Sansevieria

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Sansevieria ehrenbergii in habitat. Sansevieria ehrenbergii clusters.jpg
Sansevieria ehrenbergii in habitat.

Sansevieria is a historically recognized genus of flowering plants, native to Africa, notably Madagascar, and southern Asia, now included in the genus Dracaena on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies. [1] [2] [3] Common names for the 70 or so species formerly placed in the genus include mother-in-law's tongue, devil's tongue, jinn's tongue, bow string hemp, snake plant and snake tongue. [4] In the APG III classification system, Dracaena is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae). [5] It has also been placed in the former family Dracaenaceae.

Contents

Description

There is great variation within the species formerly placed in the genus; they range from succulent desert plants such as Dracaena pinguicula to thinner leafed tropical plants such as Dracaena trifasciata . Plants often form dense clumps from a spreading rhizome or stolons. [6] [7]

Foliage

The leaves of former Sansevieria species are typically arranged in a rosette around the growing point, although some species are distichous. There is a great variation in foliage form. All former species can be divided into one of two basic categories based on their leaves: hard leaved and soft-leaved species. Typically, hard-leaved species originate from arid climates, while soft-leaved species originate from tropical and subtropical regions. [6] Hard leaved species have a number of adaptations for surviving dry regions. These include thick, succulent leaves for storing water and thick leaf cuticles for reducing moisture loss. These leaves may be cylindrical to reduce surface area and are generally shorter than those of their soft leafed tropical counterparts, which are wide and strap-like. [6]

Flowers

The flowers of former Sansevieria species are usually greenish-white, also rose, lilac-red, brownish, produced on a simple or branched raceme. The fruit is a red or orange berry. In nature, they are pollinated by moths, but both flowering and fruiting are erratic and few seeds are produced. [6] [7] The raceme is derived from the apical meristem, and a flowered shoot will no longer produce new leaves. Unlike plants such as agave which die after flowering, a bloomed shoot will simply cease to produce new leaves. The flowered shoot continues to grow by producing plantlets via its rhizomes or stolons.

Taxonomy

The genus name Sansevieria honors Italian scientist and inventor Raimondo di Sangro (1710–1771), Prince of San Severo. [8] [9] The genus was originally named Sanseverinia by Vincenzo Petagna in 1787, [10] to honor his patron Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, Count of Chiaromonte (1724–1771), in whose garden Petagna had seen the plant. [11] In 1794, Carl Peter Thunberg used the name Sansevieria. [10] [12] It is not clear whether Thunberg's name was intended to be new, or was a typographical error for Petagna's name. [11] "SansevieriaThunb." is a conserved name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, notwithstanding arguments that the author should be given as Petagna. [11] [13] The spellings "Sanseveria" and "Sanseviera" are commonly seen as well, the confusion deriving from alternate spellings of the Italian place name.[ citation needed ]

Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Sansevieria was nested within Dracaena , rendering the latter paraphyletic unless Dracaena was expanded to include the species formerly placed in Sansevieria. [3]

Sections

As of 2015, the genus was subdivided into three sections, one of which was further subdivided into three subsections: [14]

Selected former species

Uses

Rope and traditional uses

In Africa, the leaves of former Sansevieria species are used for fiber production; [15] in some species, e.g. Dracaena hanningtonii , the plant's sap has antiseptic qualities, and the leaves are used for bandages in traditional first aid. [16]

Ornamental purposes

A variegated cultivar of Dracaena trifasciata (namely 'Laurentii'), the most common species in cultivation Snake plant.jpg
A variegated cultivar of Dracaena trifasciata (namely 'Laurentii'), the most common species in cultivation

Several former Sansevieria species are popular houseplants in temperate regions, with Dracaena trifasciata the most widely sold; numerous cultivars are available. In China, the plant is usually kept potted in a pot often ornamented with dragons and phoenixes. [17] Growth is comparatively slow and the plant will last for many years. There are two main varieties: wild type sansevierias have stiff, erect, scattered, lance-shaped leaves while the bird's nest sansevierias grow in rosettes. As houseplants, sansevierias thrive on warmth and bright light, but will also tolerate shade. They can rot from over-watering, so it is important that they are potted in well-drained soil, and not over-watered. They need to be re-potted or split at the root from time to time because they will sometimes grow so large that they break the pot they are growing in.

In Korea, potted sansevierias are commonly presented as a gift during opening ceremonies of businesses or other auspicious events. In Barbados, sansevieria is also popularly referred to as the "money plant", with the belief that the person having it will always have money. The belief seems to be based on an association of the color (green) with the US bills. [ citation needed ]

Other former Sansevieria species are less common in cultivation. Another species is Sansevieria cylindrica , which has leaves which look quite different from D. trifasciata, but is equally tough. [18]

Plants can be propagated by seed, leaf-cutting, and division. Seeds are rarely used, as plants can normally be grown much faster from cuttings or divisions. As many cultivars are periclinal chimeras, they do not come true to type from leaf cuttings, and therefore must be propagated by rhizome division to retain the variegation. [19]

Scenery in film and television

Sansevierias have frequently been used as a set decoration in many films and TV shows, both in Hollywood and internationally, since at least the 1930s, including A Serbian Film , Being John Malkovich , Blue Velvet , Duck Soup , Groundhog Day , Homegrown , The Paper , and These Final Hours .

