Scrophularia oblongifolia

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Scrophularia oblongifolia
Scrophularia oblongifolia flowers.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genus: Scrophularia
Species:
S. oblongifolia
Binomial name
Scrophularia oblongifolia
Loisel. (1827)
Synonyms
List
    • Scrophularia alataGilib.
    • Scrophularia ehrhartiStevens
    • Scrophularia hurstiiDruce
    • Scrophularia samaritanii(Boiss. & Heldr.) Halács
    • Scrophularia umbrosaDumort.

Scrophularia oblongifolia (syn. S. umbrosa), green figwort, is a perennial herbaceous plant found in Europe and Asia. It grows in damp, shady places such as wet woodland and farmland ditches. It is very similar to the closely related Scrophularia auriculata (water figwort), from which it is best separated by the shape of the staminode.

Contents

Description

Green Figwort is a hemicryptophyte perennial monoecious herb with no basal rosette and a short rhizome, which grows to about 100 cm tall. The whole plant is a rather pale green colour, sometimes with a hint of brown or purple, and completely glabrous (hairless). The stem is square in section, with broad wings at the angles, and generally rather weak, causing the plant to sprawl over vegetation rather than growing upright on its own.

The stems are square and broadly winged. Scrophularia umbrosa3 W.jpg
The stems are square and broadly winged.

The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs on petioles up to 15 mm long, with an ovate to oblong blade of about 12 x 4 cm and a fairly pointed tip, with a rounded (but not cordate) base. The margins are more sharply serrated than in water figwort.

Flowering occurs around July in northern Europe. The inflorescence is a panicle, essentially an extension of the main stem, that consists of opposite pairs of rather lax cymes which arise from the axils of the bracts (upper leaves). Each flower has a pedicel about 5 mm long, the same length as the flower. The calyx and corolla are 5-lobed, but the lobes of the corolla are grouped into two "lips" - the upper one made of two of the lobes and the lower one of the other three, which are almost fused. The flowers are bisexual with 4 fertile stamens and 1 sterile staminode, which is distinctively 2-lobed. There is one style with a capitate (blob-shaped) stigma.

Basal leaves Scrophularia umbrosa.JPG
Basal leaves

At maturity, the fruit is a round capsule some 4-6 mm long, containing many tiny, brown wrinkled seeds about 0.5 mm in diameter. [1] [2] [3]

Taxonomy

The name Scrophularia oblongifolia was coined by the French botanist Jean-Louis-Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps in Mémoires de la Société linnéenne de Paris vol. 6, p. 418 (1827). [4] The same year, the Belgian botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier named a rather similar plant Scrophularia umbrosa in his Florula Belgica. [5] [6] The descriptions of both are rather scanty and there has long been speculation that they may be the same species. [2] The current view is that they are, so the correct name should be S. oblongifolia, as that one was published first.

Fruit capsules and seeds Scrophularia umbrosa sl7.jpg
Fruit capsules and seeds

In Britain, this species was first described by C.A. Stevens and William Allport Leighton in 1840 from a specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium that had been collected by the German botanist Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart some 50 years earlier and mis-labelled S. aquatica (= S. auriculata ). However, this was a continental specimen, not a British one, and so it does not count as the first British record, although various publications make that claim. Stevens named the apparently new species Scrophularia Ehrharti (sic), which makes that name a synonym of S. oblongifolia. [7] [8] [9]

There have been various taxonomic treatments of the genus Scrophularia but at present there are no widely-accepted subspecies of green figwort. Hybrids with water figwort have been produced in cultivation, but there are no known hybrids in the wild. [10] Despite this, there is some evidence that S. auriculata (chromosome number 2n = 84) may itself have arisen by a hybridisation event between S. umbrosa (2n = 26) and S. lyrata or S. hispida (both 2n = 58). [11]

The name "figwort" and the genus Scrophularia are derived from a different species, Scrophularia nodosa , which has tubers amongst its roots which somewhat resemble scrofulas and so were used as a treatment for this disease. The specific names "green figwort" and "oblongifolia" are self-evident, but the old name for this plant, S. umbrosa is more interesting, meaning "shady figwort." [12]

Identification

Green figwort is very similar to the much commoner water figwort, which is why it was overlooked by botanists for so long. Differences include the leaf shape (sometimes lobed in water figwort), the teeth on the leaf margin (blunter in water figwort), and the shape of the staminode, which is bilobed in green figwort vs. entire in water figwort. [2]

Close-ups of the staminode Scrophularia umbrosa subsp. umbrosa sl1.jpg
Close-ups of the staminode

Distribution and status

Green figwort is native to Europe and western Asia, as far north as the Baltic states and eastward to Xinjiang. It does not occur in Africa and in Sweden it is considered to be a recent introduction. It is not otherwise recorded as an introduction outside its natural range. [13] There are old records of a figwort, either green- or water-figwort (accounts differ), as a casual in harbours in New York and Pennsylvania in the 19th century, but it did not persist. [14]

