Sales tax

Last updated

A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.

Contents

Federal Sales Taxes Federal Sales Taxes.png
Federal Sales Taxes

When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax, such as food, education, and medicines. A value-added tax (VAT) collected on goods and services is related to a sales tax. See Comparison with sales tax for key differences.

Types

Cash register receipt showing sales tax of 8.5% Receipt California restaurant 2006.jpg
Cash register receipt showing sales tax of 8.5%

Conventional or retail sales tax is levied on the sale of a good to its final end-user and is charged every time that item is sold retail. Sales to businesses that later resell the goods are not charged the tax. A purchaser who is not an end-user is usually issued a "resale certificate" by the taxing authority and required to provide the certificate (or its ID number) to a seller at the point of purchase, along with a statement that the item is for resale. The tax is otherwise charged on each item sold to purchasers without such a certificate and who are under the jurisdiction of the taxing authority. [1] [2]

Other types of sales taxes, or similar taxes:

Most countries in the world have sales taxes or value-added taxes at all or several of the national, state, county, or city government levels. [11] Countries in Western Europe, especially in Scandinavia, have some of the world's highest valued-added taxes. Norway, Denmark and Sweden have higher VATs at 25%, Hungary has the highest at 27% [12] [13] although reduced rates are used in some cases, as for groceries, art, books and newspapers. [14]

In some jurisdictions of the United States, there are multiple levels of government which each impose a sales tax. For example, sales tax in Chicago (Cook County), IL is 10.25%, consisting of 6.25% state, 1.25% city, 1.75% county and 1% regional transportation authority. Chicago also has the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority tax on food and beverage of 1% (which means eating out is taxed at 11.25%). [15]

For Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the tax is 9.45%, which is 4.45% state & 5% local. [16] In Los Angeles it is 9.5%, which is 7.25% state & 2.25% county.

Sales and use taxes in California are made up of various state, county and city taxes. The state tax is "imposed upon all retailers" for the "privilege of selling tangible personal property at retail". [17] Strictly speaking, only the retailer is responsible for the payment of the tax; when a retailer adds this tax to the purchase price, the consumer is merely reimbursing the retailer by contractual agreement. When consumers purchase goods from out-of-state (in which case the seller owes no tax to California) the consumer is required to pay a "use tax" identical to the sales tax. Use tax is levied upon the "storage, use, or other consumption in this state of tangible personal property". [18] Consumers are responsible for declaring these purchases in the same filing as their annual state income tax, but it is rare for them to do so. An exception is out-of-state purchase of automobiles. Then, use tax is collected by the state as part of registering the vehicle in California.

The global trend has been for conventional sales taxes to be replaced by more broadly based value-added taxes. Value-added taxes provide an estimated 20% of worldwide tax revenue and have been adopted by more than 140 countries. The United States is now one of the few countries to retain conventional sales taxes. [19]

Electronic commerce

Sales tax on online purchasers operates in a different manner. Generally, there are four types of electronic commerce: intermediaries, retail, business-to-business and media, all of which are affected by consumer response to sales tax. However, while consumers are technically supposed to pay a sales tax when it comes to cross state border transactions, the practicality of enforcing it is impossible. As a result, online retail stores have had a distinct advantage in that they do not have to charge a sales tax. That has led many economists to examine consumer sensitivity when it comes to sales taxes. While some researchers have concluded a high elasticity of online purchase probability with respect to sales tax at around 2.3, others have found smaller figures of around 0.5.[ citation needed ] That means that enforcing an online sales tax would have negligible effects on aggregate sales.

Effects

Economists at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development studied the effects of various types of taxes on the economic growth of developed nations within the OECD and found that sales taxes are one of the least harmful taxes for growth. [20]

Because the rate of a sales tax does not change based on a person's income or wealth, sales taxes are generally considered regressive. However, it has been suggested that any regressive effect of a sales tax could be mitigated, e.g., by excluding rent, or by exempting "necessary" items, such as food, clothing and medicines. [21] Investopedia defines a regressive tax as "[a] tax that takes a larger percentage from low-income people than from high-income people. A regressive tax is generally a tax that is applied uniformly. This means that it hits lower-income individuals harder".

