November 1937

1937

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The following events occurred in November 1937:

November 1, 1937 (Monday)

• The University of Kerala was founded in British India as the University of Travancore, by the decree of Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the Maharaja of the Princely State of Travancore. ^[1]
• The Defense of Sihang Warehouse, in the Zhabei district of Shanghai ended in Japanese victory and forced the retreat of the Chinese defenders. The Japanese invaders then crossed Suzhou Creek to go further into Shanghai.. ^[2]
• Celâl Bayar became the third Prime Minister of Turkey, succeeding İsmet İnönü, who had taken office in 1925. ^[3]
• The American radio soap opera Hilltop House , starring Bess Johnson as the director of an orphanage began a five-year run on the CBS Radio Network and on the Mutual Broadcasting System. ^[4]
• Anna Marie Hahn took the stand in her own defense during her sensational murder trial in Cincinnati, Ohio. Hahn denied ever poisoning anyone with arsenic. ^[5]
• Born:
  • Bill Anderson, American country musician and television personality; in Columbia, South Carolina ^[6]
  • William Melvin Kelley, African-American novelist known for A Different Drummer ; in Staten Island, New York City (d.2017) ^[7]
• Died:
  • Milan Gorkić, 33, Yugoslav communist leader and exiled General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, was executed nine days after being arrested as part of the Soviet Union's Great Purge. ^[8]
  • Shio Batmanishvili, 52, Soviet Georgian Greek Catholic priest, was executed two months before his 10-year prison sentence was set to end. ^[9]

November 2, 1937 (Tuesday)

George M. Cohan

• The musical I'd Rather Be Right , with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart, opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre fpr the first of 290 Broadway performances. ^[10] The musical was unprecedented because it was a political satire on the incumbent U.S. president and the rest of the federal government, with George M. Cohan singing the role of Franklin D. Roosevelt in forgettable Rodgers and Hart songs such as ""We're Going to Balance the Budget" and "Off the Record". ^[11] *The Howie Morenz Memorial Game was played as a benefit to raise money for the family of the late Montreal Canadiens star Howie Morenz. The National Hockey League All-Stars defeated the "Montreal All-Stars" (drawn from both the Canadiens and Montreal Maroons) 6 to 5 in front of 8,683 fans at the Montreal Forum. ^[12] Morenz, who had sustained multiple fractures of broken his left leg during a game on January 28, had died from a coronary embolism while convalescing in the hospital on March 8. ^[13]
• Republican Fiorello H. La Guardia easily won re-election as Mayor of New York City, receiving more than 60 percent of the votes against challenger Jeremiah T. Mahoney. ^[14]
• Born: Bharath Gopi, film actor, producer and director; in Chirayinkeezhu, British India (d. 2008)

November 3, 1937 (Wednesday)

• The Nine Power Treaty Conference opened in Brussels to consider means of ending the war between Japan and China, with the nine World War One allies (Belgium, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, the UK, and the U.S.) participating. Japan's envoy said that it would formally declare was on China in order to speed a Chinese surrender, and soon withdrew from the talks. ^[15]
• In Tokyo, Japan's Foreign Minister Kōki Hirota presented German ambassador Herbert von Dirksen with Japan's set of peace terms, to be sent by Dirksen to the German ambassador to China, Oskar Trautmann, to present to the Chinese government. Trautmann delivered the terms to Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek on November 5. Chiang made no reply to the peace offer, and neither the Nine Power Treaty Conference nor the League of Nations received a request for mediation of the terms of the offer. ^[16]
• At Sandarmokh, the Soviet Union carried out the mass execution of 289 Ukrainians incarcerated at the Solovki prison camp on the orders of the senior executioner, Captain Mikhail Matveyev, who had set aside a day to shoot members of the "Executed Renaissance", the name for members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. The dead including former Ukrainian People's Republic prime minister Volodymyr Chekhivskyi, film director Les Kurbas, diplomats Mykhailo Poloz and Mykhailo Lozynsky, and writers Mykola Kulish, Mykola Zerov, Hryhorii Epik, Mykhailo Yalovy, Antin Krushelnytskyi, Klym Polishchuk, and Myroslav Irchan. ^{[17] [18]}
• Ethiopia's Crown Prince, Asfaw Wossen Selassie petitioned the Coptic Church Council in Egypt for a divorce from his wife, Wolete Israel Seyoum, declaring that he could not live with the daughter of a man who surrendered to the Italian invaders. ^[19]
• Police in the Free City of Danzig seized Jewish bank deposits. ^[20]
• Born: Laxmikant Kudaikar, Indian film score composer (with his partner Pyarelai Sharma) for more than 750 movies; in Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India (d.1998) ^[21]
• Died: Solomon Lee Van Meter Jr., 49, American inventor who created the first successful backpack parachute, for which he received U.S. Patent No. 1,192,479 on July 25, 1916 after applying on March 27, 1911" ^[22] died after in a hospital after short illness. ^[23]

