Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom

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This article presents official statistics gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

Contents

The official daily report from the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) counts those who died within 28 days of testing positive for coronavirus. It "could be the major cause, a contributory factor or simply present when they are dying of something else". [1] From 29 April 2020, the official figures include all coronavirus-positive deaths in the UK, wherever they happened. [2] Before then, the official daily toll included only hospital deaths in England, but included all coronavirus-positive deaths in the rest of the UK wherever they happened, if known to public health agencies. [3] [4] There may be a delay between a death and it entering official statistics so families can be informed; this delay is usually a few days, but can be longer. [5] [6]

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) issues a weekly report covering the four countries, which counts all deaths where coronavirus was mentioned on the death certificate; not necessarily as the main cause of death. As of 21 September 2021, the total of registered deaths mentioning COVID-19 up till 10 September was 160,374, comprising 146,380 deaths for England, 8,129 for Wales, 10,688 for Scotland and 3,306 for Northern Ireland. In addition 184 non-UK residents died in England and Wales. [7] [ needs update ] This incorporates data from the National Records of Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. This figure is higher because it also counts deaths where no test was done. [3] [4] [8] The ONS has analysed death certificates for England and Wales to the end of 2020 and shown that 91% of deaths which mention COVID-19 state this as the main cause of death (compared with 18% for flu and pneumonia). [9] The end of free mass testing in April 2022 greatly reduced the number of tests taken and may affect the number of cases, although ONS statistics have continued being collected. [10]

Details

As of 5 June 2020 the death rate across the UK from COVID-19 was 592 per million population. [11] The death rate varied greatly by age and healthiness. More than 90% of deaths were among the most vulnerable: those with underlying illnesses and the over-60s. [12] [13] [14] COVID-19 deaths are "remarkably uncommon" among the least vulnerable: those under 65 and with no underlying illnesses. [15]

There was also large regional variation in the pandemic's severity. The outbreak in London had the highest number and highest rate of infections. [16] England was the UK country with the highest recorded death rate per capita, followed by Wales and then Scotland, while Northern Ireland has the lowest per capita. [17]

On 22 April 2020, the Financial Times estimated that 41,000 may have died by that date, by extrapolating the ONS data and counting all deaths above the average for the time of year. [18] The World Health Organisation cautioned on 23 April that up to half of coronavirus deaths in Europe were among care home residents. The Chief Medical Officer for England warned that even the ONS figures on coronavirus deaths in care homes are likely to be "an underestimate" and said he is "sure we will see a high mortality rate sadly in care homes, because this is a very, very vulnerable group". [19] [20] [18] On 28 April, Health Secretary Matt Hancock said the number of coronavirus-linked deaths in care homes would be announced as part of the daily report, instead of weekly. [21] By 7 May 2020, the epidemic was concentrated in hospitals and care homes, with the infection rate being higher in care homes than in the community. [22] [23] By 28 May, the Financial Times estimate of 'excess deaths', the increase over the figure expected for the time of year, had increased to 59,537 since 20 March. [24]

The Guardian wrote in May 2020 that across the UK around 8,000 more people had died in their homes since the start of the pandemic, when compared to normal times. Of that total around 80% of the people according to their death certificates, died from non COVID-19 illnesses. The statistics additionally showed a drop in non COVID-19 deaths in hospitals, leading many to think that people who normally would have been admitted were avoiding hospitals. [25] NHS England said that between 10 and 20% of people who were admitted to hospital for other reasons contracted coronavirus during their stay. [26]

The number of cases in the table represent laboratory confirmed cases only. The UK Government's Chief Scientific Adviser Patrick Vallance, says it is likely that other cases are not included in these figures. [27]

In the week ending 19 June 2020, registered deaths fell below the average for the previous five years for the first time since mid-March. [28] The total number of excess deaths in the UK since the start of the outbreak is just over 65,000. [28]

On 12 August 2020, the UK death toll was reduced by more than 5,000, after a review of how deaths are counted in England. [29]

In the latter half of August, testing increased from 2.3 to 2.6 tests per thousand population per day. [30]

2,460 new cases in the UK were reported on Tuesday 8 September 2020. [31] This number was approximately double what it had been a fortnight previously [32] and the daily case number further doubled to 4,926 a fortnight later, on 22 September 2020. [32] On 18 September, the COVID Symptom Study estimated the value to be above 1 in each of England, Scotland and Wales, with a value of 1.4 for England meaning that cases were doubling every seven days. [33]

Total cases and deaths



Long Covid

Roughly 1.3 million UK people have "long Covid", symptoms lasting over four weeks following initial infection, according to an Office for National Statistics survey.

