Sisyrinchium

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Sisyrinchium
Sisyrinchium bermudianum B.jpg
Sisyrinchium bermudiana L. (type species)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Iridoideae
Tribe: Sisyrinchieae
Genus: Sisyrinchium
L.
Species
Synonyms [1]
  • BermudianaMill.
  • HydastylusDryand. ex Salisb.
  • SouzaVell.
  • PaneguiaRaf.
  • PogadelphaRaf.
  • EchthronemaHerb.
  • EriphilemaHerb.
  • GlumosiaHerb.
  • OreolirionE.P.Bicknell

Sisyrinchium is a large genus of annual to perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae. Native to the New World, the species are known as blue-eyed grasses. Although they are not true grasses (Poaceae), they are monocots. [2]

Contents

Several species in the eastern United States are threatened or endangered. This may be due to niche species emerging from their unique tendency toward rapid speciation which helps them adapt to specialized arenic (sandy) habitats. [3]

Description

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Sisyrinchium angustifolium RHu 002.JPG
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
Sisyrinchium californicum Sisyrinchium californicum 7.jpg
Sisyrinchium californicum
Sisyrinchium albidum Sisyrinchium albidum.jpg
Sisyrinchium albidum

These are not true grasses, but many species have the general appearance of grasses, as they are low-growing plants with long, thin leaves. They often grow on grasslands. Many species resemble irises, to which they are more closely related. Most species grow as perennial plants, from a rhizome, though some are short-lived (e.g. Sisyrinchium striatum), and some are annuals (e.g. Sisyrinchium iridifolium ).

The flowers are relatively simple and often grow in clusters.

Many species, particularly the South American ones, are not blue, despite the common name. The genus includes species with blue, white, yellow, and purple petals, often with a contrasting centre. Of the species in the United States, the Western Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium bellum) is sometimes found with white flowers, while the California Golden-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium californicum) has yellow flowers.

Taxonomy

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, based on the species Sisyrinchium bermudiana (commonly called Bermudiana). The taxonomy of this genus is rather perplexing and confusing,[ to whom? ] as several of these species, such as Sisyrinchium angustifolium , form complexes with many variants named as species. More genetic research and cladistic analysis need to be performed to sort out the relationships between the species. Some species, notably Sisyrinchium douglasii , have been transferred to the separate genus Olsynium .

The greatest diversity for the genus is found in South America. [4]

Approximately one third of the species in the genus have oil producing hairs called elaiophores to attract oil-bees. Nearly all these species are native to South America. [4]

Etymology

Sisyrinchíon is the Greek word, recorded by Pliny and Theophrastus, for the Barbary nut iris (Iris or Moraea sisyrinchium), and refers to the way the corm tunics resemble a shaggy goat's-hair coat, sisýra. [5] Authors as early as 1666 [6] give the dubious etymology of Latin sūs "pig" and Greek rhynchos "nose", referring to pigs grubbing the roots. As Goldblatt and Manning explain, "the reason for applying the name to a genus of New World Iridaceae was apparently arbitrary." [7]

Selected species

There are up to 200 species, [8] including:

References

  1. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. "Sisyrinchium angustifolium".
  3. TWO NEW SPECIES OF SISYRINCHIUM (IRIDACEAE) FROM SOUTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES (PDF)
  4. 1 2 Chauveau, Olivier; Eggers, Lilian; Raquin, Christian; Silvério, Adriano; Brown, Spencer; Couloux, Arnaud; Cruaud, Corine; Kaltchuk-Santos, Eliane; Yockteng, Roxana; Souza-Chies, Tatiana T.; Nadot, Sophie (2011). "Evolution of oil-producing trichomes in Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae): insights from the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus". Annals of Botany. 107 (8): 1287–1312. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr080. ISSN   0305-7364. JSTOR   43578242. PMC   3101146 . PMID   21527419.
  5. σισυριγχίον, σισύρα . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  6. Ambrosini, Giacinto. 1666. Phytologiae
  7. Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 221–25. ISBN   978-0-88192-897-6.
  8. Search for "Sisyrinchium", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2012-09-22