Rheum palmatum

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Rheum palmatum
Apothekergarten Seligenstadt Rheum Palmatum Medizinalrhabarber2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Genus: Rheum
Species:
R. palmatum
Binomial name
Rheum palmatum
L.
Rheum palmatum Rheum palmatum MHNT.BOT.2011.3.67.jpg
Rheum palmatum

Rheum palmatum is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family Polygonaceae. It is commonly called Chinese rhubarb, [1] [2] ornamental rhubarb, [3] Turkey rhubarb [2] or East Indian rhubarb. [2]

Contents

Rheum palmatum is a herbaceous perennial related to the edible rhubarb. It is primarily used in traditional medicine, and as an ornamental subject in the garden.

Taxonomy

Agnia Losina-Losinskaja proposed classifying it in the section Palmata in the Flora SSSR in 1936. [4] In the 1998 Flora Republicae popularis Sinicae A. R. Li maintains this classification for this species. [5]

Description

Loosely branched clusters of matured red flowers found on the lobed-leafed Chinese rhubarb. Rheum officinale 002.JPG
Loosely branched clusters of matured red flowers found on the lobed-leafed Chinese rhubarb.
Habit of Rheum palmatum Flikrabarber.JPG
Habit of Rheum palmatum

It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. [6] Its lobed leaves are large, jagged and hand-shaped, growing to 40–60 cm (16–24 in) wide and long, occasionally to 100 cm (39 in). The tiny pink flowers are in panicles up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall. [7] Chinese rhubarb has thick, deep roots. [8]

Similar species

The species Rheum tanguticum is closely related to R. palmatum. [9]

R. palmatum can be distinguished from the garden rhubarb R. × hybridum, by size; while garden rhubarb only grows to around a metre in height, Chinese rhubarb can grow to two metres. [6]

Karyotypy

R. palmatum has a chromosome count of 2n=22. [5]

Distribution

It is native in the regions of western China, northern Tibet, and the Mongolian Plateau. [8]

Folk medicine

The cut-up and dried root of Chinese rhubarb Rhei radix 158233.jpg
The cut-up and dried root of Chinese rhubarb

Rheum tanguticum , Rheum palmatum, R. rhabarbarum and R. officinale and a few others, are all harvested for their roots, which are used as a herbal medicine. [9] Rheum palmatum (or dahuang) is an important crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years. [10]

The dried roots of Chinese rhubarb became one of the most prominent items traded along the Silk Road. [8] Imported roots of various rhubarb species were widely used in Europe for hundreds of years before the identity of the plant was eventually discovered. [8] Some of the common names associated with Rheum palmatum "Russian rhubarb", "Turkey rhubarb", and "Indian rhubarb" are directly affiliated with the trade routes for rhubarb from China. [8]

The root is known for its purported purging effects and suppressing fever. [8] In ancient China, rhubarb root was taken to try to cure stomach ailments and as a "cathartic" (an agent used to relieve constipation), and used as a poultice for "fevers and edema" (swelling caused by fluid retention in the body tissues). [8] It was given its Latin name by Carolus Linnaeus in the year 1759 and first grown in Britain around 1762. [8]

The first International Symposium on Rhubarb was held in China in 1990. Its objective was to verify the scientific data and treatment of Chinese Rhubarb used by Chinese pharmacopoeias. [8]

Health risks

Pregnant women should avoid all intake of the plant since it may cause uterine stimulation. [8] If taken for an extended amount of time, adverse effects include: "hypertrophy of the liver, thyroid, and stomach, as well as nausea, griping, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea." [8]

Though the root of the Chinese rhubarb is a key facet of herbal medicine, its leaves can actually be poisonous if consumed in large amounts due to the oxalic acid content. [8] Patients with "arthritis, kidney problems, inflammatory bowel disease, or intestinal obstruction" should refrain from consumption. [8]

Cultivation

Ornamental use

Rheum officinale 001.JPG

With its large palmate leaves and tall panicles of pink flowers, Rheum palmatum is a bold statement plant for the temperate garden, that grows up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall and broad. It is hardy down to −20 °C (−4 °F). [11] It is propagated by seed in the spring, or by root division in spring or autumn. [9] It grows best in full sunlight in well-drained soil. [9]

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- [12]

Farming as medicinal herb

Since it is the roots and rhizome which serve as this plant's source of medicinal usage, special care is taken in their preparation. [8] When 6–10 years old, the rhizomes of these plants are removed from the ground in the autumn when both its stems and leaves changed to yellow wild. [9] Furthermore, the lateral rootlets and the crown are removed, leaving only the root. [9] Any debris around the root is cleaned off, the coarse exterior bark removed, and the root cut and divided into cube-like pieces to increase its surface area, thereby decreasing the time needed for drying. [8]

References

  1. NRCS. "Rheum palmatum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Eisenreich, Dan (1996–2010). "Rhubarb Botanical Information". The Rhubarb Compendium. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
  3. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. Лозина-Лозинская, Агния Сергеевна (1936). "Rheum". In Комаро́в, Влади́мир Лео́нтьевич (ed.). Flora SSSR, Vol. 5 (in Russian). Moscow: Издателство Академии Наук СССР. pp. 500–501.
  5. 1 2 Ruirui, Liu; Wang, Ailan; Tian, Xinmin; Wang, Dongshi; Liu, Jianquan (2010). "Uniformity of karyotypes in Rheum (Polygonaceae), a species-rich genus in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions". Caryologia Firenze. 63 (1): 82–90. doi: 10.1080/00087114.2010.10589711 . S2CID   86616077 . Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  6. 1 2 "Rheum palmatum in Flora of China @ efloras.org". eFloras.org Home. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
  7. Hogan, Sean (2004). Flora - The Gardener's Bible. Willoughby, New South Wales: Global Book Pub. Pty. Ltd. p. 1141 with photo. ISBN   1-74048-097-X.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foster, Steven (2006). Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. pp. 104–105. ISBN   0-7922-3666-1.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chevallier, Andrew (2000). Natural Health: Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine . New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp.  127. ISBN   0-7894-6783-6.
  10. Piątek, Marcin; Lutz, Matthias; Wang, Yan; Wang, Shengrong; Kellner, Ronny (August 2021). "Thecaphora dahuangis, a new species causing leaf smut disease of the traditional medicinal plant dahuang (Rheum palmatum) in China". Plant Pathology. 70 (6): 1292–1299. doi:10.1111/ppa.13385.
  11. "RHS Plantfinder – Rheum palmatum" . Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  12. "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 84. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  13. "RHS Plantfinder – Rheum 'Ace of Hearts'" . Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  14. "RHS Plantfinder – Rheum palmatum 'Bowles's Crimson" . Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  15. "RHS Plantfinder – Rheum palmatum 'Hadspen Crimson'" . Retrieved 23 September 2018.