The ONS survey, during four weeks in November and December 2021, claims, of those with long Covid:

As with previous analyses, roughly 20% said "their symptoms meant their ability to do day-to-day activities had been limited a lot."

And patients most likely to develop long Covid are:

Dr David Strain of the University of Exeter said, "The stark warning here is that, based on this, in the previous waves, over 800,000 people have their day-to-day activities significantly affected over three months after catching Covid and nearly a quarter of a million report this has a dramatic impact on their quality of life. As we continue to see case numbers of Omicron rise, we must be wary that our reliance purely on hospitalisations and death as a measure of the risk from Covid could grossly underestimate the public-health impact of our current Covid strategy." [34]

New cases

New cases by day reported

The figures are as reported daily at coronavirus.data.gov.uk. [35] From the week of 21 February 2022, the UK Health Security Agency stopped publishing dashboard updates at weekends. Figures for Saturday and Sunday are now combined with Monday's figures. The source stopped reporting numbers after May 2022. [36]

Daily cases, 2022 (NB scaled to a maximum of 240,000 per time period)

Daily cases, 2021 (NB scaled to a maximum of 200,000 per day)


Daily cases, 2020 (NB scaled to a maximum of 60,000 per day)


Notes

Details of the periods with corrected case numbers

On 3 October, the UK Government Dashboard "GOV.UKCoronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK" issued the following note:

Due to a technical issue, which has now been resolved, there has been a delay in publishing a number of COVID-19 cases to the dashboard in England. This means the total reported over the coming days will include some additional cases from the period between 24 September and 1 October, increasing the number of cases reported.

On 4 October, the UK Government Dashboard "GOV.UKCoronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK" issued the following note:

An issue was identified overnight on Friday 2 October in the automated process that transfers positive cases data to PHE. It has now been resolved. The cases by publish date for 3 and 4 October include 15,841 additional cases with specimen dates between 25 September and 2 October — they are therefore artificially high for England and the UK.

After correction as calculated by the BBC, [38] the case numbers should read from 25 September as below, showing a trend (apart from the 28 September and 4 October figures) which is subsequently maintained:

Date25-Sep26-Sep27-Sep28-Sep29-Sep30-Sep1-Oct2-Oct3-Oct4-Oct5-Oct6-Oct
Original6874604256934044714371086914696812872229611259414542
Adjustment957744757014153049413347860-1584100
Adjusted Total783167866450404485581015711047117541287271201259414542

On 16 December Public Health Wales announced that there had been a delay in transferring data from the Lighthouse Labs which had resulted in under-reporting over the preceding week of approximately 11,000 positive tests. The 'missing' numbers were reported instead on 16 December. While the Wales numbers were a relatively small proportion of the UK total, this nevertheless affected the day-to-day accuracy of the case numbers in this period, though not the cumulative totals afterwards: the affected dates are marked in the graph above with a letter 'x'. [39]

New cases by week reported

Number of people who have had a lab-confirmed positive test result [40] From the week of 21 February 2022, the UK Health Security Agency stopped publishing dashboard updates at weekends. Figures for Saturday and Sunday are now combined with Monday's figures. Hence, the period displayed beginning 20 February 2022 contains only six days figures after which full seven day totals will commence with the period commencing 26 February 2022. Easter 2022 dates necessarily contain a 6-day and an 8-day period.

By week (2022)

By week (2020-2021)

' * ' Values for these dates are questionable in light of the announcements of 3 & 4 October, see New cases by day reported

The values in the above graph are not directly comparable between different time periods because they were measured under different testing rates. It is therefore vital to consult Test positivity rate and New daily tests.