Air purification

According to a NASA Clean Air Study, along with other plants such as golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum) and corn plant (Dracaena fragrans), Dracaena trifasciata is capable of purifying air by removing some pollutants such as formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene. [20] Sansevierias use the crassulacean acid metabolism process, [21] which absorbs carbon dioxide at night, although oxygen is released during daylight. Nighttime absorption of CO2 purportedly makes them especially suitable bedroom plants.[ citation needed ] However, since the leaves are potentially poisonous if ingested, they are not usually recommended for children's bedrooms.[ citation needed ]

Feng shui

According to feng shui, because the leaves of sansevierias grow upwards, the plants can be used for feng shui purposes. [22] [23] Some believe that having sansevierias near children helps reduce coarseness, although care must be taken to ensure the child cannot reach the plant's poisonous leaves. [24] Others recommend placing pots near the toilet tank to counter the drain-down vibrations. [25]

Related Research Articles

<i>Dracaena</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Dracaena is a genus of about 200 species of trees and succulent shrubs. The formerly accepted genera Pleomele and Sansevieria are now included in Dracaena. In the APG IV classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae. It has also formerly been separated into the family Dracaenaceae or placed in the Agavaceae.

<i>Dracaena sanderiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena sanderiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to Central Africa. It was named after the German–English gardener Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847–1920). The plant is commonly marketed as "lucky bamboo"; this term has become one of its common names.

<i>Dracaena trifasciata</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena trifasciata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to tropical West Africa from Nigeria east to the Congo. It is most commonly known as the snake plant, Saint George's sword, mother-in-law's tongue, and viper's bowstring hemp, among other names. Until 2017, it was known under the synonym Sansevieria trifasciata. This plant is often kept as a houseplant due to its non-demanding maintenance; they can survive with very little water and sun.

<i>Staphylea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Staphylea, called bladdernuts, is a small genus of 10 or 11 species of flowering plants in the family Staphyleaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The highest species diversity is in China, where four species occur.

<i>Dracaena angolensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena angolensis, commonly known as African spear or the spear sansevieria, is a succulent plant native to Angola in Southern Africa. For years, it was placed within the genus Sansevieria (snake-plants), a specific name which is still used synonymously by some; in the 21st century, Sansevieria became part of Dracaena (dragon-trees), after improved testing methods, physical comparisons, and other analyses found sufficient commonalities between the two genera to warrant subsumption.

<i>Dracaena aletriformis</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena aletriformis is commonly known as the large-leaved dragon tree. These plants are found in forest in the eastern areas of South Africa from Port Elizabeth to northern and eastern Limpopo. They are also found in Eswatini, but are most common in the coastal and dune forests of KwaZulu-Natal.

<i>Dracaena pethera</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena pethera, synonym Sansevieria kirkii, also known as star sansevieria, is a succulent plant native to Tanzania and the surrounding region in East Africa.

<i>Dracaena pinguicula</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena pinguicula, synonym Sansevieria pinguicula, also known as the walking sansevieria, is a xerophytic CAM succulent native to the Bura area of Kenya, near Garissa. The species was described by Peter René Oscar Bally in 1943.

<i>Dracaena stuckyi</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena stuckyi, synonym Sansevieria stuckyi, is a species of succulent plant native to Africa including Mozambique, Tanzania, and southern Kenya. It is a member of a group of related Dracaena including Dracaena angolensis and Dracaena pearsonii, that grow upright, cylindrical foliage and are native to dry biomes.

<i>Dracaena eilensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena eilensis, synonym Sansevieria eilensis, is a species of succulent plant native to a small region of Somalia near the town of Eyl. The species was collected in 1973 by John Lavranos.

<i>Dracaena masoniana</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena masoniana, synonym Sansevieria masoniana, is a species of Dracaena native to Africa and originally collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was initially known in cultivation under the cultivar name 'Mason Congo'. Commonly grown as a houseplant for its striking foliage, it can survive in bright filtered light or shade and with infrequent watering. Often grown as a single large, stiff leaf in pots, the plant's other common names include "whale fin" or "shark's fin".

<i>Dracaena suffruticosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena suffruticosa, synonym Sansevieria suffruticosa is a species of Dracaena native to eastern Africa, from Ethiopia to Malawi. The first description of the species was made in 1915 by N. E. Brown.

<i>Dracaena arborescens</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena arborescens, synonym Sansevieria arborescens, is a succulent plant native to Kenya and Tanzania.

<i>Dracaena bagamoyensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Dracaena bagamoyensis, synonym Sansevieria bagamoyensis, also known as snake plant is a succulent plant native to Kenya and Tanzania.

