Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979

Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979

Long title	An Act to amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to authorize assistance in support of peaceful and democratic processes of development in Central America.
Nicknames	Special Central American and Caribbean Assistance Act of 1979
Enacted by	the 96th United States Congress
Effective	May 31, 1980
Citations
Public law	96-257
Statutes at Large	94  Stat.   422
Codification
Acts amended	Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
Titles amended	22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
U.S.C. sections amended	22 U.S.C. ch. 32,subch. I §§ 2151, 2151n 22 U.S.C. ch. 32,subch. II §§ 2304, 2346e
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 6081 by Clement J. Zablocki (D-WI) on December 11, 1979 Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs, Senate Foreign Relations Passed the Senate on January 29, 1980 (55-34 (Roll Call #17), in lieu of S. 2012) Passed the House on February 27, 1980 (202-197 (Roll Call #88)) Agreed to by the Senate on May 19, 1980 (44-35 (Roll Call #151))   Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on May 31, 1980

Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979 was a United States federal statute established by the 96th United States Congress amending the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. ^[1] The Caribbean Basin statute appropriated conditions for cultivating civility, democratization, human rights, and non-interventionism in Central America. ^[2] The Act of Congress endorsed the Organization of American States embodied by Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The international organization would serve to exemplify multilateralism in pursuance of denouncing left-wing terrorism, political violence, and third world socialism.

During the final months of 1979, the Carter Administration issued affirmative statements to the 96th United States Congress endorsing the proposed Central American assistance legislation providing additional foreign and monetary aid for the affliction of civil disorder in the Americas region. ^{[3] [4] [5]} The H.R. 6081 bill was enacted into law by the 39th President of the United States Jimmy Carter on May 31, 1980. ^{[6] [7]}

Declaration of the Act

The United States statute's articulation was a consistent Act bolstering the Carter Administration's foreign policy with a prominent emphasis regarding international human rights law during the New Cold War. ^[8]

The 96th congressional session penned the United States public law 96-257 as three sections citing the amendment and purpose of the Act with section five hundred and thirty-six conveyed as eleven subsections entitled Central American Economic Support.

Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979 - 94 Stat. 422 § I

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 Amendment - 94 Stat. 422 § II

Central American Economic Support - 94 Stat. 422-424 § DXXXVI

(b) Appropriation authorization

(c) Human rights violations

Human rights in Costa Rica

Human rights in El Salvador

Human rights in Guatemala

Human rights in Honduras

Human rights in Nicaragua

Panama Truth Commission

(d) Presidential encouragement of human rights

(e) Nicaragua acknowledgment or adherence of internationally recognized Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(f) Report to congressional committees

(g) Certification of nonterrorism; Transmittal to the Speaker of the House and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

(h) U.S. support of Organization of American States members against terrorism

(i) Funds available for National Agrarian University of Nicaragua and National Autonomous University of Nicaragua

(j) Loan funds for private sector use and local currency loan programs

(k) Assistance conditions and termination

Free and open elections

Loan funds and United States goods or services purchase

United States President reports to Congress

Human Rights Practices and United States International Relations

Further information: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and Habeas corpus

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 described the terms of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights as defined;

• Torture or cruel and unusual punishment, inhuman or degrading treatment, or punishment
• Prolonged detention without charges
• Flagrant denial of the right to life, liberty, and the security of person

The International Security Assistance and Arms Exports Control Act of 1976 acknowledge the international obligations of human rights as endorsed by Title III - General Limitations of the Act passed by the 94th United States Congress. The section amended the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 declaring United States human rights objectives as defined;

Foreign policy of the United States is to foster increased observance of internationally recognized human rights by all countries

Security assistance nullified for any country where the government engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights

Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs establish within United States Department of State

Continuous observation and review of human rights and humanitarian affairs with an inclusion concerning coordination of United States foreign policy

Prohibition against discrimination

Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction of language, race, religion, or sex

Prohibition of assistance to countries granting sanctuary to international terrorists

Assistance terminated to any government granting sanctuary from prosecution whereas an act has been committed regarding a gross violation of internationally recognized human rights or international terrorism

The International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977 mandated annual reports better known as Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. ^{[9] [10]} The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor published the human rights reports providing insight concerning global humanitarian affairs for countries receiving United States economic security and national security support as authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. ^[11]

Associated United States Federal Statutes

United States public laws relative to the Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979 subsequently under the auspices of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act. The United States statutes were endorsed to encourage harmonious international relations with Latin America.

Date of Enactment	Public Law Number	Statute Citation	Legislative Bill	U.S. Presidential Administration
August 14, 1979	P.L. 96-53	93  Stat.   359	H.R. 3324	Jimmy Carter
December 16, 1980	P.L. 96-533	94  Stat.   3131	H.R. 6942	Jimmy Carter
December 29, 1981	P.L. 97-113	95  Stat.   1519	S. 1196	Ronald Reagan
August 10, 1982	P.L. 97-233	96  Stat.   260	H.J.Res. 494	Ronald Reagan
July 15, 1983	P.L. 98-53	97  Stat.   287	H.R. 1271	Ronald Reagan
August 8, 1985	P.L. 99-83	99  Stat.   190	S. 960	Ronald Reagan

See also

• 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
• Illegal drug trade in Latin America
• Belize–Mexico border
• Jesuit Missionaries in El Salvador
• Belizean–Guatemalan Dispute
• Junta of National Reconstruction
• Central American crisis
• Latin American and Caribbean Group
• Central American migrant caravans
• Latin American debt crisis
• CIA activities in Honduras
• Nicaragua v. United States
• CIA activities in Nicaragua
• Nicaraguan Revolution
• Colombia–Panama border
• Pink tide
• Contras
• Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador
• Dirty War
• Salvadoran Civil War
• Federal Republic of Central America
• Sandinista National Liberation Front
• Guatemala–Mexico border
• United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
• Guatemalan Civil War
• United States Missionaries in El Salvador
• Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
• Alliance for Progress
• Inter-American Development Bank
• Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984
• Mutual Security Act of 1951
• Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
• Torrijos–Carter Treaties

