Victorian Railways

This article is about the former state-owned rail operator. For an overview of the state's rail network, see Rail transport in Victoria.

Victorian Railways

Logo used from 1952 to 1981
Preserved S303 in Victorian Railways blue and gold livery in Seymour, Victoria
Trade name	VicRail (1974–83)
Company type	State-owned enterprise
Predecessor	Department of Railways
Founded	1859;165 years ago (1859)
Defunct	1 July 1983 (1983-07-01)
Fate	Split into MTA and STA, then MTA was merged into MMTB to form The Met.
Successor	Metropolitan Transit Authority V/Line
Headquarters	67 Spencer Street, Melbourne
Area served	Victoria
Parent	Victorian Railways Commissioners (1883–1973) Victorian Railways Board (1973–83)

The Victorian Railways (VR), trading from 1974 as VicRail, was the state-owned operator of most rail transport in the Australian state of Victoria from 1859 to 1983. The first railways in Victoria were private companies, but when these companies failed or defaulted, the Victorian Railways was established to take over their operations. Most of the lines operated by the Victorian Railways were of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm). However, the railways also operated up to five 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge lines between 1898 and 1962, and a 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge line between Albury and Melbourne from 1961.

History

Formation

A Department of Railways was created in 1856 with the first appointment of staff. British engineer, George Christian Darbyshire was made first Engineer-in-Chief in 1857, and steered all railway construction work until his replacement by Thomas Higinbotham in 1860. In late 1876, New York consulting engineer Walton Evans arranged the supply of two 4-4-0 locomotives manufactured by the Rogers Locomotive Works of New Jersey, US to the Victorian Railways. ^[1]

Because of political turmoil in the Victorian Government, Higginbotham was one of 137 officials removed from office on Black Wednesday on 8 January 1878 when the Government was denied supply. He, like a number of other senior officers, was not reappointed. ^{[2] [3]} Robert Watson then took over as Engineer-in-Chief. But in 1880, a new Ministry expressed a wish to redress the injustice by re-instating Higginbotham. However, at the sudden death of Higginbotham in 1880, William Elsdon took over for two years before his retirement in 1882, and Watson then returned to his former position as Engineer-in-Chief, which he held up to the time of his death.

On 1 November 1883, assent was given to the Victorian Railways Commissioners Act 1883, 47 Vic., No.767, to construct, maintain and manage the state's railways. The staff of the Department of Railways came under the authority of the Railway Commissioners, which became commonly known as Victorian Railways. The elaborate headquarters at 67 Spencer Street were opened in 1893. ^[4]

Growth

The Spirit of Progress headed by S301 Sir Thomas Mitchell near Kilmore East in 1938

Head office at 67 Spencer Street

Victorian Railways grew to service all parts of the state, even extending some lines into New South Wales under the 1922 Border Railways Act. In the late 19th century, the railways became something of a political football with politicians demanding new lines to be built in places where traffic levels never justified it. In 1864, there was just 254 miles (409 km) of railway. The system expanded rapidly to reach 2,900 route miles (4,670 km) by 1891 and to its greatest extent of 4,755 route miles (7652 km) in 1939. The result was that by the beginning of the 20th century, no Victorian (apart from those in the mountain regions) was more than 25 miles (42 km) from a railway line. The period from the end of the 1930s saw a slow decline in route mileage as unprofitable branches were closed.

Conversion of the Melbourne suburban system to electric operation commenced in 1919 and was completed by 1930, creating what was claimed at the time to be the world's largest electric suburban rail system. 1937 saw the introduction of the streamlined Spirit of Progress passenger train, with air conditioning and all steel carriage construction. Diesel power was introduced in 1951 with ten F-class diesel-electric shunting locomotives, followed by B-class mainline diesel-electric locomotives in 1952/53. A standard gauge line connecting to the New South Wales system was constructed in 1961 allowing through trains to operate between Melbourne and Sydney, Australia's two largest cities, for the first time. The last steam locomotive was withdrawn in 1972.

Demise

In May 1973, the Railways (Amendment) Act 1972 passed the management of the Railways from the Victorian Railways Commissioners to a Victorian Railways Board. In 1974, the Victorian Railways was rebranded as VicRail, but the royal blue and gold livery used on rolling stock was retained until 1981. ^[5]

In 1983, VicRail was divided into two—the State Transport Authority taking responsibility for the provision of country rail and road, passenger and freight services, and the Metropolitan Transit Authority taking over suburban passenger operations.