November 4, 1937 (Thursday)

• Three men were executed by decapitation in Nazi Germany for high treason and espionage, including the former Communist deputy Robert Stamm. ^[24]
• Born:
  • Loretta Swit, American TV actress best known for portraying Major Margaret Houlihan on M*A*S*H; in Passaic, New Jersey (d. 2025)
  • Michael Wilson, politician; in Toronto, Ontario, Canada (d. 2019)
• Died:
  • Ghiță Moscu, 48, Romanian leftist activist, was killed in the Great Purge)
  • Robert Stamm, 37, German politician, was executed

November 5, 1937 (Friday)

• The Duke of Windsor cancelled a visit to the United States the day before he was to set sail. A statement through the Anglo-American Press Association cited "grave misconceptions" about the purpose of the trip, which was due to take place with Charles Bedaux. ^[25]
• At Hangzhou Bay in China, 30,000 Japanese troops landed virtually unopposed. ^[26]
• The Japanese Army defeated the Chinese in the Battle of Xinkou.^{[ citation needed ]}
• At a secret meeting in the Chancellery in Berlin, Hitler announced his plan for an the use of military force to secure Lebensraum , clearing of land for occupation by German citizens. ^[27]
• Germany and Poland signed a joint declaration on minorities, guaranteeing proper reciprocal treatment and protection of the Polish minority in Germany and the German minority in Poland. ^[28]
• Born: Chan Sek Keong, third Chief Justice of Singapore; in Ipoh, Federated Malay States; Harris Yulin, actor, in Los Angeles (d. 2025)
• Died: Ivan Voronaev, 52, Soviet Russian Christian missionary who had introduced the first Pentecostal church to Russia, was executed at a labor camp after being arrested the year before.

November 6, 1937 (Saturday)

• Italy joined Germany and Japan in the Anti-Comintern Pact. ^[29]
• The jury in the Anna Marie Hahn trial found her guilty of murder. ^[30]
• Born: Joe Warfield, American actor; in Baltimore, Maryland (d. 2022) ^[31]
• Died: Johnston Forbes-Robertson, 84, English actor and theatre manager ^[32]

November 7, 1937 (Sunday)

• In the Soviet Union, on the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution, one million military personnel and civilians paraded in Moscow. ^[20]

November 8, 1937 (Monday)

• The Republic of China established the Order of National Glory.^{[ citation needed ]}
• The U.S. Supreme Court decided Bogardus v. Commissioner . ^[33]
• The degenerate art exhibition The Eternal Jew opened in Munich. ^[29]
• Born: Paul Foot, journalist; in Haifa, Mandatory Palestine (d. 2004) ^[34]

November 9, 1937 (Tuesday)

• Japanese forces won the Battle of Taiyuan in China. ^[35]
• The Japanese captured Shanghai. ^[20]
• Died: Ramsay MacDonald (born James McDonald Ramsay), 71, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from the Labour Party, who served in 1924, and again from 1929 to 1935 ^[36]

November 10, 1937 (Wednesday)

• Captain Mikhail Matveyev, chief executioner of the Solovki prison camp, reported to the Soviet government that he had completed his task of executing almost all of the camp's prisoners over a 15-day period that had started on October 27. Matveyev documented that he had arranged for the shooting of 1,111 of the 1,116 inmates. ^[37]
• Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas promulgated a new Constitution giving himself dictatorial powers. Vargas cancelled the upcoming presidential elections. ^{[29] [38]}
• Germany announced that all men born between 1893 and 1900 would be called up for medical inspection to assess their suitability to be drafted for military service. ^[39]
• Born: Zdeněk Zikán, Czechoslovakian footballer; in Prague, Czechoslovakia (d. 2013)^{[ citation needed ]}

November 11, 1937 (Thursday)

• The British commissioner in Mandatory Palestine set up special military courts to try suspected terrorists. Anyone carrying unauthorized firearms, bombs or ammunition would be subject to the death penalty. ^[40]

