Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)

Recapture of Recife
	Part of the Dutch invasions of Brazil
	; A letter written by the Portuguese King John IV ordering the attack on Recife
Date	May 1652 – February 1654
Location	Pernambuco, Brazil
Result	Portuguese victory
Territorial; changes	Dutch expelled from Brazil;
Belligerents
Portugal Brazilian colonial forces ;	Dutch West India Company
Commanders and leaders
Barreto de Meneses ; Pedro Jacques	Walter Van Loo
Strength
2,500 men	Unknown; remnants of the Dutch forces as well as the other garrisons of Dutch Brazil
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

Last updated July 20, 2024

The Recapture of Recife (or Second Siege of Recife) was a military engagement between the Portuguese forces under Francisco Barreto de Meneses and the Dutch forces of Captain Walter Van Loo.^[2] After the Dutch defeats at Guararapes, their surviving men, as well as other garrisons of New Holland, joined in the area of Mauritsstad (modern-day Recife) in order to make a last stand. However, after fierce fighting, the Portuguese victoriously entered the city and the remaining Dutch were ousted from Brazil.

Background

After the Portuguese Independence from Spain in 1640, the Dutch West India Company recalled Johan Maurits to Europe in 1644, in an attempt to cut military expenditures. Soon after, the WIC faced a major uprising of Portuguese planters in June 1645. The Portuguese planters around Pernambuco had never fully accepted Dutch rule, and had also resented the high interest rates charged by Dutch moneylenders for loans to rebuild their plantations following the initial Dutch conquest. In August, the planters revolted and prevailed over Dutch forces in a minor battle fought outside Recife, effectively ending Dutch control over the colony. That year, the Portuguese gained Várzea, Sirinhaém, Pontal de Nazaré, the Fort of Porto Calvo, and Fort Maurits. By 1646, the WIC only controlled four toeholds along the Brazilian coast, chief among them being Recife.^[3]

In the spring of 1646, the Dutch sent a relief expedition to Recife consisting of 20 ships with 2000 men, temporarily forestalling the fall of the city. In 1647, in return for acquiescing with the Peace of Munster with Spain, the Dutch province of Zeeland obtained promises from the other Dutch provinces to support a second, larger relief expedition to reconquer Brazil. The expedition, consisting of 41 ships with 6000 men, set sail on December 26, 1647.^[4]

In Brazil, the Dutch had already abandoned Itamaracá on December 13, 1647. The new expeditionary force arrived late at Recife, with many of its soldiers either dead or mutinous from lack of pay. In April 1648, the Portuguese routed the expeditionary force at the First Battle of Guararapes, fought outside Recife. The Portuguese had sent an armada of 84 ships, including 18 warships to recapture Recife.^[5] In February 1649, the Portuguese again routed the Dutch at the Second Battle of Guararapes.^[6]

Recapture of Recife

After the Dutch defeats at Guararapes, their surviving men, as well as other garrisons of New Holland, joined in the area of Recife in order to make a last stand. However, after fierce fighting and a two-year siege, the Portuguese victoriously entered the city on 28 January 1654.

Aftermath

The remaining Dutch forces were ousted from Brazil, leaving to the Portuguese their colony of Brazil and putting an end to Nieuw Netherlands.^[7]

Notes

1 2 3 Paula Lourenço p.78
↑ Lourenço, Paula (2006). Battles of Portuguese History: Defence of the Overseas. Vol. X. p. 78.
↑ Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p. 251.
↑ Parker 1976, p. 71-72.
↑ Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil", p. 418.
↑ Parker 1976, p. 72.
↑ Facsimile of manuscript regarding the surrender of Dutch Brazil:Cort, Bondigh ende Waerachtigh Verhael Wan't schandelyck over-geven ende verlaten vande voorname Conquesten van Brasil...;

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References

Parker, Geoffrey (1976). The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54392-7.

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[Paula_Lourenço_p.78-1] 1 2 3 Paula Lourenço p.78

[2] Lourenço, Paula (2006). Battles of Portuguese History: Defence of the Overseas. Vol. X. p. 78.

[Schwartz,_p._251-3] Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p. 251.

[FOOTNOTEParker197671-72-4] Parker 1976, p. 71-72.

[5] Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil", p. 418.

[FOOTNOTEParker197672-6] Parker 1976, p. 72.

[7] Facsimile of manuscript regarding the surrender of Dutch Brazil:Cort, Bondigh ende Waerachtigh Verhael Wan't schandelyck over-geven ende verlaten vande voorname Conquesten van Brasil...;

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