Effects on local economies

Higher sales taxes have been shown to have many different effects on local economies. With higher taxes, more consumers are starting to reconsider where they shop, [22] according to a study conducted in Minnesota and Wisconsin, [23] where the sales tax was raised on cigarettes. Effects of higher sales tax were not shown immediately in sales, but about six months after the taxes were raised. [23] High sales taxes can be used to relieve property taxes but only when property taxes are lowered subsequently. [24] Studies that have shown this correlation were conducted in Georgia by cities raising sales tax and lowering property taxes. To combat sales loss, a city must be able to import consumers to buy goods locally. [23] If local sales taxes are too high, consumers will travel to other areas to purchase goods.

Enforcement of tax on remote sales

In the United States, every state with a sales tax law has a use tax component in that law applying to purchases from out-of-state mail order, catalog and e-commerce vendors, a category also known as "remote sales". [25] As e-commerce sales have grown in recent years, noncompliance with use tax has had a growing impact on state revenues. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that uncollected use taxes on remote sales in 2003 could be as high as $20.4 billion. Uncollected use tax on remote sales was projected to run as high as $54.8 billion for 2011. [26]

Enforcement of the tax on remote sales, however, is difficult. Unless the vendor has a physical location, or nexus, within a state, the vendor cannot be required to collect tax for that state. [25] This limitation was defined as part of the Dormant Commerce Clause by the Supreme Court in the 1967 decision on National Bellas Hess v. Illinois. An attempt to require a Delaware e-commerce vendor to collect North Dakota tax was overturned by the court in the 1992 decision on Quill Corp. v. North Dakota. [26] A number of observers and commentators have argued, so far unsuccessfully, for a Congressional adoption of this physical presence nexus test. [27]

The Internet Tax Freedom Act of 1998 established a commission to study the possibility of internet taxation, but the commission did not make any formal recommendations. In a report issued in 2003, the Congressional Budget Office warned of the economic burden of a "multiplicity of tax systems, particularly for smaller firms". [26]

In an effort to reduce the burden of compliance with the tax laws of multiple jurisdictions, the Streamlined Sales Tax Project was organized in March 2000. Cooperative efforts in this project by 44 state governments and the District of Columbia eventually produced the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement in 2010. [28] This agreement establishes standards necessary for simplified and uniform sales tax laws. As of December 2010, 24 states had passed legislation conforming with the agreement. Whether the Streamlined Sales Tax can actually be applied to remote sales ultimately depends upon Congressional support, because the 1992 Quill v. North Dakota decision determined that only the U.S. Congress has the authority to enact interstate taxes. [29]

Effect of electronic commerce

Electronic commerce business can also be affected by consumption taxes. [30] It can be separated into four categories: retail, intermediaries, business-to-business and media (Goldfarb 2008). These categories were affected varying degrees. The intermediaries were affected by the retail sales tax since it provides platforms for transitions between different parties (such as the Amazon marketplace). Business-to-Business transactions will be placed in different circumstances by whether the case will be taxed in the US. Electronic commerce goods are usually not taxed the same especially across the stats in the US. Different states have their own sales tax regulations, for example, some states use their standard sales taxes law for the digital goods, and some of the states have specific laws for them. It is difficult to enforce the taxes on electronic commerce especially for digital goods that trade across different countries.

