Samadera

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Samadera
Quassia indica 15.JPG
Flowers of Samadera indica (syn. Quassia indica)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Simaroubaceae
Genus: Samadera
Gaertn.
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • BiporeiaThouars in Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 14 (1806)
  • HyptiandraHook.f. in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 293 (1862)
  • LocandiAdans. in Fam. Pl. 2: 449 (1763)
  • ManungalaBlanco in Fl. Filip.: 306 (1837)
  • MauduitaComm. ex DC. in Prodr. 1: 592 (1824), not validly publ.
  • NiotaLam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1: t. 299 (1792), nom. illeg.
  • SamanduraL. ex Baill. in Hist. Pl. 4: 491 (1873), orth. var.
  • VitmanniaVahl in Symb. Bot. 3: 51 (1794), nom. superfl.

Samadera is a genus of four species of plants belonging to the family Simaroubaceae in the order Sapindales. Its range is from eastern Africa through tropical Asia to eastern Australia. [1]

Contents

Type species: Samadera indica Gaertn

Description

Plants in this genus are large or small trees with simple leaves. The flowers are bisexual, produced in axillary or terminal umbels. The calyces (collective name for the sepals) are small, 3-5 partite (divided into parts) and imbricate (overlapping each other). The 3-5 petals are much longer than the calyx, they are coriaceous (leather-like, stiff and tough) and imbricate. The flower disk is large, conical, with 8-10 stamens, including in the corolla, with a small scale at the base. The stigmas are acute and the ovules are solitary and pendulous. The fruit (or seed capsule) consists of 1-5 large dry compressed 1 seeded drupes (stone fruit), each with a narrow unilateral wing. [2] [ failed verification ] [3]

Taxonomy

It was first published and described by German Botanist Joseph Gaertner (1732–1791) in his seminal book De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum vol.2 on page 352 in 1791. [1] [4]

The species was later placed in the section Samadera of the Simaroubaceae by Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) in 1962 (published in 1963), as Quassia indica, along with Samadera harmandiana as Quassia harmandiana. Nooteboom had taken a very broad view of the genus Quassia L. and included therein various genera including, Hannoa Planch., Odyendyea (Pierre) Engl., Pierreodendron Engl., Samadera Gaertn., Simaba Aubl. and Simarouba Aubl. . [5] [6]

In 2007, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses was carried out on members of the Simaroubaceae family. It found that genus Samadera was a sister to Clade V and that genus Quassia was also a sister to Clade V but they had separate lineages. This suggested the splitting up of genera Quassia again, with all Nooteboom's synonyms listed above being resurrected as independent genera. This includes Samadera indicaGaertn. as the accepted name for Quassia indica. The ornamental Quassia amara L., which is occasionally planted in Singapore, remains in genus Quassia. [7]

Genus Samadera is agreed name by various authors including Klaus Kubitzki, [8] Devecchi et al 2018, [9] and Pirani et al 2021. [10]

It is listed as a possible synonym of Quassia L. by GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service), [11] and by World Flora Online. [12]

Etymology

The genus name of Samadera is derived from the New Latin, from Sinhalese word samadarā, a tree of Ceylon. [13] [14]

Species

It has 4 known species; [1]

Tropicos lists 5 known species; Samadera harmandianaPierre, Samadera indicaGaertn., Samadera lucida(Wall.) Planch., Samadera madagascariensisA. Juss. and Samadera tetrapetala(Poir.) G. Don. [17]

Distribution

The genus is native to Tanzania (including Pemba Island), Comoros, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, the Caroline Islands, New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and eastern Australia (New South Wales and Queensland). [1] [2] [ failed verification ] [16]

Habitat

Samadera indica for example, occurs in lowland tropical forest and peat swamp forest. at an altitude of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. [18]

While Samadera bidwillii is commonly found in Queensland, Australia within lowland rainforest often with species Araucaria cunninghamii or on the edges of rain-forests, but it can also be found in other forest types, such as open forest and woodland, it is commonly found in areas adjacent to both temporary and permanent watercourses. At an altitude of 510 m (1,670 ft) above sea level. [16]

Conservation

Samadera indica (Quassia indica) was assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2019. Samadera indica is listed as least concern (LC). [18]

Samadera bidwillii is listed in Australia as vulnerable under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and vulnerable under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992. Due to threats to its habitat, such as clearing as a result of a range of activities including agriculture, forestry, urban development and recreational activities. The spread of non-native species such as lantana ( Lantana camara ) and exotic grasses, including guinea grass ( Megathyrsus maximus ) and Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana ), may also threaten populations of Samadera bidwillii. [16]

Uses

Some species such as Samadera indica are gathered from the wild and are used medicinally in local folk medicines and also used to produce insecticides. [19] The wood of the tree is used locally for example in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia, where it is used for making knife-handles. [18]

In the state of Kerala, India species Samadera indica has found to have anti-tumor, [20] antifeedant, [21] phytotoxic, [22] antiviral, [23] anthelmintic, [24] and anti-malarial activities, [25] growth regulating activities, [26] and antioxidant,[ citation needed ] and antimicrobial activities. [27] It was used to vitiate diseases such as vata, kapha, arthritis, constipation, and skin diseases like leprosy, scabies, pruritus, and erysipelas. [28]

A methanolic extract of Samadera indica can be used to treat skin diseases. [28]

Related Research Articles

<i>Quassia</i> Genus of plants in the Simaroubaceae family found in the tropics of the world

Quassia is a plant genus in the family Simaroubaceae. Its size is disputed; some botanists treat it as consisting of only one species, Quassia amara from tropical South America, while others treat it in a wide circumscription as a pantropical genus containing up to 40 species of trees and shrubs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simaroubaceae</span> Family of plants

The Simaroubaceae are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phylogeny of the family was published in 2007, greatly clarifying relationships within the family. Together with chemical characteristics such as the occurrence of petroselinic acid in Picrasma, in contrast to other members of the family such as Ailanthus, this indicates the existence of a subgroup in the family with Picrasma, Holacantha, and Castela.

