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Scoliosis is a condition in which a person's spine has a sideways curve. The curve is usually "S"- or "C"-shaped over three dimensions. In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. Mild scoliosis does not typically cause problems, but more severe cases can affect breathing and movement. Pain is usually present in adults, and can worsen with age. As the condition progresses, it may impact a person's life and hence, can also be considered a disability.
Polydactyly or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly, is an anomaly in humans and animals resulting in supernumerary fingers and/or toes. Polydactyly is the opposite of oligodactyly.
The ankle, or the talocrural region, or the jumping bone (informal) is the area where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.
Clubfoot is a congenital or acquired defect where one or both feet are rotated inward and downward. Congenital clubfoot is the most common congenital malformation of the foot with an incidence of 1 per 1000 births. In approximately 50% of cases, clubfoot affects both feet, but it can present unilaterally causing one leg or foot to be shorter than the other. Most of the time, it is not associated with other problems. Without appropriate treatment, the foot deformity will persist and lead to pain and impaired ability to walk, which can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life.
The navicular bone is a small bone found in the feet of most mammals.
Pes cavus, also known as high arch, is a human foot type in which the sole of the foot is distinctly hollow when bearing weight. That is, there is a fixed plantar flexion of the foot. A high arch is the opposite of a flat foot and is somewhat less common.
Arthrogryposis (AMC) describes congenital joint contracture in two or more areas of the body. It derives its name from Greek, literally meaning 'curving of joints'.
Flat feet, also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. Sometimes children are born with flat feet (congenital). There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the biomechanics of the lower leg. The arch provides an elastic, springy connection between the forefoot and the hind foot so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing on the foot can be dissipated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thigh.
The talus, talus bone, astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus. The tarsus forms the lower part of the ankle joint. It transmits the entire weight of the body from the lower legs to the foot.
Kyphoscoliosis describes an abnormal curvature of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes. It is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis. This musculoskeletal disorder often leads to other issues in patients, such as under-ventilation of lungs, pulmonary hypertension, difficulty in performing day-to-day activities, psychological issues emanating from anxiety about acceptance among peers, especially in young patients. It can also be seen in syringomyelia, Friedreich's ataxia, spina bifida, kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (kEDS), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy due to asymmetric weakening of the paraspinal muscles.
The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is a complex of three ligaments on the underside of the foot that connect the calcaneus with the navicular bone.
Ignacio Ponseti was a Spanish-American physician, specializing in orthopedics. He was born on 3 June 1914 in Menorca, part of the Balearic Islands, Spain, Ponseti was the son of a watchmaker and spent his childhood helping repair watches. This skill was said to eventually contribute to his abilities as an orthopedist. He served three years as a medic during the Spanish Civil War treating orthopedic injuries of wounded soldiers. He left Spain shortly after the end of the war and became a faculty member and practicing physician at the University of Iowa, where he developed his ground-breaking, non-surgical treatment for the clubfoot defect - the Ponseti Method.
The Ponseti method is a manipulative technique that corrects congenital clubfoot without invasive surgery. It was developed by Ignacio V. Ponseti of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, US, in the 1950s, and was repopularized in 2000 by John Herzenberg in the US and Europe and in Africa by NHS surgeon Steve Mannion. It is a standard treatment for clubfoot.
Homeobox D10, also known as HOXD10, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HOXD10 gene.
Trevor disease, also known as dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica and Trevor's disease, is a congenital bone developmental disorder. There is 1 case per million population. The condition is three times more common in males than in females.
An accessory bone or supernumerary bone is a bone that is not normally present in the body, but can be found as a variant in a significant number of people. It poses a risk of being misdiagnosed as bone fractures on radiography.
Children's feet are smaller than those of adults, not reaching full size until the ages of 13 in girls and 15 in boys. There are correspondingly small sizes of shoes for them. In poor populations and tropical countries, children commonly go barefoot.
Constriction ring syndrome (CRS) is a congenital disorder with unknown cause. Because of the unknown cause there are many different, and sometimes incorrect names. It is a malformation due to intrauterine bands or rings that give deep grooves in, most commonly, distal extremities like fingers and toes. In rare cases the constriction ring can form around other parts of the fetus and cause amputation or even intrauterine death. The anatomy proximal to the site of constriction is developmentally normal. CRS can be associated with other malformations with club foot being most common. The precise configuration of the bands, lymphedema, and character of the amputations are not predictable and vary with each individual patient. Also, more than one extremity is usually affected, and it is rare for only one ring to present as an isolated malformation with no other manifestation of this syndrome.
Haglund's syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms consisting of Haglund's deformity in combination with retrocalcaneal bursitis. It is often accompanied by Achilles tendinitis.
Mueller–Weiss syndrome, also known as Mueller–Weiss disease, is a rare idiopathic degenerative disease of the adult navicular bone characterized by progressive collapse and fragmentation, leading to mid- and hindfoot pain and deformity. It is most commonly seen in females, ages 40–60. Characteristic imaging shows lateral navicular collapse. This disease had been historically considered to be a form of adult onset osteonecrosis, with blood flow cutoff to the navicular.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Miller, Mark; Dobbs, Matthew B. (October 2015). "Congenital Vertical Talus". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 23 (10): 604–611. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00034 . PMID 26337950. S2CID 2282828.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 El-Sobky, TA; Samir, S; Mahmoud, S (24 July 2019). "Naviculectomy for two ambulatory children with intractable congenital vertical talus: redefining the indications of an old technique". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B. 29 (4): 387–391. doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000663. PMC 7255489 . PMID 31356503.
- ↑ Gurnett CA, Keppel C, Bick J, Bowcock AM, Dobbs MB (September 2007). "Absence of HOXD10 mutations in idiopathic clubfoot and sporadic vertical talus". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 462: 27–31. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e31805d8649. PMID 17417092. S2CID 28900352.
- ↑ van Bosse, Harold Jacob Pieter (December 2015). "Syndromic Feet". Foot and Ankle Clinics. 20 (4): 619–644. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2015.07.010. PMID 26589082.
- ↑ Yang, Justin S; Dobbs, Matthew B (August 2015). "Treatment of Congenital Vertical Talus: Comparison of Minimally Invasive and Extensive Soft-Tissue Release Procedures at Minimum Five-Year Follow-up". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 97 (16): 1354–1365. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.01002. PMID 26290087.
- 1 2 3 Mosca, Vincent (2014). Principles and management of pediatric foot and ankle deformities and malformations (first ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- 1 2 Laudrin, P.; Wicart, P.; Seringe, R. (September 2007). "Résection de l'os naviculaire pour déformation sévère du médio-pied de l'enfant". Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Réparatrice de l'Appareil Moteur. 93 (5): 478–485. doi:10.1016/s0035-1040(07)90330-x. PMID 17878839.
- 1 2 Clark, MW; D'Ambrosia, RD; Ferguson, AB (September 1977). "Congenital vertical talus: treatment by open reduction and navicular excision". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 59 (6): 816–24. doi:10.2106/00004623-197759060-00016. PMID 908706.
- 1 2 Robbins, H (October 1976). "Naviculectomy for congenital vertical talus". Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases. 37 (2): 77–97. PMID 1028515.