In Britain there are distinct several areas where green figwort is quite common. These are centred on several major river basins, such as the lower Severn in Worcestershire and neighbouring counties. Possibly the first British record is from this area, in 1848, when it was found by J.H. Thompson beside the Sapey Brook. [15] Other centres of distribution include the valleys of the River Yare in Norfolk, the Ribble in Yorkshire, the Eden in Cumbria and the Tweed in Scotland. [16]

The global conservation status of this species, as of 2013, is Least Concern, [17] as it is in Britain and France. [18] In Ireland, however, it is much rarer and considered to be Near Threatened in the Republic, [19] and protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order in the north. [20] [21] It is considered an axiophyte in any British county. [22]

Habitat and ecology

The habitat of green figwort is on the edge of ditches in farmland and small streams through woods, where it trails over other plants rather than growing erect. It is found in swamps of sedges such as false fox-sedge or in light woodland, typically slightly calcareous W8 ash woodland in Britain. [9] Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 7, F = 9, R = 7, N = 7, and S = 0, which describe its habitat as semi-open, very wet, with a neutral pH and moderate fertility; but no salt. [23] It is often found growing with water figwort, wood clubrush, yellow loosestrife and hemlock water-dropwort. [24] [15]

Plants are often infected with the rust Uromyces scrophulariae (DC.) Fuckel (1870), which produces marks and distortions at the base of the stem. [25]

In Britain, the beetles Longitarsus agilis and L. nigrofasciatus, and the sawfly Tenthredo scrophulariae are phytophagous on the leaves, whereas Cionus hortulanus eats the fruits and flowers as well. There is also a small fly called Contarinia scrophulariae which creates galls in the flower buds. [26] In Europe, there are many more pests recorded on this species. [27]

There is no information on the toxicity of green figwort specifically, but the closely-related water figwort has been reported to cause sickness in young cattle that ate it, and the same might well be true of green figwort. [28]

It is pollinated by bees and wasps. [29]

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References

  1. ↑ Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  2. 1 2 3 Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (4th ed.). Suffolk: C&M Floristics. ISBN   978-1-5272-2630-2.
  3. ↑ Crawley, M.J. (2005). The Flora of Berkshire. Harpenden: Brambleby Books. ISBN   0-9543347-4-4.
  4. ↑ "Scrophularia oblongifolia Loisel". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
  5. ↑ "Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
  6. ↑ Du Mortier, B.-C.; Du Mortier, B.-C.; Spring, Anton Friedrich; Durand, Théophile Alexis (1827). Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus, auctore B.C. Dumortier. Staminacia. Tornaci Nerviorum: Typis J. Casterman.
  7. ↑ Leighton, W.A. (1841). A Flora of Shropshire. London: John van Voorst.
  8. ↑ Clarke, W.A. (1900). First Records of British Flowering Plants. London: West, Newman & Co.
  9. 1 2 Lockton, Alex; Whild, Sarah (2015). The Flora and Vegetation of Shropshire. Montford Bridge: Shropshire Botanical Society. ISBN   978-0-9530937-2-4.
  10. ↑ Stace, C.A.; Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A. (2015). Hybrid Flora of the British Isles. Bristol: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
  11. ↑ Scheunert, Agnes; Heubl, Günther (2017-06-01). "Against all odds: reconstructing the evolutionary history of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) despite high levels of incongruence and reticulate evolution". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 17 (2): 323–349. doi:10.1007/s13127-016-0316-0. ISSN   1618-1077.
  12. ↑ Grieve, Maud (1931). A Modern Herbal. New York: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN   0-486-22798-7.
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ "Scrophularia - FNA". floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  15. 1 2 Maskew, Roger (2014). The Flora of Worcestershire. Stoke Bliss: Roger Maskew. ISBN   978-0-9926693-0-0.
  16. ↑ Perring, F.H.; Walters, S.M. (1962). Atlas of the British Flora. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
  17. ↑ IUCN - Scrophularia umbrosa
  18. ↑ "Scrofulaire à feuilles oblongues". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  19. ↑ "Red Lists | National Parks & Wildlife Service". www.npws.ie. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  20. ↑ "The Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985". www.legislation.gov.uk. Expert Participation. Archived from the original on 2024-06-24. Retrieved 2024-12-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  21. ↑ Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora - Scrophularia umbrosa
  22. ↑ Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. "Axiophytes".
  23. ↑ Hill, M.O.; Mountford, J.O.; Roy, D.B.; Bunce, R.G.H. (1999). Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex (PDF). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. ISBN   1870393481 . Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  24. ↑ Sinker, C.A.; Packham, J.R.; Trueman, I.C; Oswald, P.H.; Perring, F.H.; Prestwood, W.V. (1985). Ecological Flora of the Shropshire Region. Shrewsbury: Shropshire Wildlife Trust. ISBN   0 95086 371 8.
  25. ↑ Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter (2002). "British Plant Galls". Field Studies. 10: 207–531. ISBN   1 85153 214 5.
  26. ↑ "BRC - Database of Insects and their Food Plants". dbif.brc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  27. ↑ "Scrophularia umbrosa – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  28. ↑ Cooper, M.R.; Johnson, A.W.; Dauncey, E.A. (2003). Poisonous Plants and Fungi. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN   0-11-702861-4.
  29. ↑ Plants for Life database
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