Numbers of deaths

New deaths by week and day reported

Deaths of people within 28 days of a positive test result [nb 1] [41]

By week (2022) NB Scaled to maximum of 2,000

By week (2020-2021) NB Scaled to maximum of 9,000


Daily numbers (2022) - scaled with a maximum of 600 per day

From the week of 21 February 2022, the UK Health Security Agency stopped publishing dashboard updates at weekends. Figures for Saturday and Sunday are now combined with Monday's figures.

Daily numbers (2021) - scaled with a maximum of 2,000 per day


Daily numbers (2020) - scaled with a maximum of 1,200 per day

Daily deaths within 28 days of positive test, listed by date reported

Daily number of deaths within 28 days of positive test, by date of death. [42]

Test positivity rate

The UK's test positivity rate, every seven days from 7 April 2020 until 14 December 2021. [30] This is the percentage of tests that were positive out of all tests made on the day. Because testing rates vary over time, and can vary greatly between countries, the positivity rate is a key metric for measuring the pandemic. According to the World Health Organization, a positive rate of less than 5% for at least two weeks is one indicator the epidemic is under control in a country. [43]

Test availability also varies over time, so the very high rates seen in spring 2020 are probably an over-estimate of positivity.

New daily tests

New daily tests per 1000 population, smoothed, UK from April 2020 to January 2021 [30] (chart):

All-cause deaths

Comparison of 2020 (England and Wales) with average death rates and the 2014–15 flu season

  Average deaths per week 2010–2019 excluding 'flu year q4,2014-q3,2015
  deaths per week, 2014 quarter 4
  deaths per week, 2015 quarters 1–3
  deaths per week, 2020
  deaths per week, 2021

Note: Average deaths per week are presented using the years 2010–2019 but excluding the recent year with particularly high incidence of 'flu, q4,2014-q3,2015; [1] deaths per week 2020 covers weeks 1–42 inclusive. Data downloaded from mortality.org. [44] The pronounced zigzags typically correspond to holiday periods when there may be a lag in the reporting of some deaths.

Comparison of numbers of deaths for all ages, second quarter

Excess deaths in the UK in 2020 to date have occurred mainly in the second quarter of the year. For this period, in England and Wales there were 49% more deaths than for the average of the preceding 10 years. The bar chart below shows all-cause deaths in England and Wales in quarter 2 (weeks 14–26, inclusive), year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv: [44]

Mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary. The above is not adjusted by population size.

All-cause deaths for all ages

All-cause deaths in England and Wales in weeks 1–33, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv: [44]

mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size.

All-cause deaths in Scotland in weeks 1–30, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv: [45]

Note that a similar effect is seen to that in England and Wales, namely most excess deaths occurred in the second quarter of the year. Note also that mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size.

All-cause deaths for ages 0–14

All-cause deaths in England and Wales in weeks 1–33, ages 0–14, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv: [44]

Note that COVID-19 has generally been found to have very low mortality rates for the very young. The source, mortality.org, indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size.

All-cause deaths in Scotland in weeks 1–30, ages 0–14, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv: [45]

Note that the smaller population of Scotland compared with England and Wales results in a 'noisier' data set due to the relatively random nature of the events recorded here. The source, mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size.

All-cause deaths for ages 65–74

All-cause deaths in England and Wales in weeks 1–33, ages 65–74, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv: [44]

Note that the period for 2020 is unique in that it includes deaths from COVID-19, but with very few of these prior to week 14. The source, mortality.org, indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size.

Hospitalisations

Daily hospital admissions of COVID-positive patients for England Statistics » COVID-19 Hospital Activity, with 7-day moving averages, based on two spreadsheets in the same source, one historic, one more current- note however that the data seems to be inconsistent between these two, 'admissions' vs. 'admissions... and diagnoses in hospital'.

Source for figures from March: COVID-19 daily situation report- Summary information from the daily situation report returns regarding COVID-19 Capacity, discharges and deaths: Provider Level Data – Admissions – Number of patients admitted with COVID-19 (Last 24hrs) [46]

Daily positive hospitalisations for England, March–August 2020

Daily covid-positive hospitalisations for England, August–December 2020

August and September figures from a separate file at the same webpage: COVID-19 daily situation report COVID-19 admissions estimates in England- Number of estimated daily admissions and diagnoses for COVID-19: Section 1. Total reported admissions to hospital and diagnoses in hospital. [47]

After 25 October 2020, hospitalisations rose to a high of 1,711 on 11 November, but afterwards drifted gradually down, reaching 1208 on 28 November, before climbing again and exceeding 1,800 on 17 December 2020; the rate peaked at around 4,000 per day in January 2021. [47]

As of December 2021, similar data for the UK (and constituent nations) is available here. [48]

Vaccination

Data is from GOV.UK. [49] There are around 53 million adults age 18+ in the UK, and a further 4.5 million teenagers aged 12-17 who are eligible for the vaccine.