The effect that a sales tax has on consumer and producer behavior is rather large. The price elasticity of demand for online products is high, meaning that consumers are price sensitive and their demand will significantly change with small changes in price. This means that the tax burden lies primarily with the producer. To avoid altering demand, the producer will either avoid the tax if possible by relocating their fulfillment centers to areas without a high sales tax or they will internalize the cost of the sales tax by charging consumers the same price but paying for the tax from their profits. [31]

History

Early examples

A tax imposed on the sale of goods is depicted on the walls of Egyptians tombs, which have been dated as far back as 2000 BC. These paintings describe the collection of tax for specific commodities, such as cooking oil. [32]

Sales tax amounts, measured in drachmas at a rate of one percent, were recorded in a separate column of a record prepared for the auction of 16 slaves in Piraeus, Greece in 415 BC. [33] Nearby Athens collected duties on the import and export of commodities, recorded at a rate of two percent in 399 BC. At that period of time, Athens did not rely on government agencies to collect its taxes; the responsibility was delegated to the highest bidder, a practice known as tax farming. [34]

The Roman emperor Augustus collected funds for his military aerarium in AD 6 with a one percent general sales tax, known as the centesima rerum venalium (hundredth of the value of everything sold). [35] The Roman sales tax was later reduced to a half percent (ducentesima) by Tiberius, then abolished completely by Caligula. [36]

In the United States

Although the United States government has never used a general sales tax, an excise tax on whiskey enacted in 1791 was one of its first fund raising efforts. The unpopularity of this tax with farmers on the western frontier led to the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.

Federal and state sales taxes in the United States remained selective, rather than general, through the 19th century. However, excise taxes were applied to so many specific commodities during the Civil War that they functioned collectively as a general sales tax. [32]

The first broad-based, general sales taxes in the United States were enacted by Kentucky and Mississippi in 1930, although Kentucky repealed its sales tax in 1936.

The federal government's per-gallon tax of gasoline (beginning at one cent per gallon in 1932) and per-package tax of cigarettes ($1.01 per package since 2009) are the most well-known current sales taxes administered by the federal government.

Twenty-two other states began imposing general sales taxes later in the 1930s, followed by six in the 1940s and five in the 1950s. Kentucky re-enacted its sales tax law in 1960. Eleven more states enacted sales tax laws during the 1960s, with Vermont as the last in 1969. Five states currently do not have general sales taxes: Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon. [32]

The 2010 health care reform law imposed a 10 percent federal sales tax on indoor tanning services, effective July 1, 2010. Unlike previous federal excise taxes, this tax is collected directly from the consumer by the seller and based on the sale price rather than a quantity. However, the new tax is selective rather than general, applying only to a specific service. [37] [38]

In Canada

Canada uses a value-added federal Goods and Services Tax with a rate of 5 percent, effective since January 1, 2008. [39] Alberta, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut have no territorial sales taxes, so only the GST is collected. Other provinces have either a Provincial Sales Tax (PST) or the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), which is a single, blended combination of the GST and PST.

Sales tax mitigation

Businesses can reduce the impact of sales tax for themselves and their customers by planning for the tax consequences of all activities. Sales tax reduction or mitigation strategies can include the following:

See also

Related Research Articles

A tax is a mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on a taxpayer by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to regulate and reduce negative externalities. Tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behavior aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are paying the right amount of tax at the right time and securing the correct tax allowances and tax relief. The first known taxation occurred in Ancient Egypt around 3000–2800 BC. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as labor equivalent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wholesaling</span> Sale of goods or merchandise to retailers rather than end consumers

Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services. In general, it is the sale of goods in bulk to anyone, either a person or an organization, other than the end consumer of that merchandise. Wholesaling is buying goods in bulk quantity, usually directly from the manufacturer or source, at a discounted rate. The retailer then sells the goods to the end consumer at a higher price making a profit.

The goods and services tax is a value added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991, by the government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. The GST, which is administered by Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), replaced a previous hidden 13.5% manufacturers' sales tax (MST).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">List price</span> Price that the manufacturer recommends for a retailer to charge

The list price, also known as the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP), or the recommended retail price (RRP), or the suggested retail price (SRP) of a product is the price at which its manufacturer notionally recommends that a retailer sell the product.