Joseph Holland (right) as Caesar, approached by Orson Welles as Brutus in the Mercury Theatre production

• The Mercury Theatre, operated by Orson Welles and John Houseman, made its debut with the play Caesar , adapted by Welles from William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar , premiered on Broadway, with modern outfits for the players and a setting evocative of Fascist Italy. ^[41] The production would run for 157 performances at the Mercury and then at the National Theatre, closing on May 28, 1938. ^[42]
• In the Battle of Shanghai, the remaining Chinese defenders against the Japanese invasion, the 3,000 remaining police and soldiers from the 55th Division of the Chinese Army retreated to safety at the grounds of the French Concession. The Imperial Japanese Army began its advance towards Nanjing, approaching the city from different directions, and most of the Chinese Army retreated westward to set up the final defense of Nanjing. ^[43]
• During Remembrance Day ceremonies at the Whitehall Cenotaph, an ex-serviceman who had escaped from a mental asylum interrupted the two minutes of silence by screaming "All this hypocrisy!" and something that sounded like "Preparing for war!" The police chased him down and silenced him, but the incident opened a dialogue in the British press about whether the annual tradition of the silence should continue. ^[44]
• Born: Stephen Lewis, Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1984 to 1988; in Ottawa ^[45]
• Died:
  • Miguel Paz Barahona, 74, President of Honduras from 1925 to 1929 ^[46]
  • Baron Uryū Sotokichi, 80, Japanese admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War ^[47]
  • Ivan Boretz, 47, Ukrainian Soviet musician and director of the Horiv Bandura Ensemble, was executed in a Soviet prison after having been arrested on September 21 as part of the Great Purge. ^[48]

November 12, 1937 (Friday)

• The Empire of Japan issued a statement firmly refusing the offer by the nations of the Nine Power Treaty Conference to mediate the issues in the war by Japan against the Republic of China, and refused to take part at the conference in Brussels. Japan claimed that its invasion was a defensive war and China had been the aggressor. ^[49]
• The memoir Out of Africa , by Karen Blixen, was published. ^[50]
• German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, who would be instrumental in developing Germany's V-1 and V-2 missiles for Nazi Germany during World War II, and in the U.S. space program after World War II, joined the Nazi Party at the age of 25 for career advancement and was issued membership number 5,738,692. ^[51]
• The crime film The Last Gangster , starring Edward G. Robinson and James Stewart, was released in the United States. ^[52]
• Born:
  • Tommy Koh (Koh Thong Bee), Singaporean diplomat who was Singapore's ambassador to the United Nations from 1968 to 1971; in Singapore, British Straits Settlements ^[53]
  • Mills Lane, American professional boxer and boxing referee who became a Nevada state judge and later had his own syndicated television court show, Judge Mills Lane; in Savannah, Georgia (d.2022) ^[54]
  • Irena Schusterová, First Lady of Slovakia from 1999 to 2004 as the wife of Slovakian President Rudolf Schuster ^[55]
  • Died:
  • Lieutenant Colonel George Buckley, 71, New Zealand explorer and military officer who accompanied Ernest Shackleton on the 1908 Antarctic Expedition. ^[56]
  • Paul Fauchet, 56, French composer ^[57]

November 13, 1937 (Saturday)

• The NBC Symphony Orchestra performed its first concert with the premiere of its 90 minute radio show of the same name on both the Red Network and the Blue Network of the National Broadcasting Company, starting from New York at 10:00 Eastern Time. ^[58] The 92-piece orchestra began with Bach's Passacaglia , followed by one of several symphonies by Mozart's titled Symphony in D ^{[59] [60]} While the orchestra and the show would regularly feature Arturo Toscanini as conductor, Pierre Monteaux of the San Francisco Symphony conducted the first concert. ^[61]
• The Greek cargo ship SS Tzenny Chandris sank in a gale off of the Outer Banks of the U.S. state of North Carolina, killing eight of its 29 crew. The six survivors in a lifeboat were rescued by the oil tanker Swiftsure ^[62] and 15 more were saved by the U.S. Coast Guard cutter USCGC Mendota after being spotted clinging to debris and fighting off sharks. ^[63]
• The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Siam was signed in Bangkok, more than 100 years after the U.S. made its first treaty with an Asian nation, the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand), on March 20, 1833. ^[64]
• Born:
  • Sujatha Paramanathan, Sri Lankan beauty pageant contestant and film, theater and TV actress; in Hulangamuwa Walawwa, Matale, British Ceylon ^[65]
  • Vangelis Ploios, Greek stage, film and television actor ; in Peristeri (d.2020) ^[66]
  • Estelle Irizarry, American historian; in Paterson, New Jersey, winner of the 2010 Grand National Prize of the International Book Fair for her 2009 book The DNA of the Writings of Christopher Columbus in which she claimed that Columbus was a Catalan Spaniard who had been a convert to Christianity from Judaism; in Paterson, New Jersey (d.2017) ^[67]
• Died:
  • Mrs. Leslie Carter (stage name for Caroline Dudley), 80, American stage and silent film actress ^[68]
  • Ed Wutke, 35, American convicted murderer, died at the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary after slicing his jugular vein with the blade from a pencil sharpener, marking the first time that an Alcatraz inmate had committed suicide. ^[69]

