SPINK1

Last updated
SPINK1
Protein SPINK1 PDB 1cgi.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases SPINK1 , PCTT, PSTI, Spink3, TATI, TCP, serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1, serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1
External IDs OMIM: 167790 MGI: 106202 HomoloGene: 68300 GeneCards: SPINK1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_003122
NM_001354966
NM_001379610

NM_009258

RefSeq (protein)

NP_003113
NP_001341895
NP_001366539

NP_033284

Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 147.82 – 147.83 Mb Chr 18: 43.86 – 43.87 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) also known as serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1) or tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPINK1 gene. [5]

Contents

Mutations in SPINK1 has been associated with hereditary pancreatitis and tropical pancreatitis. Trypsinogen is normally created and stored an inactive zymogen of trypsin in the pancreas, but occasionally will autoactivate itself. PSTI serves to cleave prematurely activated trypsin to prevent the enzyme from causing cellular damage to the organ. Without the function of PSTI, the pancreas is subject to repeated episodes of damage. [6]

It has also been associated with prostate cancer. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trypsin</span> Family of digestive enzymes

Trypsin is an enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules by cutting long chains of amino acids into smaller pieces. It is a serine protease from the PA clan superfamily, found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyzes proteins. Trypsin is formed in the small intestine when its proenzyme form, the trypsinogen produced by the pancreas, is activated. Trypsin cuts peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine. It is used for numerous biotechnological processes. The process is commonly referred to as trypsinogen proteolysis or trypsinization, and proteins that have been digested/treated with trypsin are said to have been trypsinized. Trypsin was discovered in 1876 by Wilhelm Kühne and was named from the Ancient Greek word for rubbing since it was first isolated by rubbing the pancreas with glycerin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic pancreatitis</span> Medical condition

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that alters the organ's normal structure and functions. It can present as episodes of acute inflammation in a previously injured pancreas, or as chronic damage with persistent pain or malabsorption. It is a disease process characterized by irreversible damage to the pancreas as distinct from reversible changes in acute pancreatitis. Tobacco smoke and alcohol misuse are two of the most frequently implicated causes, and the two risk factors are thought to have a synergistic effect with regards to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer.

Trypsinogen is the precursor form of trypsin, a digestive enzyme. It is produced by the pancreas and found in pancreatic juice, along with amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved to its active form, trypsin, by enteropeptidase, which is found in the intestinal mucosa. Once activated, the trypsin can cleave more trypsinogen into trypsin, a process called autoactivation. Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine.

A trypsin inhibitor (TI) is a protein and a type of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that reduces the biological activity of trypsin by controlling the activation and catalytic reactions of proteins. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of many different proteins, primarily as part of digestion in humans and other animals such as monogastrics and young ruminants. Serpins – including trypsin inhibitors – are irreversible and suicide substrate-like inhibitors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hereditary pancreatitis</span> Medical condition

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is an inflammation of the pancreas due to genetic causes. It was first described in 1952 by Comfort and Steinberg but it was not until 1996 that Whitcomb et al isolated the first responsible mutation in the trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) on the long arm of chromosome seven (7q35).

Pancreatic elastase is a form of elastase that is produced in the acinar cells of the pancreas, initially produced as an inactive zymogen and later activated in the duodenum by trypsin. Elastases form a subfamily of serine proteases, characterized by a distinctive structure consisting of two beta barrel domains converging at the active site that hydrolyze amides and esters amongst many proteins in addition to elastin, a type of connective tissue that holds organs together. Pancreatic elastase 1 is a serine endopeptidase, a specific type of protease that has the amino acid serine at its active site. Although the recommended name is pancreatic elastase, it can also be referred to as elastase-1, pancreatopeptidase, PE, or serine elastase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trypsin 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Trypsin-1, also known as cationic trypsinogen, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRSS1 gene. Trypsin-1 is the main isoform of trypsinogen secreted by pancreas, the others are trypsin-2, and trypsin-3 (meso-trypsinogen).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SLPI</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Antileukoproteinase, also known as secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLPI gene. SLPI is a highly cationic single-chain protein with eight intramolecular disulfide bonds. It is found in large quantities in bronchial, cervical, and nasal mucosa, saliva, and seminal fluids. SLPI inhibits human leukocyte elastase, human cathepsin G, human trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and mast cell chymase. X-ray crystallography has shown that SLPI has two homologous domains of 53 and 54 amino acids, one of which exhibits anti-protease activity. The other domain is not known to have any function.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SPINT2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 2 is an enzyme inhibitor that in humans is encoded by the SPINT2 gene. SPINT2 is a transmembrane protein with two extracellular Kunitz domains to inhibit serine proteases. This gene is a presumed tumor suppressor by inhibiting HGF activator which prevents the formation of active hepatocyte growth factor. Mutations in SPINT2 could result in congenital sodium diarrhea (CSD).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serine protease HTRA1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine protease HTRA1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HTRA1 gene. The HTRA1 protein is composed of four distinct protein domains. They are from amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus an Insulin-like growth factor binding domain, a kazal domain, a trypsin-like peptidase domain and a PDZ domain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LEKTI</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) also known as serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPINK5 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KLK14</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Kallikrein-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK14 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CELA3B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B also known as elastase-3B, protease E, or fecal elastase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CELA3B gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NRSN1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Neurensin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRSN1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SPINK2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2 also known as acrosin-trypsin inhibitor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPINK2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CELA1</span> Enzyme-encoding gene in humans

Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 1 (CELA1) also known as elastase-1 (ELA1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CELA1 gene. Elastases form a subfamily of serine proteases that hydrolyze many proteins in addition to elastin. Humans have six elastase genes which encode the structurally similar proteins elastase 1, 2, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chymotrypsin-C</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Chymotrypsin C, also known as caldecrin or elastase 4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTRC gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazal domain</span>

The Kazal domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain usually indicative of serine protease inhibitors. However, kazal-like domains are also seen in the extracellular part of agrins, which are not known to be protease inhibitors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PRSS2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protease, serine, 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRSS2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PRSS3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protease, serine, 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRSS3 gene.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164266 Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024503 Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: SPINK1 serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1".
  6. Schneider, A. "SPINK1 - serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1". Wikigenes.
  7. Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Yu J, Varambally S, Mehra R, Perner S, et al. (Jun 2008). "The role of SPINK1 in ETS rearrangement-negative prostate cancers". Cancer Cell. 13 (6): 519–28. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.016. PMC   2732022 . PMID   18538735.

Further reading