A fuel tax is an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuel. In most countries the fuel tax is imposed on fuels which are intended for transportation. Fuel tax receipts are often dedicated or hypothecated to transportation projects, in which case the fuel tax can be considered a user fee. In other countries, the fuel tax is a source of general revenue. Sometimes, a fuel tax is used as an ecotax, to promote ecological sustainability. Fuel taxes are often considered by government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service as regressive taxes.

FairTax is a fixed rate sales tax proposal introduced as bill H.R. 25 in the United States Congress every year since 2005. The Fair Tax Act calls for elimination of the Internal Revenue Service and repeal the 16th Amendment to the Constitution. H.R. 25 would eliminate all federal income taxes, payroll taxes, gift taxes, and estate taxes, replacing federal taxes with a single consumption tax levied on retail sales.

Excise tax in the United States is an indirect tax on listed items. Excise taxes can be and are made by federal, state, and local governments and are not uniform throughout the United States. Certain goods, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, alcohol, and tobacco products, are taxed by multiple governments simultaneously. Some excise taxes are collected from the producer or retailer and not paid directly by the consumer, and as such, often remain "hidden" in the price of a product or service rather than being listed separately.

An ad valorem tax is a tax whose amount is based on the value of a transaction or of a property. It is typically imposed at the time of a transaction, as in the case of a sales tax or value-added tax (VAT). An ad valorem tax may also be imposed annually, as in the case of a real or personal property tax, or in connection with another significant event. In some countries, a stamp duty is imposed as an ad valorem tax.

A use tax is a type of tax levied in the United States by numerous state governments. It is essentially the same as a sales tax but is applied not where a product or service was sold but where a merchant bought a product or service and then converted it for its own use, without having paid tax when it was initially purchased. Use taxes are functionally equivalent to sales taxes. They are typically levied upon the use, storage, enjoyment, or other consumption in the state of tangible personal property that has not been subjected to a sales tax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indirect tax</span> Type of tax

An indirect tax is a tax that is levied upon goods and services before they reach the customer who ultimately pays the indirect tax as a part of market price of the good or service purchased. Alternatively, if the entity who pays taxes to the tax collecting authority does not suffer a corresponding reduction in income, i.e., the effect and tax incidence are not on the same entity meaning that tax can be shifted or passed on, then the tax is indirect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duty-free shop</span> Type of retail outlet

A duty-free shop or store is a retail outlet whose goods are exempt from the payment of certain local or national taxes and duties, on the requirement that the goods will be sold to travelers who will take them out of the country, who will then pay duties and taxes in their destination country. Which products can be sold duty-free vary by jurisdiction, as well as how they can be sold, and the process of calculating the duty or refunding the duty component.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sales taxes in the United States</span>

Sales taxes in the United States are taxes placed on the sale or lease of goods and services in the United States. Sales tax is governed at the state level and no national general sales tax exists. 45 states, the District of Columbia, the territories of Puerto Rico, and Guam impose general sales taxes that apply to the sale or lease of most goods and some services, and states also may levy selective sales taxes on the sale or lease of particular goods or services. States may grant local governments the authority to impose additional general or selective sales taxes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tax-free shopping</span>

Tax-free shopping (TFS) is the buying of goods in another country or state and obtaining a refund of the sales tax which has been collected by the retailer on those goods. The sales tax may be variously described as a sales tax, goods and services tax (GST), value added tax (VAT), or consumption tax.