November 14, 1937 (Sunday)

• Swedish composer Lars-Erik Larsson's Symphony No. 2 was given its first performance, premiering at a concert of the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. ^[70]
• Seven people were killed and several injured in clashes and bombings in Jerusalem. ^[71]
• U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a fireside chat on the topic of the unemployment census. ^[72]
• Born: Murray Oliver, Canadian ice hockey player and coach who played more than 1,000 NHL games between 1957 and 1975; in Hamilton, Ontario (d. 2014) ^[73]
• Died: Nikolay Oleynikov, 39, Russian playwright; Nikolai Nevsky, 45, Russian linguist; Ivan Kuchuhura-Kucherenko, 59, Ukrainian musician; and Victor Sokovnin, 51, Russian opera singer, were all executed in prison in Leningrad as part of the purge of Soviet intelligentsia.

November 15, 1937 (Monday)

• The Nine Power Treaty Conference adopted a declaration condemning Japan. Only Italy voted against the motion. ^[74]
• A statue of Sun Yat-sen was unveiled in San Francisco, California at St. Mary's Square. ^[75]
• Born: Little Willie John, American singer; in Cullendale, Arkansas (d. 1968) ^[76]

November 16, 1937 (Tuesday)

• All 11 people on a SABENA airliner were killed when the Junkers Ju 52 crashed in Belgium while en route from from Frankfurt to Brussels with a final scheduled destination of London. Because of heavy fog, the plane was diverted to a landing at Ostend, and, in poor weather struck a 160 feet (49 m) high smokestack with its right wing while at an altitude of 130 feet (40 m). ^[77] The dead included the former Duke and Duchess of Hesse, and aircraft designer Arthur Martens. ^[78]
• British MPs voted to build air-raid shelters in most of Britain's towns and cities. ^[20]
• The British government announced the appointment of Robert Hodgson its agent to the a consulate in Burgos. Although this fell short of diplomatic recognition, it was a form of de facto recognition that was an achievement for the government of Francisco Franco. ^{[79] [80]}
• Died: Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, 26, and her husband, Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse, 31, were both killed in the German airliner crash in Belgium. ^[81]

November 17, 1937 (Wednesday)

• British cabinet minister Lord Halifax arrived in Germany for talks with Nazi officials. ^[20]
• Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine married Margaret-Campbell Geddes, daughter of Auckland Geddes, in London. The bride wore black because of the previous day's plane crash deaths of the Duke and Duchess of Hesse and other relatives. ^[82]
• Born:
  • Peter Cook, English actor and comedian; in Torquay, Devonshire (d. 1995)
  • Manuel Félix López, Ecuadorian businessman and politician; in Junin (d. 2004)
• Died: Jack Worrall, 76, Australian rules footballer ^[83]

November 18, 1937 (Thursday)

• French authorities uncovered a plot by the paramilitary group La Cagoule to overthrow the government and restore the monarchy. ^[38]

November 19, 1937 (Friday)

• Chinese forces abandoned their defensive line at Suzhou. ^[26]
• George Eyston broke his own three-week-old land speed record, achieving 311.42 miles per hour (501.18 km/h). ^[20]
• The musical comedy film A Damsel in Distress starring Fred Astaire, George Burns and Gracie Allen was released. ^[84]
• Died: Rabbi Aryeh Leib Shifman, 46, Soviet Russian Jewish rabbi, was executed at the NKVD prison in Smolensk after refusing to become a secret informant for the Soviet secret police agency.