<i>Quassia amara</i> Species of tree

Quassia amara, also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitter-wood, or hombre grande is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. Q. amara is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry.

<i>Monoon longifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Monoon longifolium, the false ashoka, also commonly known by its synonym Polyalthia longifolia, is an Asian small tree species in the family Annonaceae. It is native to southern India and Sri Lanka, but has been widely introduced elsewhere in tropical Asia. This evergreen tree is known to grow over 20 m. in height and is commonly planted due to its effectiveness in alleviating noise pollution. It exhibits symmetrical pyramidal growth with willowy weeping pendulous branches and long narrow lanceolate leaves with undulate margins.

<i>Talinum paniculatum</i> Species of shrub

Talinum paniculatum is a succulent subshrub in the family Talinaceae that is native to much of North and South America, and the Caribbean countries. It is commonly known as fameflower, Jewels-of-Opar, or pink baby's-breath.

<i>Angophora costata</i> Species of tree

Angophora costata, commonly known as Sydney red gum, rusty gum or smooth-barked apple, is a species of tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. Reaching 30 m (100 ft) in height, the species has distinctive smooth bark that is pinkish or orange-brown when new and fades to grey with age. Its lance-shaped leaves are arranged in opposite pairs along the stems, with white or creamy white flowers appearing from October to December. The flower buds are usually arranged in groups of three, followed by ribbed, oval or bell-shaped fruit.

<i>Leptospermum laevigatum</i> Species of plant

Leptospermum laevigatum, commonly known as the coast tea tree, is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia, but has been widely introduced in other places where it is often considered to be a weed. It has thin, rough bark on the older stems, narrow egg-shaped leaves, relatively large white flowers and flat topped fruit that is shed shortly after reaching maturity.

<i>Corymbia gummifera</i> Species of plant

Corymbia gummifera, commonly known as red bloodwood, is a species of tree, rarely a mallee, that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, tessellated bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

Hannoa is a genus of plant in the family Simaroubaceae. Found in tropical parts of Africa.

Pierreodendron is a genus of plants in the family Simaroubaceae.

<i>Eleusine</i> Genus of grasses

Eleusine is a genus of Asian, African, and South American plants in the grass family, sometimes called by the common name goosegrass. One species, Eleusine indica, is a widespread weed in many places. Another species, Eleusine coracana, is finger millet, cultivated as a cereal grain in India and parts of Africa.

<i>Aegiceras</i> Genus of flowering plants

Aegiceras is a genus of trees and shrubs from Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific Island,. and in Australia, in the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia. They occur as mangroves in coastal or estuarine areas.

Disparago is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Simarouba</i> Family of shrubs and trees

Simarouba is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Simaroubaceae, native to the neotropics. It has been grouped in the subtribe Simaroubina along with the Simaba and Quassia genera. They have compound leaves, with between 1 and 12 pairs of alternate pinnate leaflets. Their flowers are unisexual, relatively small and arranged in large panicles. Plants are dioecious, bearing only male or female flowers. The individual flowers have between 4 and 6 sepals and petals and between 8 and 12 stamens. The fruit is a carpophore and has up to 5 drupaceous mericarps.

<i>Castela emoryi</i> Species of plant

Castela emoryi, with the common names crucifixion thorn, Emory's crucifixion-thorn, and Spanish: chaparro amargosa, is a shrub species in the genus Castela of the family Simaroubaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antifeedant</span>

Antifeedants are organic compounds produced by plants to repel herbivores through distaste or toxicity. These chemical compounds are typically classified as secondary metabolites in that they are not essential for the metabolism of the plant, but instead confer longevity. Antifeedants exhibit a wide range of activities and chemical structures as biopesticides. Examples include rosin, which inhibits attack on trees, and many alkaloids, which are highly toxic to specific insect species, such as quassinoids against the diamondback moth. Samadera indica also has quassinoids used for insect antifeedant uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quassinoid</span> Class of chemical compounds

Quassinoids are degraded triterpene lactones of the Simaroubaceae plant family grouped into C-18, C-19, C-20, C-22 and C-25 types. The prototypical member of the group, quassin, was first described in the 19th century from plants of the genus Quassia from which it gets its name. It was isolated in 1937, and its structure elucidated in 1961.

Samadera harmandiana is a freshwater mangrove shrub or small tree in the Simaroubaceae family. It is found in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The wood provides firewood. Certain fish eat the poisonous fruit

<i>Simaba</i> Genus of flowering plants

Simaba is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Simaroubaceae.

<i>Samadera indica</i> Species of plant

Samadera indica, the bitter wood or Niepa bark tree, is a species of plant in the family Simaroubaceae. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in wet tropical regions, from west Africa, through India, then down through Indonesia to Malesia.

References

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