A gross receipts tax or gross excise tax is a tax on the total gross revenues of a company, regardless of their source. A gross receipts tax is often compared to a sales tax; the difference is that a gross receipts tax is levied upon the seller of goods or services, while a sales tax is nominally levied upon the buyer. This is compared to other taxes listed as separate line items on billings, are not directly included in the listed price of the item, and are not a factor in markup or profit on company sales. A gross receipts tax has a pyramid effect that increases the actual taxable percentage as it passes through the product or service lifecycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Excise</span> Goods tax levied at the moment of manufacture rather than sale

An excise, or excise tax, is any duty on manufactured goods that is normally levied at the moment of manufacture for internal consumption rather than at sale. It is therefore a fee that must be paid in order to consume certain products. Excises are often associated with customs duties, which are levied on pre-existing goods when they cross a designated border in a specific direction; customs are levied on goods that become taxable items at the border, while excise is levied on goods that came into existence inland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Union value added tax</span> EU-wide goods and services tax policy

The European Union value-added tax is a value added tax on goods and services within the European Union (EU). The EU's institutions do not collect the tax, but EU member states are each required to adopt in national legislation a value added tax that complies with the EU VAT code. Different rates of VAT apply in different EU member states, ranging from 17% in Luxembourg to 27% in Hungary. The total VAT collected by member states is used as part of the calculation to determine what each state contributes to the EU's budget.

Digital goods are software programs, music, videos or other electronic files that users download exclusively from the Internet. Some digital goods are free, others are available for a fee. The taxation of digital goods and/or services, sometimes referred to as digital tax and/or a digital services tax, is gaining popularity across the globe.

The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven Emirates, with autonomous federal and local governments. The UAE has historically been a low-tax jurisdiction. The federal government and local governments are entitled to levy taxes on citizens and companies. The federal government currently levies a value added tax, corporate income tax, and excise taxes. Some emirates levy property, transfer, excise and tourism taxes. Some emirates also charge corporate taxes on oil companies and foreign banks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marketplace Fairness Act</span>

The Marketplace Fairness Act was a proposed legislation pending in the United States Congress that would enable state governments to collect sales taxes and use taxes from remote retailers with no physical presence in their state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Value-added tax</span> Form of consumption tax

A value-added tax is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution. VAT is similar to, and is often compared with, a sales tax. VAT is an indirect tax, because the consumer who ultimately bears the burden of the tax is not the entity that pays it. Specific goods and services are typically exempted in various jurisdictions.