November 20, 1937 (Saturday)

• The Chinese government moved its capital from Nanking to Chongqing in advance of the Japanese invasion. ^[38] On the same day, the Japanese captured Suzhou. ^[38]
• Born: Ruth Laredo, American classical pianist; in Detroit (d. 2005) ^[85]

November 21, 1937 (Sunday)

• Lord Halifax, Lord President of the Privy Council for British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain ended his visit to Nazi Germany. ^[86] He returned to London believing that Hitler could be bargained with, and this development marked the beginning of Chamberlain's appeasement policy toward Germany. ^[87]
• Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 5 was performed for the first time, with Yevgeny Mravinsky conducting the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra ^[88]
• The American Negro Ballet Company made its debut performance, premiering at the Lafayette Theatre. ^[89]
• Born:
  • Marlo Thomas (stage name for Margaret Julia Thomas), American television actress known for That Girl and social activist for cancer research, winner of three Primetime Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom; in Detroit ^[90]
  • Ingrid Pitt (stage name for Ingoushka Petrov), Polish-born British film and television actress and Holocaust survivor; in Warsaw (d. 2010) ^[91]
  • Motinggo Busye (pen name for Bustami Djalid), Indonesian novelist; in Bandar Lampung, Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (d.1999) ^[92]
  • Marva Scott, African-American female professional wrestler from 1954 to 1979, inductee to the Women’s Wrestling Hall of Fame; in Decatur, Georgia (d.2003) ^[93]
  • Mabel "Tina" Howe, American playwright known for Pride's Crossing ; in New York City (d.2023) ^[94]
• Died: Howard E. Coffin, 64, American automobile engineer, former Chairman of the U.S. Aircraft Production Board during World War One, and one of the eight co-founders of the Hudson Motor Car Company, was found dead from an accidental discharge of his hunting rifle. ^[95]

November 22, 1937 (Monday)

• A group of foreign nationals in China organized the Nanking Safety Zone, a demilitarized zone in the areas of the embassies, consulates and legations in the Chinese city of Nanjing, in order to protect refugees from the impending Japanese invasion. The Safety Zone was only partially successful, and its safety was disregarded by the Japanese invaders on December 14, 1937. ^[96]
• The Muslim Society of Great Britain held its first public meeting to protest the Peel Commission's recommendation to partition Palestine. Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett chaired the meeting. ^[97]
• Born:
  • Nobuyuki Idei, Japanese business executive who served at various times as company president, CEO and chairman of the board and CEO of Sony Corporation from to 1998 to 2005 (d.2022) ^[98]
  • James Leprino, American businessman and billionaire dubbed "the Willie Wonka of Cheese" by The New York Times who founded Leprino Foods, the world's largest manufacturer of mozzarella cheese; in Denver, Colorado (d.2025) ^[99]
  • Pierre Léna, French astrophysicist known for chartering, in 1973, a Concorde flight to make the longest observation of a total solar eclipse; in Paris ^[100]
• Died:
  • Armenian Army General Movses Silikyan, 75, hero of the 1918 Battle of Sardarabad, was executed in the Soviet Union after being convicted of being a member of a "counterrevolutionary officers' organization". ^[101]
  • Philip de László (born Fülöp Laub), 68, Hungarian painter ^[102]

November 23, 1937 (Tuesday)

• Paul van Zeeland resigned as Prime Minister of Belgium after more than two and one-half years after a government investigation discovered that he had failed to disclose that he had received 333,000 Belgian francs from the National Bank of Belgium to suppress labor unrest. ^[103] King Leopold III asked former minister of justice Paul-Émile Janson to become the new prime minister.
• The play Of Mice and Men , based on the John Steinbeck novel of the same name, premiered at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway ^[104] for the first of 207 performances. ^[105] Predating the Tony Awards, the play received the award for Best American Play of the 1937-1938 season from the New York Drama Critics' Circle. ^[106]
• Died:

