Spotted handfish

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Spotted handfish
CSIRO ScienceImage 10 The Endangered Spotted Handfish.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Lophiiformes
Family: Brachionichthyidae
Genus: Brachionichthys
Species:
B. hirsutus
Binomial name
Brachionichthys hirsutus
(Lacépède, 1804)
Synonyms [2]
  • Lophius hirsutus Lacépède, 1804
  • Chironectes punctatus Cuvier, 1817
Drawing of the spotted handfish Brachionichthys Hirsutus.jpg
Drawing of the spotted handfish

The spotted handfish (Brachionichthys hirsutus) is a rare Australian fish in the handfish family, Brachionichthyidae, classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List 2020. It has a highly restricted range, being found only in the estuary of Derwent River, Tasmania, and nearby areas, with the main threat to its existence being an invasive species, the Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis).

Contents

The spotted handfish is an unusual fish, in that it has highly adapted pectoral fins, which appear like hands (hence the name) and allow it to walk on the sea floor.

Taxonomy

The spotted handfish was first formally described as Lophius hirsutus in 1804 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède with its type locality given as "Côtes sud de l'Australie", probably meaning Tasmania. [3] In 1854 Pieter Bleeker proposed a new monospecific genus for L. hirsutus, Brachionichthys , so this species is the type species of that genus by monotypy. [4] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Brachionichthys , this species being one of two species within that genus, in the family Brachionichthyidae, the handfishes. [5]

Etymology

The spotted handfish has the genus name Brachionichthys, which is a combination of brachium, meaning "arm", an allusion not explained by Bleeker, but it probably refers to the arm-like pectoral fin, with ichthys, meaning "fish". The specific name, hirsutus, means "hairy", and is a reference to skin being at least partially covered with small spines. [6]

Description

The spotted handfish is a rare species in the handfish family, Brachionichthyidae. [7]

The handfishes are a unique, Australian family of anglerfish, the most speciose of the few marine fish families endemic to Australia. Handfish are unusual, small (up to 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in length), slow-moving, fishes that prefer to 'walk' rather than swim. Their pectoral fins are leg-like with extremities resemblant of a sort-of hand (hence their common name). The females are believed to reach sexual maturity after two to three years at lengths of 75 millimetres (3.0 in) to 80 millimetres (3.1 in). [8] [2]

Habitat

The spotted handfish is a benthic fish usually found at depths of 5 metres (16 ft) to 10 metres (33 ft), with overall sightings varying from a minimum of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) to a maximum of 5 metres (16 ft) deep. [1] [9]

It chooses habitats based on the microhabitat features. It tends to prefer complex habitats with features such as depressions and ripple formations filled with shells to avoid predators. [1]

Reproduction

Female spotted handfish with her eggs CSIRO ScienceImage 11186 The Endangered Spotted Handfish.jpg
Female spotted handfish with her eggs

The species spawns sometime during September and October. Females lay a number of eggs varying from 80 to 250 eggs on a variety of vertical objects, including sea grasses, sponges, macrophytic algae, polychaete worm tubes, and stalked ascidians. The eggs are large in diameter measuring approximately 3–4 mm. Handfish have a short pelagic larval period; their eggs hatch after 7–8 weeks as fully formed juveniles (6–7 mm SL). [10]

B. hirsutus will select it's desired habitat when breeding season occurs. Due to the low movement range of the B. hirsutus from its chosen habitat, encountering other B. hirsutus becomes rare and lessens the probability of mating. This leads to potential risks of alleles effects on the populations due to low reproduction. Some B. hirsutus are also forced to increase effort in finding a mate due to the low movement range. [11]

Diet

Little is known regarding their diet, but they have been known to prey on small shellfish, shrimp, and polychaete worms in the wild. When captive in aquaria, spotted handfish eat mysid shrimp, amphipods, and small live fish. Newly hatched handfish have been observed to do quite well on a diet of small amphipods. [8]

The critically endangered spotted handfish Brachionichthys hirsutus RLS.jpg
The critically endangered spotted handfish