The State Transport Authority traded under the V/Line name, while the Metropolitan Transit Authority used that name until the Public Transport Corporation ("The Met") was formed in 1989. Between 1996 and 1999, V/Line and The Met were privatised. V/Line Passenger was franchised to National Express, returning to government ownership in 2002. The V/Line Freight division was sold to Freight Victoria and is now owned by Pacific National. The infrastructure is now managed by VicTrack with the interstate rail freight infrastructure leased to the Australian Rail Track Corporation. Metro Trains Melbourne now operates the suburban railway network.

Management

Norman Charles Harris

When first formed in 1857, the management of the Railways Department was initially vested in the President of the Board of Land and Works, this situation remaining until 1884. ^[6] With the passing of the Victorian Railways Commissioners Act 1883, a board of four commissioners was put in charge, responsible to the Minister of Railways (the Minister of Transport from 1935 onwards). ^[7]

The Chairman of Commissioners of the Victorian Railways were: ^{[8] [9]}

• Richard Speight: 1883 to 1892
• Richard Hodge Francis: 1892 to 1894
• James Syder: 1894 to 1896
• John Mathieson: 1896 to 1901
• William Francis Joseph Fitzpatrick: 1901 to 1903
• Thomas James Tait: 1903 to 1910
• William Francis Joseph Fitzpatrick: 1910 to 1915
• Charles Ernest Norman: 1915 to 1920
• Harold Winthrop Clapp: 1920 to 1939
• Norman Charles Harris: 1940 to 1950
• Robert George Wishart: 1950 to 1955
• Edgar Henry Brownbill: 1956 to 1967
• George Frederick Brown: 1967 to 1973

After the Bland Report of 1972, in May 1973 the Railways (Amendment) Act 1972 passed the management of the Railways from the Victorian Railways Commissioners to a Victorian Railways Board. The board could have up to seven members, with six being initially appointed. This remained until 1983 when the board was discontinued under the Transport Act 1983. ^[9]

Fleet

First generation diesel locomotive B60 beside one of the S class steam locomotives it replaced at Seymour in July 1952

The Victorian Railways operated a wide variety of locomotives and rolling stock to provide passenger and goods services. This included equipment acquired from the private companies that built the first railways in Victoria. The majority was the fleet was broad gauge, with a specialised fleet used on the narrow gauge lines. In later years, gauge conversion was used to place stock from the main VR fleet onto standard gauge.

In 1936, the company owned 590 locomotives, 38 railcars, 819 coaches, 716 brake vans and 20,945 goods wagons. ^[10]

The first locomotives used in the state were small steam locomotives, the majority being imported from the United Kingdom, with later years seeing larger units being built locally. ^[11] Electric locomotives were acquired with the electrification of the suburban railways, with more powerful units acquired when the mainline to Traralgon was electrified. ^[11] Dieselisation occurred from 1951, but the B class of 1952 revolutionised main line operations. ^[11] Apart from the F class shunters, Clyde Engineering had a monopoly on Victorian diesel-electric locomotives, ^[12] as the Australian licensee of General Motors EMD engines and traction motors, fitting them into locally designed bodies.

Early passenger services were operated with 4 and 6 wheeled "dogbox" passenger carriages, but larger bogie rollingstock started to appear from the turn of the century. ^[13] On the Melbourne suburban network electric multiple units were introduced speeding up services. Experiments were also made with various diesel and petrol railcars for use on smaller branch lines. By the late 1970s, country passenger services were run down, and older wooden rolling stock was now approaching their use by date. As a result, the New Deal saw modern steel carriages introduced from 1981. ^[13]

Early wagons were built on four wheeled under frames, but from 1871 bogie vehicles begun to appear. ^[14] The last four wheeled open wagons were built in 1958, ^[15] but were not scrapped in large numbers until the 1980s when new bogie wagons replaced them. ^[16] By 1987, the bogie wagon fleet numbered 5000. ^[16]

When the Victorian Railways (now known as VicRail) was divided into two in 1983, the Metropolitan Transit Authority received the suburban electric multiple unit fleet, while the State Transport Authority took responsibility for remainder for the provision of country passenger and freight services.

