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Free France was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II. Led by General Charles de Gaulle, Free France was established as a government-in-exile in London in June 1940 after the Fall of France to Nazi Germany. It joined the Allied nations in fighting Axis forces with the Free French Forces, supported the resistance in Nazi-occupied France, known as the French Forces of the Interior, and gained strategic footholds in several French colonies in Africa.
The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors. Italy joined the war as one of the Axis Powers in 1940 with a plan to concentrate Italian forces on a major offensive against the British Empire in Africa and the Middle East, known as the "parallel war", while expecting the collapse of British forces in the European theatre. The Italians bombed Mandatory Palestine, invaded Egypt and occupied British Somaliland with initial success. However, the British counterattacked, eventually necessitating German support to prevent an Italian collapse in North Africa. As the war carried on and German and Japanese actions in 1941 led to the entry of the Soviet Union and United States, respectively, into the war, the Italian plan of forcing Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement was foiled.
The Battle of France, also known as the Western Campaign, the French Campaign and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. The invasion plan for the Low Countries and France was called Case Yellow. Fall Rot was planned to finish off the French and British after the evacuation at Dunkirk. The Low Countries and France were defeated and occupied by Axis troops down to the Demarcation line. In November 1942, Wehrmacht troops also occupied Vichy France ending land operations on the Western Front until the Normandy landings began on 6 June 1944.
Fall Rot was the plan for a German military operation after the success of Fall Gelb, the Battle of France, an invasion of the Benelux countries and northern France. The Allied armies had been defeated and pushed back in the north to the Channel coast, which culminated in the Dunkirk evacuation. The operation to complete the conquest of France by the German Army began on 5 June 1940. Fall Rot began with a preliminary attack over the river Somme on the Channel Coast to the Seine, beginning on 5 June and the main offensive by Army Group A on 9 June further east over the river Aisne.
The Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo and also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, or just Dunkirk, was the evacuation of more than 338,000 Allied soldiers during the Second World War from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week Battle of France.
The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main theatres of combat during World War II, taking place from September 1939 to May 1945. The Allied powers fought the Axis powers on both sides of the continent in the Western and Eastern fronts. There was also conflict in the Scandinavian, Mediterranean and Balkan regions. It was an intense conflict that led to at least 39 million deaths and a dramatic change in the balance of power in the continent.
Paul Reynaud was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his economic liberalism and vocal opposition to Nazi Germany.
The attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July 1940, during the Second World War, was a British naval attack on French Navy ships at the naval base at Mers El Kébir, near Oran, on the coast of French Algeria. The attack was the main part of Operation Catapult, a British plan to neutralise or destroy French ships to prevent them from falling into German hands after the Allied defeat in the Battle of France. The British bombardment of the base killed 1,297 French servicemen, sank a battleship and damaged five other ships, for a British loss of five aircraft shot down and two crewmen killed. The attack by air and sea was conducted by the Royal Navy, after France had signed armistices with Germany and Italy, coming into effect on 25 June.
The German invasion of Greece, also known as the Battle of Greece or Operation Marita, were the attacks on Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II. The Italian invasion in October 1940, which is usually known as the Greco-Italian War, was followed by the German invasion in April 1941. German landings on the island of Crete came after Allied forces had been defeated in mainland Greece. These battles were part of the greater Balkans Campaign of the Axis powers and their associates.
The Timeline of the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, covers the period during World War II from the first military actions between Germany and France and to the armistice signed by France. Over the period of six weeks, from May 10 to June 25, 1940, Nazi Germany had also conquered Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Nazi Germany's overall plan was to invade the Low Countries which would make the French and British troops leave their current position and position their forces in Belgium. Then, a second force would navigate through the Ardennes Forest and move around the Maginot Line at the weakest part of the Allied defences. The force would then move towards the west French coast and cut the northern Allied force off. The Germans would then capture Paris, eliminate any resistance that remained, cross the English Channel, and invade the United Kingdom.
In May 1940, during the Second World War, the British war cabinet was split over whether to discuss peace terms with Germany or to continue fighting. Opinion on the side of continuing with the war was led by the prime minister, Winston Churchill, while the side preferring negotiation was led by the Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax. The disagreement escalated to crisis point and threatened to bring down the Churchill government.
The following events occurred in August 1940:
The French State, popularly known as Vichy France, as led by Marshal Philippe Pétain after the Fall of France in 1940 before Nazi Germany, was quickly recognized by the Allies, as well as by the Soviet Union, until 30 June 1941 and Operation Barbarossa. However, France broke with the United Kingdom after the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir. Canada maintained diplomatic relations until the occupation of Southern France by Germany and Italy in November 1942.
This is a timeline of World War II events that took place in 1940, the first full year of the second global war of the 20th century.
The following events occurred in May 1940:
The following events occurred in March 1940:
The following events occurred in July 1940:
The following events occurred in October 1940:
The following events occurred in June 1942:
The following events occurred in December 1942:
References
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- ↑ Gates, Eleanor M. (1981). End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939–40. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 172–175. ISBN 978-0-520-04292-6.
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- ↑ Rosbottom, Ronald C. (2014). When Paris Went Dark: The City of Light Under German Occupation, 1940–1944. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21745-3.
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- ↑ Wechsler, Bob (2008). Day by Day in Jewish Sports History. KTAV Publishing House. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-60280-013-7.
- ↑ Bracher, Nathan (2010). After the Fall: War and Occupation in Irène Némirovsky's Suite Française. Catholic University of America Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8132-1789-5.
- ↑ Ernakoff, Ivan (2008). Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications. Duke University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8223-8872-2.
- ↑ "Rennes, Brittany, France, Monday 17th June 1940. Luftwaffe attack on trains". BBC . Retrieved December 11, 2015.
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- ↑ Cohen, Ronald I. (Summer 2018). "Preparing for an Invasion of Britain… In Writing". Finest Hour (181). International Churchill Society: 38. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
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- ↑ Dunn, p. 97
- ↑ Black, Conrad (2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom . PublicAffairs. p. 560. ISBN 978-1-61039-213-6.
- 1 2 Moseley, Ray (1999). Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano. Yale University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-300-07917-3.
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- ↑ Burgwyn, H. James (2012). Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943. New York: Enigma Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-936274-29-1.
- ↑ "425 For Dewey Seen in 1st; Western Bloc Hits Willkie". Brooklyn Eagle . Brooklyn. June 24, 1940. p. 1.
- ↑ Draper, Alfred (1979). Operation Fish: The Fight to Save the Gold of Britain, France and Norway from the Nazis. Don Mills: General Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7736-0068-3.
- ↑ Mitcham, p. 347.
- ↑ Matanle, Ivor (1995). World War II. Colour Library Books Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 1-85833-333-4.
- ↑ "M'Nary Slated for 2d Place; Delegates Wait Willkie Talk". Brooklyn Eagle . Brooklyn. June 28, 1940. p. 1.
- ↑ Dunn, p. 115–116.
- ↑ Kinsley, Phillip (June 29, 1940). "Fight For National Unity! G. O. P. Told by Willkie". Chicago Daily Tribune . Chicago: Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
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- ↑ "Naval Events, June 1940 (Part 4 of 4)". naval-history.net. Retrieved December 11, 2015.