St. Lucia's flood

North Holland, 1st-10th century

St. Lucia's flood (Sint-Luciavloed) was a storm tide that affected the Netherlands and Northern Germany on 13/14 December 1287 (OS), ^{[1] [ circular reference ]} St. Lucia Day and the day after, killing approximately 50,000 to 80,000 people in one of the largest floods in recorded history. A low-pressure system combined with a high tide caused the North Sea to rise over the seawalls and dykes, causing a large portion of the Netherlands and Northern Germany to be flooded. ^[2]

This disaster was similar to the North Sea flood of 1953, when an intense European windstorm coinciding with a high tide caused a huge storm surge. The St. Lucia flood had a major influence on the subsequent history of the Netherlands. As a result of this event, a vast percentage of the country's population was wiped out. ^[3]

The island of Griend in the current Waddenzee saw serious destruction, with only ten houses left standing. After the flood, Harlingen, about 25 kilometres southeast of Griend and formerly landlocked, came into existence as the new seaport of Friesland, a role it kept for seven centuries.

The only part of the current northwestern Netherlands, apart from the western Dunes area (the old Dutch heartland) and the Frisian Islands that escaped annihilation was West-Friesland, since this area was already protected by a ringdike that mostly held and where not, could be repaired after the floods receded. Shortly after the St. Lucia Day disaster, the West-Frisia, now separated from the rest of Friesland by a strait of around 15 kilometres at its narrowest, was annexed by the county of Holland, expanding this county northwards. The flood also brought the Friso-Hollandic Wars, which had lasted around 200 years, to an end. Shortly after this annexation, the West-Frisian cities of Hoorn and Enkhuizen began a rise to prominence that would last until the 17th century.

In Germany (mostly East Frisia)

The Chronicles speak of 50,000 killed^{[ where? ] [4]} and total destruction. Many villages disappeared forever. In the current district of East-Frisia alone thirty villages disappeared in the North Sea. Also a first stage of the Dollart came into existence. Because of the large loss of land and the relative insecurity of living in the now far more unprotected peatlands, since natural barriers had been removed by the flood, many survivors gave up their ways of living in the fertile peatlands and moved to the Geest.

In England

Although not known by the name of St. Lucia, the same storm also had devastating effects on the other side of the North Sea in England. It killed hundreds of people in England, ^[5] e.g. in the village of Hickling, Norfolk, where 180 died and the water rose a foot above the high altar in the Priory Church. ^[6]

The storm is one of two in 1287 sometimes referred to as a "Great Storm". The other was the South England flood of February 1287. Together with a surge in January 1286, ^[7] they seem to have prompted the decline of one of England's then leading ports, Dunwich in Suffolk.

See also

• Floods in the Netherlands

References

1. Gevaar van water, water in gevaar uit 2001 ISBN   90-71736-21-0
2. Buisman, Jan, Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen (Deel 1: tot 1300), ISBN   978-90-5194-075-6

Notes

1. "Sint-Luciavloed", Wikipedia (in Dutch), 2021-03-25, retrieved 2021-12-13
2. Goolsby, Abe. "1287: St. Lucia's Flood Transformed the Netherlands". RFD. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
3. "Zuiderzee floods". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2024-12-07). "Zuiderzee floods". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
5. "1287 - A Terrible Year for Storms". VillageNet. 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
6. "Houses of Austin canons: The priory of Hickling". A History of the County of Norfolk. Vol. 2. 1906. pp. 383–386. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
7. Simons, Paul (2008). Since Records Began. London: Collins. pp. 175–6. ISBN   978-0-00-728463-4.