Conservation

In 1996, the spotted handfish was the first marine fish to be listed as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List, [12] [13] and is still classified as such (as of 2021, last assessed 2018). [1] It has the same classification under Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), and as Endangered under Tasmania's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 . [14] All handfish species are protected under the Tasmanian Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995, which prohibits their collection in State waters without a permit. [8]

The most urgent matter concerning the survival of the species is to address the threat posed by the presence of an introduced species of seastar, the Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis), which prey on not only the fish eggs, [15] [16] but also on the sea squirts (ascidians) [17] that help to form the substrate that the fish spawn on. [18] Since the seastar, native to Japanese waters, was established in the Derwent River and estuary in the 1980s, [18] efforts have been made to control its spread in Australia.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">River Derwent (Tasmania)</span> River in south east Tasmania, Australia

The River Derwent is a river located in Tasmania, Australia. It is also known by the palawa kani name timtumili minanya. The river rises in the state's Central Highlands at Lake St Clair, and descends more than 700 metres (2,300 ft) over a distance of more than 200 kilometres (120 mi), flowing through Hobart, the state's capital city, before emptying into Storm Bay and flowing into the Tasman Sea. The banks of the Derwent were once covered by forests and occupied by Aboriginal Tasmanians. European settlers farmed the area and during the 20th century many dams were built on its tributaries for the generation of hydro-electricity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Pacific seastar in Australia</span>

The Northern Pacific seastar is an invasive species in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frogfish</span> Family of fishes

Frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family Antennariidae, of the order Lophiiformes. Antennariids are known as anglerfish in Australia, where the term "frogfish" refers to members of the unrelated family Batrachoididae. Frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world, the primary exception being the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Handfish</span> Family of fishes

Handfish are marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Brachionichthyidae, a group which comprises five genera and 14 extant species and which is classified within the suborder Antennarioidei in the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. These benthic marine fish are unusual in the way they propel themselves by walking on the sea floor rather than swimming.

<i>Brachionichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Brachionichythys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Brachionichthyidae, the handfishes. These fishes are confined to the southeastern Indian and southwestern Pacific Oceans off Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian swellshark</span> Species of shark

The Australian swellshark or draughtboard shark, is a species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae, endemic to southern Australia. This bottom-dwelling species can be found on the continental shelf down to a depth of 220 m (720 ft). Usually measuring 1 m long, it is a stout-bodied, broad-headed shark with a short tail and a first dorsal fin much larger than the second. It can be identified by its variegated dorsal coloration of brown or grey patches and numerous spots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starry smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The starry smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found on the continental shelves of the northeast Atlantic, between latitudes 61 and 16° N, from the surface to a depth of 200 m (660 ft).

<i>Asterias amurensis</i> Species of starfish

Asterias amurensis, also known as the Northern Pacific seastar and Japanese common starfish, is a seastar found in shallow seas and estuaries, native to the coasts of northern China, Korea, far eastern Russia, Japan, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and British Columbia in Canada. Two forms are recognised: the nominate and formarobusta from the Strait of Tartary. It mostly preys on large bivalve molluscs, and it is mostly preyed on by other species of starfish. Population booms in Japan can affect the harvest of mariculture operations and are costly to combat.

<i>Anarhichas minor</i> Species of fish

Anarhichas minor, the spotted wolffish, spotted sea cat or leopardfish, is a large marine fish of the family Anarhichadidae. This bottom-dwelling species is found across the North Atlantic and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean from north of Russia and the Scandinavian Peninsula to the Scotian Shelf, off Nova Scotia, Canada. In Canada the population declined by about 90% from the late 1970s through the early 1990s, particularly in the northern part of its range. In Canada it is classified as a threatened species.

Brachiopsilus is a genus in the handfish family Brachionichthyidae.

Pezichthys is a genus in the handfish family Brachionichthyidae.

<i>Thymichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Thymichthys is a genus in the handfish family Brachionichthyidae. Like other handfishes, they move by means of walking on their pectoral fins, which resemble hands.