References

  1. 1 2 Purchases for Resale Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Maryland State Comptroller's website. Retrieved 2010-05-19
  2. ↑ "Business tax tip #4: If You Make Purchases for Resale" (PDF). Maryland Comptroller of the Treasury. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  3. ↑ Manufacturers," wholesale and retail sale taxes
  4. ↑ Chamberlain, Andrew; Fleenor, Patrick (2006-12-01). "Tax Pyramiding: The Economic Consequences of Gross Receipts Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  5. ↑ "Excise essentials". Australian Taxation Office. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  6. ↑ Nina Manzi (June 2010). "Use Tax Collection on Income Tax Returns in Other States" (PDF). Policy Brief. Minnesota House of Representatives Research Department. p. 4. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  7. ↑ Thom Hartmann (September 26, 2008). "How Wall Street Can Bail Itself Out Without Destroying The Dollar". CommonDreams.org. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Value added tax". Government Spokesperson’s Office, Principality of Liechtenstein. Archived from the original on April 18, 2005. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  9. ↑ Laurence J. Kotlikoff (March 7, 2005). "The Case for the 'FairTax'" (PDF). The Wall Street Journal. p. A18. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  10. ↑ "What is turnover tax and how does it work?". Turnover Tax for Small Business. South African Revenue Service. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  11. ↑ "VATGlobal". Archived from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  12. ↑ VAT Rates Applied in the Member States of the European Community European Commission Taxation and Customs Union (2009-7-1), retrieved 2009-12-7
  13. ↑ Guide to Value Added Tax in Norway Archived 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine Skatteetaten (2009-4-7), retrieved 2009-12-7
  14. ↑ Julia Kollewe (June 28, 2010). "How to beat the VAT hike on groceries". Wallet Pop UK. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  15. ↑ Tax Rate Finder Illinois Revenue official website, retrieved 2009-12-7
  16. ↑ Sales and Use Tax Rates effective 7/1/2009 Archived 2010-02-20 at the Wayback Machine East Baton Rouge Parish, retrieved 2009-12-7
  17. ↑ "Chapter 2: Imposition and rate of sales tax". Sales and Use Tax Law. California State Board of Equalization. 2011. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Chapter 3: Imposition and rate of use tax". Sales and Use Tax Law. California State Board of Equalization. 2001. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  19. ↑ Kathryn James. "Exploring the Origins and Global Rise of VAT" (PDF). The VAT Reader. Tax Analysts. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  20. ↑ "America the Uncompetitive". Wall Street Journal editorial. August 15, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  21. ↑ Carl Davis; Kelly Davis; Matthew Gardner; Robert S. McIntyre; Jeff McLynch; All Sapozhnikov (November 2009). "Who Pays? A distributed analysis of the tax systems in all 50 states, 3rd edition" (PDF). The Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  22. ↑ Luna, L (2004). "Local Sales Tax Competition and the Effect on County Governments Tax Rates and Tax Bases". The Journal of the American Taxation Association: 43–61.
  23. 1 2 3 Armato, M (2015). Higher price, fewer packs: Evaluating a tobacco tax increase with cigarette sales data. American Journal of Public Health. p. 2.
  24. ↑ Jung, Changhoon (2001). "Does the Local-Option Sales Tax Provide Property Tax Relief? The Georgia Case". Public Budgeting & Finance. 21: 73–83. doi:10.1111/0275-1100.00037.
  25. 1 2 "Facts on Internet and Mail Order Purchases". Michigan Department of Treasury. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  26. 1 2 3 "Economic Issues in Taxing Internet and Mail-Order Sales" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. October 2003. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  27. ↑ See, for example, Sidney S. Silhan, If It Ain't Broke Don't Fix It: An Argument for the Codification of the Quill Standard for Taxing Internet Commerce 76 Chi. - Kent. L. Rev. 671 (2000), setting forth reasons for maintaining the existing standard.
  28. ↑ "Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement". Streamlined Sales Tax Governing Board, Inc. December 13, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Streamlined Sales Tax Governing Board, Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  30. ↑ Fong, Nathan M. (2012). "Sales Tax and Electronic Commerce". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–10. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2947-1. ISBN   978-1-349-95121-5.
  31. ↑ Fong, Nathan M. (2012). "Sales Tax and Electronic Commerce". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 2–6.
  32. 1 2 3 William F. Fox (March 13, 2002). "History and Economic Impact: Sales Tax History" (PDF). University of Tennessee Knoxville, Center for Business and Economic Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  33. ↑ Dillon, Matthew & Garland, Lynda (2010). Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander the Great, 3rd Edition. Routledge, New York. p. 188. ISBN   978-0-203-85455-6 . Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  34. ↑ Dillon and Garland, p. 41
  35. ↑ S. Percy R. Chadwick (January–December 1918). "Some Roman Trade Routes Along the Pathway of the Great War". The Historical Outlook: The History Teacher's Magazine. Vol. IX. McKinley Publishing Company, New York. p. 193. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  36. ↑ Leonhard Schmitz (1875). "Vectigalia". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. John Murray, London. p. 1184. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  37. ↑ Tax Provisions in the Health Care Act AICPA Journal of Accountancy, retrieved 2010-04-02
  38. ↑ H.R. 3590 Sec. 10907 Archived 2010-04-03 at the Wayback Machine HealthReformStat, retrieved 2010-04-02
  39. ↑ Agency, Canada Revenue (2017-06-22). "The 2008 GST/HST Rate Reduction". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  40. ↑ What is included in the taxable price? Archived 2001-06-18 at the Wayback Machine Maryland State Comptroller's website. Retrieved 2010-05-19
  41. ↑ Healy, John C. & Schadewald, Michael S. (2008). Multistate Corporate Tax Guide 2009, Volume II Sales/Use Tax. CCH Group. p. 373. ISBN   978-0-8080-9229-2 . Retrieved April 14, 2011.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.