Rollingstock

Railcars

Class	Image	Type	Gauge	Top speed (km/h)	Built	Number	In service	Notes
102hp Walker Railmotor		Diesel	Broad	72	1948–1955	13	1948–1978
153hp Walker Railmotor		Diesel	Broad	80	1948–1955	16	1948–1978
280hp Walker Railmotor		Diesel	Broad	97	1950–1954	12	1950–1980
Diesel Electric Railmotor (DERM)		Diesel	Broad	60	1928–1931	10	1928–1953	Built from Petrol Electric Railmotors
Diesel Rail Car (DRC)		Diesel	Broad	112	1971–1973	4	1971–1994

Locomotives (Diesel/Electric)

Class	Image	Type	Gauge	Top speed (km/h)	Built	Number	In service	Notes
B		Diesel-electric	Broad	133	1952–1953	26	1952–1982
C		Diesel-electric	Broad, standard	133	1977–1978	10	1977–1995
F		Diesel-electric	Broad	32	1951–1953	16	1951–1987
H		Diesel-electric	Broad	100	1968–1969	5	1968–1999
S		Diesel-electric	Broad, standard	133	1957–1961	18	1957–1961
T		Diesel-electric	Broad, standard	100	1955–1968	94	1955-2000
X		Diesel-electric	Broad, standard	133	1966, 1970, 1975–1976	24	1966–1999
Y		Diesel-electric	Broad	65	1963–1968	75	1963-present
M		Diesel-hydraulic	Broad	20	1959	2	1959-?
V		Diesel-hydraulic	Broad	16	1959	1	1959-?
W		Diesel-hydraulic	Broad	32	1959–1961	27	1959–1982
E		Electric	Broad	65	1923, 1928–1929	12	1923–1984
L		Electric	Broad	75	1953–1954	25	1953–1987

Locomotives (Steam)

Class	Image	Type	Gauge	Top speed (km/h)	Built	Number	In service	Notes
A2		Steam	Broad	115	1907–1915, 1915–1922	185	1907–1963	Ran the Geelong Flier, reducing times from Geelong to Melbourne to 63, and then 55 minutes
AA		Steam	Broad		1900–1903	20	1900–1932
B		Steam	Broad		1861–1881	34	1862–1917
C		Steam	Broad	96	1918–1926	26	1918–1962	Ran during the war on the North Eastern, Ballarat, Bendigo, and Geelong lines
D (1876)		Steam	Broad		1876	2		Named Neil and Neil's Sister
D (1887)		Steam	Broad		1887–1888	20	1887–1928
DD		Steam	Broad		1902–1916	261 D, 58 E	1902–1974	Reclassified into D1, D2, D3, and D4 class during the 1920s
E		Steam	Broad		1889–1890, 1892–1894	76	1889–1966
F		Steam	Broad		1874, 1876–1877, 1879–1880	21	1874–1929	Seven converted to FE class
G		Steam	Narrow		1925	2	1926–1964
G (1877)		Steam	Broad		1877	2	1877–1904
H (1877)		Steam	Broad		1877–1878	8	1877–1916
H		Steam	Broad		1941	1	1941–1958	Nicknamed Heavy Harry; largest locomotive ever built in Australia
J (1859)		Steam	Broad		1859	5	1860–1916
J (1954)		Steam	Broad		1954	60	1954–1972
K		Steam	Broad		1922–1946	53	1922–1979
L		Steam	Broad		1859–1860	10	1861–1906
M		Steam	Broad		1879, 1884–1886	22	1880–1922
N		Steam	Broad		1925–1928, 1930–1931, 1949–1951	83	1925–1966	Designed for conversion to standard gauge
NA		Steam	Narrow		1898–1915	17	1898–
O		Steam	Broad		1862–1864, 1866, 1871–1872, 1878–1879, 1881	44	1886–1919	First entered service as Unclassed
P		Steam	Broad		1860	5	1860–1921
Q		Steam	Broad		1873–1874	70	1873–1908
R		Steam	Broad, Standard		1951–1952	70	1951–1974
S		Steam	Broad		1928	4	1928–1954
T		Steam	Broad		1874–1885	22	1874–1952
U		Steam	Broad		1874–1875	9	1874–1908
V		Steam	Broad		1899, 1901–1902	16	1900–1930
W		Steam	Broad		1880, 1883	12	1880–1926
X		Steam	Broad		1929, 1937-38, 1942-43, <1947	29	1929–1960
Y		Steam	Broad	40	1885, 1888–1889	49	1885–1963
Z		Steam	Broad		1893	3	1893–1911