Scientists G. A. Boulenger and J. C. Bose

• • George Albert Boulenger, 79, Belgian-born British zoologist ^[107] known for first identifying 2,524 separate animal species (1,096 fish, 556 amphibians and 872 reptiles) and naming them, including the Concave-crowned horned toad (Boulenophrys parva); the water snake Boulenger's keelback (Fowlea asperrima), and the lizard Boulenger's least gecko (Sphaerodactylus scapularis). ^[108] The genus names of three genera of fish ( Boulengerella , Boulengerochromis and Boulengeromyrus ) are named in his honor as well. ^[109]
  • Jagadish Chandra Bose, 78, Bengali scientist and inventor, founder and director of the Bose Institute in India, the first interdisciplinary research center in Asia. ^[110]
  • Tell Taylor, 61, American songwriter and playwright best known for the 1910 hit song "Down by the Old Mill Stream ^[111]
  • Horace M. Towner, 82, American politician who served as U.S. Representative for Iowa from 1911 to 1923, and territorial Governor of Puerto Rico from 1923 to 1929, died 10 days after being seriously injured in a fall at his home. ^[112]

November 24, 1937 (Wednesday)

• The Nine Power Treaty Conference ended with little accomplished. ^[113]
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain responded to a question in the House of Commons about Lord Halifax's recent trip to Germany by explaining that the visit was "entirely private and unofficial" and so he would not "make any further statement in regard to them at this stage." Chamberlain called speculation in the British press about the nature of the discussions "not only irresponsible but highly inaccurate." ^[114]
• In Canada, the first Governor General's Awards were presented by Lord Tweedsmuir. ^[115]

November 25, 1937 (Thursday)

• French authorities arrested Eugène Deloncle, the alleged ringleader of the monarchist plot to overthrow the French republic. ^[116]

November 26, 1937 (Friday)

• Japan won the Battle of Shanghai and completed its takeover of the Chinese port. ^[117]
• Hjalmar Schacht resigned as Reich Minister of Economics and was replaced by Hermann Göring. Schacht remained in the Cabinet as minister without portfolio. ^[118]
• Robert Schumann's only Violin Concerto is premiered in Berlin, more than 80 years after it had been written. ^[119]
• Born: Boris Yegorov, Soviet Russian physician and cosmonaut; in Moscow, USSR (d. 1994)^{[ citation needed ]}

November 27, 1937 (Saturday)

• The 13-team National Basketball League, the second professional basketball association to have franchises across a large part of the United States, played its first game, with the Akron Firestone Non-Skids hosting the Indianapolis Kautskys (of Kautsky Athletic Club) at Akron, Ohio near Cleveland. The Non-Skids won, 53 to 20, after leading 24 to 8 at halftime. ^[120]
• Anna Marie Hahn was sentenced to death for her commission of murder by poisoning. ^[121]
• The revue Pins and Needles premiered at the Labor Stage Theatre on Broadway. ^[122]

November 28, 1937 (Sunday)

• Generalissimo Francisco Franco announced a total naval blockade of the remaining ports under Republican control and warned that any ship attempting to enter the ports would be attacked. ^[123] Franco gave an ultimatum of December 12 for the remaining members of the Republican government to surrender, or to face a massive new offensive. ^[20]
• A referendum on freemasonry was held in Switzerland. 68.7% of voters rejected a proposed ban on the practice. ^[124]
• Born: Elijah Malok Aleng, Sudanese public servant, general and politician, in Bor, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (d. 2014)
• Died: Myroslava Sopilka, 40, Soviet Ukrainian poet and novelist who had been arrested along with her husband on charges of espionage for Poland, was executed by gunshot at the NKVD prison in Kyiv. ^[125]

November 29, 1937 (Monday)

• Italy formally recognized Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state created in Manchuria in China. ^[126]

November 30, 1937 (Tuesday)

• The Soviet Union's security police, the NKVD began the "Latvian Operation" (Latyshskaya operatsiya), its latest ethnic cleansing of a minority group within Soviet borders. NKVD Director Nikolai Yezhov had signed Order No. 49990 ("On carrying out an operation of repressing Latvians" on November 23. ^[127] According to NKVD reports, out of an estimated 150,000 ethnic Latvians ^[128] remaining in the USSR after the departure of most to an independent Republic of Latvia, 22,369 were arrested during the 12 months of the Latvian Operation, which ended on November 26, 1938, and 16,573 of those arrested were executed. ^[128]
• At the age of 81, Russian Orthodox Bishop Seraphim Chichagov was arrested by Soviet authorities on charges of "spreading monarchist propaganda." He was executed 11 days later, on December 11, 1937. ^[129]
• Clint Frank of Yale University was awarded college football's Heisman Trophy. ^[130]
• Born: Ridley Scott, English film director and producer; in South Shields, County Durham
• Died: Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 54, the ninth Panchen Lama of Tibet

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