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Arthur Neville Chamberlain was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940 and Leader of the Conservative Party from May 1937 to October 1940. He is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement on 30 September 1938, ceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Following the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War, Chamberlain announced the declaration of war on Germany two days later and led the United Kingdom through the first eight months of the war until his resignation as prime minister on 10 May 1940.
The Sudetenland is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans. These German speakers had predominated in the border districts of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia since the Middle Ages. Since the 9th century the Sudetenland had been an integral part of the Czech state both geographically and politically.
The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy. The agreement provided for the German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland, where more than three million people, mainly ethnic Germans, lived. The pact is also known in some areas as the Munich Betrayal, because of a previous 1924 alliance agreement and a 1925 military pact between France and the Czechoslovak Republic.
Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic negotiation policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power with intention to avoid conflict. The term is most often applied to the foreign policy between 1935 and 1939 of the British governments of Prime Ministers Ramsay MacDonald, Stanley Baldwin and most notably Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Under British pressure, appeasement of Nazism and Fascism also played a role in French foreign policy of the period but was always much less popular there than in the United Kingdom.
Édouard Daladier was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II.
The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany began with the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, continued with the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia.
Konrad Ernst Eduard Henlein was a Sudeten German politician in Czechoslovakia before World War II. After Germany invaded Czechoslovakia he became the Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Sudetenland under the occupation of Nazi Germany.
Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson was a British diplomat who served as the ambassador of the United Kingdom to Germany from 1937 to 1939.
Charles Theodore Te Water was a South African barrister, diplomat and politician who was appointed as President of the Assembly of the League of Nations. Te Water also served as the South African high commissioner (ambassador) to London between 1929-1939, where he was an influential voice for the appeasement of Germany.
1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1938th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 938th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1930s decade.
The European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry from 1937 to 1940 was based on British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's commitment to "peace for our time" by pursuing a policy of appeasement and containment towards Nazi Germany and by increasing the strength of Britain's armed forces until, in September 1939, he delivered an ultimatum over the invasion of Poland, which was followed by a declaration of war against Germany.
Vojtěch Mastný was a Czechoslovak diplomat.
Events in the year 1938 in Germany.
The Godesberg Memorandum is a document issued by Adolf Hitler in the early hours of 24 September 1938 concerning the Sudetenland and amounting to an ultimatum addressed to the government of Czechoslovakia.
A Total and Unmitigated Defeat was a speech by Winston Churchill in the House of Commons at Westminster on Wednesday, 5 October 1938, the third day of the Munich Agreement debate. Signed five days earlier by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, the agreement met the demands of Nazi Germany in respect of the Czechoslovak region of Sudetenland.
The Runciman Mission to Czechoslovakia was an initiative of the British government initiative that was aimed at resolving an international crisis threatening to lead to war in Europe in the summer of 1938. The Mission, headed by a former British cabinet minister Lord Runciman, was sent to mediate in a dispute between the Government of Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten German Party (SdP), representing the country's mostly-radicalised ethnic German minority. The British mediators were active on the ground in Czechoslovakia during the late summer and issued their report shortly before the Munich Conference in September.
The following events occurred in March 1938:
The following events occurred in August 1938:
The following events occurred in October 1938:
The Carlsbad Programme was an eight-point series of demands, addressed to the government of Czechoslovakia, issued by Konrad Henlein, the leader of the Sudeten German Party (SdP), at a party gathering in Carlsbad on 24 April 1938.The programme demanded full autonomy for the mainly German-inhabited areas of Czechoslovakia, known as the Sudetenland. Under pressure from its allies, Britain and France, the Czechoslovak government reluctantly accepted the demands. But the SdP, instructed by Nazi Germany not to reach a settlement with the Czechoslovak authorities, broke off negotiations, thus precipitating the Munich crisis.
References
- ↑ "Expel All Jews Who Moved to Italy Since '19". Chicago Daily Tribune . September 2, 1938. p. 1.
- ↑ Schultz, Sigrid (September 2, 1938). "Czechs Face New Demands". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 1.
- ↑ "Church Menaced by Nazis". Chicago Daily Tribune . October 14, 1938. p. 1.
- ↑ "A World Premiere of World Importance! (Advertisement)". Film Daily . New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc. August 25, 1938. pp. 8–9.
- 1 2 3 4 "Chronology 1938". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ↑ "Il Duce Orders Jews Barred from Schools". Chicago Daily Tribune . September 3, 1938. p. 2.
- 1 2 3 Faber, David (2008). Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 246–247, 253, 267–268. ISBN 978-1-4391-4992-8.
- ↑ Grasso, John; Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxiv. ISBN 978-1-4422-4860-1.
- ↑ "Matanza del Seguro Obrero - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile". www.memoriachilena.gob.cl. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
- ↑ Schultz, Sigrid (September 6, 1938). "600,000 Nazis Go Wils as Hitler Reaches Rally". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "1938". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Shirer, William L. (2011). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany . New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 383–384, 389. ISBN 978-1-4516-5168-3.
- ↑ ASHDOWN, PADDY (2019). NEIN!: Standing Up to Hitler 1935 - 1944. [Place of publication not identified]: WILLIAM COLLINS. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-00-825707-1. OCLC 1053903299.
- ↑ Small, Alex (September 9, 1938). "Nazis United All Minorities to Resist Czechs". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 1.
- ↑ Edwards, Willard (September 10, 1938). "President Fires New Broadside at Newspapers". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 6.
- ↑ "Lou Boudreau". Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ↑ "Benes Radios Peace Appeal". Brooklyn Eagle . Brooklyn. September 11, 1938. p. 1.
- 1 2 3 Churchill, Winston (2013). Into Battle. New York: Rosetta Books. ISBN 978-0-7953-2946-3.
- ↑ Cashman, Sean Dennis (1989). America in the Twenties and Thirties: The Olympian Age of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York University. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-8147-1413-3.
- 1 2 Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ↑ "Troops Suppress Sudeten German Rebellion After Day of Fighting". Chicago Daily Tribune . September 15, 1938. p. 1.
- 1 2 Lewis, John David (2010). Nothing Less than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History. Princeton University Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-1-4008-3430-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "Sept. 15 1938: Brothers Lloyd and Paul Wanter hit ..." Chicago Tribune . September 15, 2002. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ↑ Perkins, Owen (April 24, 2013). "Uptons hit back-to-back jacks, a rare feat for brothers". MLB.com . Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ↑ McDonough, Frank (1998). Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War. Manchester University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7190-4832-6.
- ↑ "Yanks Lose 2, but Capture A. L. Pennant". Chicago Daily Tribune . September 19, 1938. p. 19.
- ↑ Boone, J. C. (2008). Hitler at the Obersalzberg. Xlibris. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4628-1353-7.
- ↑ Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-7658-0624-6.
- ↑ "You Never Know". Playbill Vault . Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ↑ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 1879. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
- 1 2 Cabada, Cabada; Waisová, Šárka (2011). Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics. Lexington Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7391-6733-5.
- ↑ "Events leading to the Munich settlement". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ Schultz, Sigrid (September 27, 1938). "Dictator in Fiery Speech Says He Will Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 1.