Carriage stock

Class	Image	Type	Gauge	Top speed (km/h)	Built	Number	In service	Notes
DERM Trailer		Railmotor Trailer	Broad		1930	5	1930–1982
Walker Trailer		Railmotor Trailer	Broad		1948–1949, 1952–1954	15	1948–1983
E Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad		1906–1911, 1919–1924, 1930	~103	1906–1995
N Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad, standard		1981–1984	57	1981-present
PL Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad		1918–1921	141	1917–1988
S Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad, standard	115	1937–1956	40	1937-2010
Short W Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad, standard		1911–1914, 1918–1919, 1922, 1925	136	1911–1984
Long W Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad, standard		1926–1927	25	1926–1986
V Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad		1897–1899	53	1897–1983
Z Type Carriage		Passenger Carriage	Broad, standard		1957–1966	25	1957-present

Electric Multiple Units

Class	Image	Type	Gauge	Top speed (km/h)	Built	Number	In service	Notes
Swingdoor		Electric	Broad	83	1887–1909	288	1887–1974
Tait		Electric	Broad	110	1910–1953	623	1910–1985
Harris		Electric	Broad	130	1956–1971	436	1956–1988	Converted to H set carriages
Hitachi		Electric	Broad	116	1972–1981	354	1972–2014
Comeng		Electric	Broad	115	1981–1988	570	1981-present

Operational branches

Western approach to Flinders Street station

The Victorian Railways was divided up into a number of branches, each with a set of responsibilities. These branches were reorganised a number of times, in 1962 they were: ^[17]

• Secretaries: headed by the Secretary for Railways, dealt with policy, administration, transport regulation and legal matters.
• Rolling Stock: headed by the Chief Mechanical Engineer, was responsible for design, construction, operation, and maintenance of all locomotives and rolling stock.
• Way and Works: headed by the Chief Civil Engineer, it constructed and maintained all fixed infrastructure such as track, bridges, stations, signalling and safeworking.
• Traffic: headed by the Chief Traffic Manager, it operated all goods and passenger services both on rail and road.
• Electrical Engineering: headed by the Chief Electrical Engineer, it managed the suburban railway electrification system, as well as power supply to stations.
• Accountancy: headed by the Controller of Accounts, it recorded all payments, prepared budgets, conducted audits, and paid salaries and wages to employees
• Commercial: headed by the Chief Commercial Manager, it set goods rates and passenger fares, solicited for new traffic to rail, and took action against by-laws offenders.
• Stores: headed by the Controller of Stores, it received all incoming stores and materials, and controlled the railway printing works.
• Refreshment Services: headed by the Superintendent of Refreshment Services, it controlled food and bookstore services at station, managed advertising at stations, as well as the railway bakery, butchery, poultry farm and laundry.

Visual identification

Early version of the Victorian Railways "wings" as used on the Spirit of Progress

For most of the 20th century, the colours of royal blue and gold were the distinctive feature of the Victorian Railways. It was first introduced on the Spirit of Progress express train in 1937 along with the winged "VR" logo,^{[ citation needed ]} and was refined to the final form with the arrival of the B class diesel electric locomotives in 1952. The revised logo was inspired by that of the Erie Railroad in the United States.

While the Spirit of Progress carriages wore the royal blue and gold striping, the remainder of the passenger fleet wore a more plain red livery. Additional carriages did not appear in the blue and gold until the 1954 Royal Tour by HM Queen Elizabeth II. Freight stock was painted in a slightly different red / brown with only identifying lettering painted in white on the side.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the coming of the standard gauge line into Victoria in 1961, the Victorian Railways held a competition to find a "symbol, sign or slogan" to be carried on new freight vehicles for the line. The winner was an 18-year-old art student from Bentleigh, with the logo being a stylised VR with arrowheads on either end. By the 1970s most bogie vehicles wore the logo, until May 1983 pending the launch of V/Line. ^[18]

'Teacup' logo used from 1981

In 1974, the Victorian Railways was rebranded as VicRail, with a new logo unveiled on 12 April 1976, ^[19] but the royal blue and gold image was retained until 1981, ^[5] when the orange and silver "teacup" scheme was launched on locomotives, Comeng trains, and passenger carriages. This was the last livery, with V/Line launched in August 1983 with a "stylised capital lettered logo with the V and the L split by a deep slashing stroke". ^[18]

Named trains

The Victorian Railways operated a number of named passenger trains, including the: ^[20]

• Fruit Flyer
• Geelong Flier
• Great Northern Limited
• The Overland
• The Boat Train
• Spirit of Progress
• The Gippslander
• Intercapital Daylight
• Mildura Sunlight
• Southern Aurora
• The Northerner^{[ citation needed ]}
• The Vinelander
• The West Coaster

The railways also operated a number of specialist trains that were used to bring services to rural and isolated populations. These included:

• Better Farming Train
• Reso Train
• Train of Knowledge

Other functions

From 1888, the Victorian Railways began to take on a role in tourism, operating the Victorian Government Tourist Bureau until it was taken over by the state government in 1959. ^[21] In connection with their role of promoting tourism, the railways ran three guesthouses/ski lodges which were taken over from previous operators: the Mount Buffalo Chalet from (1925–1985), ^[22] the Feathertop Bungalow (1927–1939) and Hotham Heights (1934–1951).