<i>Dracaena hallii</i> Species of plant

Dracaena hallii is a species of succulent plant native to Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Limpopo Province of South Africa. The species was named for Harry Hall, formerly the curator of succulents at Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town. Commonly known as the "baseball bat" plant, it has extremely thick foliage with a rounded shape and a central channel.

Dracaena zeylanica is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to southern India and Sri Lanka. It is better known under the synonym Sansevieria zeylanica.

<i>Dracaena singularis</i> Species of plant

Dracaena singularis is a species of succulent plant in the genus Dracaena native to Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Mistakenly placed in the genus Boophane at first, by the 1980s the plant was corrected to be in the genus Sanseviera, until that entire genus was merged with Dracaena. The species is named singularis since at its mature size, it has only a single leaf up to 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) in length, while in a juvenile state it displays small rosettes of several leaves.

<i>Dracaena ellenbeckiana</i> Species of plant

Dracaena ellenbeckiana is a species of plant belonging to the Asparagaceae family, subfamily Nolinoideae. Dracaena ellenbeckiana is native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda, and primarily grows in the seasonally dry tropical biome.

Dracaena malawiana, synonym Sansevieria formosa, is a species of Dracaena native to Malawi. It was originally collected at the Kapichira Falls in south Malawi.

References

  1. ↑ "Sansevieria". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ↑ Stevens, P.F. (2001–2012), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Nolinoideae
  3. 1 2 Lu, Pei-Luen & Morden, Clifford W. (2014), "Phylogenetic Relationships among Dracaenoid Genera (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Loci", Systematic Botany, 39 (1): 90–104, doi:10.1600/036364414X678035, S2CID   86171270
  4. ↑ Mbugua, P. K.; D. M. Moore (1996). "Taxonomic studies of the genus Sansevieria (Dracaenaceae)". In L. J. G. van der Maesen; M. van der Burgt; J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy (eds.). The Biodiversity of African Plants (hardcover) (1st ed.). p. 880. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_62. ISBN   978-94-010-6613-6.
  5. ↑ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  6. 1 2 3 4 Stover, Hermine (1983). The Sansevieria Book.
  7. 1 2 Chahinian, B. Juan (2005). The Splendid Sansevieria: An Account of the Species. B. Juan Chahinian. ISBN   987-43-9250-9.
  8. ↑ Coombes, Allen J. (2012). "The A to Z of Plant Names". Timber Press. ISBN   9781604691962 (hardback). pp 265
  9. ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN   9780521685535 (paperback). pp 339
  10. 1 2 "Plant Name Details for Sansevieria Thunb". The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 Marais, W. (1973). "(350) Proposal to Amend the Entry of 1100. Sanseviera in the List of Nomina Generica Conservanda". Taxon. 22 (1): 158–159. doi:10.2307/1218069. JSTOR   1218069.
  12. ↑ "Section S". ICN: Appendix IIIA Nomina Generica Conservanda et Rejicienda. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  13. ↑ Menale, Bruno; De Luca, Paolo & Del Guacchio, Emanuele (2013), "A plea to restore Petagna's authorship for the genus Sansevieria, nom. cons. (Liliaceae)", Taxon, 62 (2): 387–390, doi:10.12705/622.7, JSTOR   taxon.62.2.387
  14. ↑ Mansfeld, P.A. Die Systematik der Gattung Sansevieria (Asparagaceae). Sansevieria Online 3(1). 2015.
  15. ↑ Kirby, F. Vaughan (1899). Sport in East Central Africa: Being An Account of Hunting Trips in Portuguese And Other Districts of East Central Africa.
  16. ↑ Chinasa, EC; Obodoike, EC & Chhukwuemeka, ES (2011), "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of the leaves of Sansevieria liberica ger. and labr. (fam: Dracaenaceae).", Asian Pac J Trop Med, 4 (10): 791–5, doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60195-8 , PMID   22014734
  17. ↑ "Sansevieria trifasciata". About-garden.com.
  18. ↑ McDonald, Elvin (2012). The World Book of House Plants. Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN   978-1-258-42148-9.
  19. ↑ Henley, R.W.; Chase, A.R.; Osborne, L.S. "Sansevieria Production Guide". University of Florida, IFAS.
  20. ↑ Wolverton, B. C.; Johnson, Anne; Bounds, Keith (15 September 1989). "Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement" (PDF). NASA.
  21. ↑ Gilman, I.S.; Smith, J.A.C.; Holtum, J.A.M.; Sage, R.F.; Silvera, K.; Winter, K.; Edwards, E.J. (2023). "The CAM lineages of planet Earth". Annals of Biology. 132 (4): 627–654. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcad135 . PMC   10799995 . PMID   37698538.
  22. ↑ "faq". feng shui palace. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018.
  23. ↑ "SANSEVIERIA CYLINDRICA". Portland Nursery. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Using Feng Shui principles, the Sansevieria is used to bring good fortune into the home, while warding off evil spirits.
  24. ↑ "Feng Shui and indoor plants". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
  25. ↑ Englebert, Clear (2001). Bedroom Feng Shui. Crossing Press. p. 143. ISBN   1-58091-109-9.
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