of the large and small subunits of human ribonucleotide reductase". DNA Seq. 2 (4): 227–34. doi:10.3109/10425179209020807. PMID 1627826.

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[§ 1]

v t e Other oxidoreductases (EC 1.15–1.21)
1.15: Acting on superoxide as acceptor	Superoxide dismutase SOD1 SOD2 SOD3
1.16: Oxidizing metal ions	Ceruloplasmin (Methionine synthase) reductase
1.17: Acting on CH or CH2 groups	Xanthine oxidase Ribonucleotide reductase 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 7-Hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase
1.18: Acting on iron–sulfur proteins as donors	Nitrogenase
1.19: Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor	Nitrogenase (flavodoxin)
1.20: Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors	Glutaredoxin GLRX GLRX2 GLRX3 GLRX5
1.21: Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond	Isopenicillin N synthase Columbamine oxidase Reticuline oxidase Sulochrin oxidase (+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming (-)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming Aureusidin synthase Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase Cannabidiolic acid synthase Dichlorochromopyrrolate synthase

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)

RRM2

Contents

Function

Interactive pathway map

References

Further reading