In 1911, the Victorian Railways Commissioners assumed responsibility for the State Coal Mine at Wonthaggi from the Mines Department. ^[23] VR also operated Newport Power Stations A and B.

Other operations included railway refreshment services, road motor services for passengers, and motor transport services for goods. The railways also operated two tram routes in Melbourne, the Electric Street Railways; ^{[24] [25]} the St Kilda to Brighton Beach Street Railway (1,600 mm or 5 ft 3 in gauge) from 1906 until 1959 and the Sandringham to Black Rock tramway (1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in standard gauge ) from 1919 to 1956.

Publications

From 1930 until 1973, Victorian Railways News Letter was the Victorian Railways' inhouse journal. ^[26] It was renamed Victorian Rail Ways in June 1973 ^{[27] [28]} and VicRail News in March 1981. ^{[29] [30]}

References

• Public Record Office Victoria – Victorian Railways

1. Petrie, Gerald (1996). In the Beginning: The Story of the New Zealand Locomotive 1863–1877. Christchurch: Locomotive Press. p. 195. ISBN   0-473-02845-X.
2. Harper, Brian (4 September 2003). "The True Story of the Design of the Bendigo Railway". Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
3. Sands & McDougall's Melbourne and Suburban Directory, 1865, 1870, 1885
4. Geoff Peterson (February 1993). "67 Spencer Street". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). pp. 44–45.
5. Railmac Publications (1992). Australian Fleetbooks: V/Line locomotives. Kitchner Press. p. 5. ISBN   0-949817-76-7.
6. Leo J. Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 273.
7. Leo J. Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 274.
8. Leo J. Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 275.
9. Vincent Adams Winter (1990). VR and VicRail: 1962 – 1983. pp. 6–9. ISBN   0-9592069-3-0.
10. World Survey of Foreign Railways. Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C. 1936. p. 21.
11. Railmac Publications (1992). Australian Fleetbooks: V/Line locomotives. Kitchner Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN   0-949817-76-7.
12. "VR – V/Line – VLP/ FA Locomotives". Locopage. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
13. "Victorian Railways—Loco hauled Passenger Carriages". Peter J. Vincent's Website. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
14. Norm Bray; Peter J. Vincent (2006). Bogie Freight Wagons of Victoria. Brief History Books. ISBN   0-9775056-0-X.
15. Mark Bau. "Four wheeled open wagons of the Victorian Railways". Notes from the Victorian Model Railway Society Prototype Modellers Meet 2007.
16. "V/Line Freight Rollingstock Fleet – 1 July 1987". Newsrail. Vol. 15, no. 10. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). July 1987. p. 303.
17. Leo J. Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 162.
18. Norm Bray; Peter J Vincent (2006). Bogie Freight Wagons of Victoria. Brief History Books. p. 14. ISBN   0-9775056-0-X.
19. Vincent Adams Winter (1990). VR and VicRail: 1962 – 1983. p. 205. ISBN   0-9592069-3-0.
20. Leo J. Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. pp. 256–268.
21. Leo Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 168.
22. Mount Buffalo Chalet Newsrail November 2006 pages 348–355
23. Leo J. Harrigan (1962). Victorian Railways to '62. Public Relations and Betterment Board. p. 165.
24. V.R. Tramway Reminisences Running Journal June 1969
25. The Sandringham Tramway Running Journal October 1969
26. Victorian Railways News Letter National Library of Australia
27. Welcome to Rail Ways Victorian Rail Ways June 1973 page 82
28. Victorian Rail Ways National Library of Australia
29. VicRail News – your new magazine VicRail News March 1981 page 2
30. VicRail News National Library of Australia

External links

• Media related to Victorian Railways at Wikimedia Commons

Companies
Preceded by Various private operators	Victorian Railways 19 March 1856 – 1974	Succeeded by Victorian Railways as VicRail
Preceded by Victorian Railways	Victorian Railways as VicRail 1974 – 30 June 1983	Succeeded by State Transport Authority as V/Line (Regional)
		Succeeded by Metropolitan Transit Authority as The Met (Melbourne)