Sympterichthys is a genus in the handfish family Brachionichthyidae with these species:

<i>Kaupus costatus</i> Species of fish

The deepbody pipefish is a species of pipefish endemic to Australia where it is only found along the southern coast. This species grows to a length of 12.9 centimetres (5.1 in) SL. This species is the only known member of the monotypic genus Kaupus which is named in honour of the ichthyologist Johann Jakob Kaup (1803-1873).

Peter Robert Last is an Australian ichthyologist, curator of the Australian National Fish Collection and a senior principal research scientist at CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR) in Hobart, Tasmania. He is an elasmobranch expert and has described many new species of shark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red handfish</span> Species of fish

The red handfish is a species of handfish in the genus Thymichthys, found in Frederick Henry Bay, Tasmania.

Ziebell's handfish is a rare Australian handfish in the genus Brachiopsilus. It is known only from eastern and southern Tasmania. Ziebell's handfish may possibly be extinct, as there have been no confirmed sightings since 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smooth handfish</span> Extinct species of fish

The smooth handfish is a possibly extinct species of handfish in the genus Sympterichthys. It was endemic to waters off the coast of Tasmania, mainly the D’Entrecasteaux Channel. It was declared extinct by the IUCN Red List in 2020, marking the first entirely marine fish classified as such. However, in 2021 its status was changed to Data Deficient due to uncertainties over the exhaustiveness of the unsuccessful surveys to find this species.

Moulton's handfish is an endangered species of handfish in the genus Sympterichthys. It is endemic to a few locations off the southeastern coast of Australia. It was first described as a distinct species in 2009 by Peter Last and Daniel Gledhill. It lives at a depth of around 105 metres (344 ft) - 150 metres (490 ft).

The Australian spotted handfish, also known as the Australian handfish or common handfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Brachionichthyidae, the handfishes. This species is endemic to eastern and southern Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Edgar g.; Stuart-Smith, R. & Last, P.R. "Brachionichthys hirsutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : e.T2958A121210485. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2958A121210485.en . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2024). "Brachionichthys hirsutus" in FishBase. February 2024 version.
  3. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Brachionichthys". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  4. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Brachionichthyidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  5. Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 508–518. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN   2015037522. OCLC   951899884. OL   25909650M.
  6. Christopher Scharpf (14 November 2022). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  7. "Brachionichthys hirsutus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 18 April 2006.
  8. 1 2 3 "Family Brachionichthyidae". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria . Retrieved 29 December 2021. CC-BY icon.svg Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.
  9. Bruce, B. D. & Green, M. A. (March 1998). The Spotted Handfish 1999–2001 Recovery Plan. Spotted Handfish Recovery Team. ISBN   0-643-06165-7.
  10. Green, Mark; Bruce, Barry (1998). "Threatened fishes of the world: Brachionichthys hirsutus". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 52 (4): 418. doi:10.1023/A:1007415920088. S2CID   39626211.
  11. Wong, Lincoln S. C.; Lynch, Tim P.; Barrett, Neville S.; Wright, Jeffrey T.; Green, Mark A.; Flynn, David J. H. (13 August 2018). "Local densities and habitat preference of the critically endangered spotted handfish (Brachionichthys hirsutus): Large scale field trial of GPS parameterised underwater visual census and diver attached camera". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201518. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301518W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201518 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6089437 . PMID   30102710.
  12. Shiffman, David (July 2020). "Smooth Handfish Extinction Marks a Sad Milestone". Scientific American . 323 (1): 14.
  13. Edgar, G., Stuart-Smith, R. & Last, P.R. (2020). Brachionichthys hirsutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2958A121210485.en
  14. "Brachionichthys hirsutus — Spotted Handfish". Species Profile and Threats Database . SPRAT Profile. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (Australia). Retrieved 30 December 2021. CC-BY icon.svg Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
  15. "Brachionichtys-hirsutus". Fishbase.
  16. Anderson, Ian (26 February 2019). "Stowaway drives fish to brink of extinction". New Scientist . Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  17. "Asterias amurensis". Global invasive species database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 10 March 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  18. 1 2 MacDonald, Lucy (20 February 2021). "Volunteers hope efforts to remove invasive northern Pacific seastar will make a difference". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 20 February 2021.

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