References

1. "John F. Kennedy ~ Executive Order 10973 - Administration of Foreign Assistance and Related Functions". The American Presidency Project ~ John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. University of California - Santa Barbara. November 3, 1961.
2. "Central America, 1977-1980" [Milestones: 1977-1980]. Office of the Historian - Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State.
3. Brzezinski, Zbigniew (October 10, 1979). "Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to Secretary of State Vance, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (McIntyre), and the Director of the International Development Cooperation Agency (Ehrlich)" [Foreign Relations of the United States 1977–1980; Volume XV; Central America, 1977-1980]. Office of the Historian - Foreign Service Institute. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State.
4. Carter, Jimmy (November 9, 1979). "United States Assistance to Central America and the Caribbean Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation". The American Presidency Project ~ John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. University of California, Santa Barbara.
5. Carter, Jimmy E. (November 9, 1979). "Jimmy Carter - United States Assistance to Central America and the Caribbean ~ Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation, November 9, 1979". Internet Archive. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. pp. 2103–2104.
6. Carter, Jimmy (May 31, 1980). "Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979 Statement on Signing H.R. 6081 into Law". The American Presidency Project ~ John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. University of California, Santa Barbara.
7. Carter, Jimmy E. (May 31, 1980). "Jimmy Carter - Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979, May 31, 1980". Internet Archive. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. p. 1017.
8. "Carter and Human Rights, 1977–1981" [Milestones: 1977–1980]. Office of the Historian - Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State.
9. "H.R. 6714 ~ International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977". P.L. 95-88 ~ 91 Stat. 533. Congress.gov. April 28, 1977.
10. "International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977 ~ P.L. 95-88" (PDF). 91 Stat. 533 ~ House Bill 6714. United States Government Publishing Office. August 3, 1977.
11. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Publication History". The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania.

Further reading

• Pearce, Jenny (1981). Under The Eagle: U.S. Intervention in Central America and The Caribbean. London, United Kingdom: Latin American Bureau (Research and Action). ISBN   978-0906156131. OCLC   1200086651.
• Pearce, Jenny (1982). Under The Eagle: U.S. Intervention in Central America and The Caribbean. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. ISBN   978-0896081536. OCLC   19841553.
• Dixon, Marlene; Jonas, Susanne (1983). Revolution and Intervention in Central America. San Francisco, California: Synthesis Publications. ISBN   978-0899350295. OCLC   892159501.
• Leiken, Robert S. (1984). Central America: Anatomy of Conflict. New York, New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN   978-0080309507. OCLC   10324983.
• Leonard, Thomas M. (1985). Central America and United States Policies, 1820s-1980s: A Guide to Issues and References. Claremont, California: Regina Books. ISBN   978-0941690140. OCLC   11623613.
• Coleman, Kenneth M.; Herring, George C. (1985). The Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict and The Failure Of U.S. Policy. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN   978-0842022408. OCLC   11548365.
• Arnson, Cynthia (1993). Crossroads: Congress, The President, and Central America, 1976-1993. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN   978-0271010984. OCLC   28257490.

External links

• Carter, Jimmy E. (March 17, 1977). "Jimmy Carter - United Nations Address Before the General Assembly, March 17, 1977". Internet Archive. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. pp. 444–451.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (March 6, 1979). "Presidential Proclamation 4644: Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 1979". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 390.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (May 10, 1979). "Meeting with President Aristides Royo of Panama". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 836–837.
• "Cause for Murder: Human Rights in Central America". Wide Angle (PBS). Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). September 5, 2002.
• Miller, Arthur Keith (May 2017). "Jimmy Carter's Policy Toward the El Salvador Civil War: The Demise of Human Rights as a Priority" (PDF). DASH: Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard. Harvard Business School - Harvard University.
• "Central America, 1981–1993". Office of the Historian - Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State.
• "Foreign Relations of the United States 1977–1980; Volume XV; Central America" [Central America - Documents 1-496]. Office of the Historian - Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State.
• "The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties". Office of the Historian - Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State.
• Media related to Central America at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Political events in Central America at Wikimedia Commons

Historical video archive

• February 8, 1977 - Carter Administration and Challenges of International Human Rights on YouTube
• March 17, 1977 - U.S. President Carter at General Assembly of United Nations in New York on YouTube
• September 7, 1977 - Jimmy Carter Signing Panama Canal Treaty on YouTube
• February 6, 1978 - Democratic Elections in Nicaragua on YouTube
• June 17, 1978 - U.S. President Carter and General Torrijos Signing Panama Canal Treaties on YouTube
• December 6, 1978 - U.S. President Carter on Human Rights on YouTube
• July 19, 1979 - Nicaraguan Capital Seized by Sandinista National Liberation Front on YouTube
• December 31, 1979 - Nicaragua and Sandinista National Liberation Front Victory on YouTube
• December 31, 1979 - El Salvador in Conflict and Coup on YouTube
• December 2, 1980 - United States Missionaries in El Salvador on YouTube
• April 7, 1986 - Strengthening Democracy in Latin America on YouTube
• November 16, 1995 - El Salvador: Anniversary of Jesuit Priests Carnage on YouTube
• July 17, 2014 - Defending Human Rights During Argentina's 'Dirty War' on YouTube
• May 15, 2017 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights on YouTube