§

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
Main article: Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom vaccinations daily chart

On 31 December 2021 the BBC wrote, "The UKHSA analysed more than 600,000 confirmed and suspected cases of the Omicron variant up to 29 December in England. It found that a single vaccine dose reduced the risk of needing hospital treatment by 52%. Adding the second dose increased the protection to 72%, although after 25 weeks that protection had faded to 52%. And two weeks after getting a third dose, that protection against hospitalisation was boosted to 88%." [50]

On 1 February 2022 just 26,875 people in England got a third dose of COVID vaccine and 6 million people should have got their third dose at least six weeks previously. Distrust of the government due to Partygate is part of the reason for the poor response. [51]

Demographics

A 'visiting window' at a nursing home in Wetherby, West Yorkshire designed to reduce transmission to vulnerable residents. The visiting window, Wetherby Manor (24th June 2020).jpg
A 'visiting window' at a nursing home in Wetherby, West Yorkshire designed to reduce transmission to vulnerable residents.

Different demographics in the UK have been affected to different degrees by the coronavirus pandemic, and this may have medical, social or cultural causes.

Coronavirus risk and ethnicity

In April 2020, the British Medical Association called on the government to investigate if and why people from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups were more vulnerable to COVID-19, after the first 10 doctors to die were all from the group. [52] The Labour Party called for a public enquiry after the first 10 deaths in the health service were from BAME backgrounds. [53] The Mayor of London Sadiq Khan wrote to the Equality and Human Rights Commission asking them to investigate whether the effects of coronavirus on BAME groups could have been prevented or mitigated. [54] A group of 70 BAME figures sent a letter to Boris Johnson calling for an independent public enquiry into the disproportionate impact of the coronavirus on people from black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds. [55]

Research by the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre concluded that people from BAME backgrounds made up 34% of critical patients. [56] NHS England and Public Health England were appointed to lead an inquiry into why people from black and minority ethnic backgrounds appear to be disproportionately affected by coronavirus. [57] On 18 April, Public Health England said that they would start recording the ethnicity of victims of coronavirus. [58]

Research carried out by The Guardian newspaper concluded that ethnic minorities in England when compared to white people were dying in disproportionately high numbers. They said that deaths in hospitals up to 19 April 19% were from BAME backgrounds who make up only 15% of the population of England. [59]

The Office for National Statistics (ONS), meanwhile, wrote that in England and Wales black men were four times more likely to die from coronavirus than white men, from figures gathered between 2 March to 10 April. [60] [61] They concluded that "the difference between ethnic groups in COVID-19 mortality is partly a result of socio-economic disadvantage and other circumstances, but a remaining part of the difference has not yet been explained". Some commentators including Dr. John Campbell have pointed to Vitamin D deficiency as a possible cause of the discrepancy, but the theory remains unproven. [62]

Another study carried out by University of Oxford and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on behalf of NHS England and a separate report by the Institute for Fiscal Studies corroborated the ONS' findings. [63] [64] [65] An Oxford University led study into the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy concluded that 55% of pregnant women admitted to hospital with coronavirus from 1 March to 14 April were from a BAME background. The study also concluded that BAME women were four times more likely to be hospitalised than white women. [66] [67]

A study by Public Health Scotland found no link between BAME groups and COVID-19. [68] A second Public Health England study found that those with a Bangladeshi heritage were dying at twice the rate of white Britons. Other BAME groups had between 10% and 50% higher risk of death from COVID-19. [69] [70] [71]

Public Health England continued to report quarterly on the progress of its research. In its final December 2021 report [72] it concluded that (a) the main factors behind the higher risk of COVID-19 infection for ethnic minority groups were occupation, living in multigenerational households, and living in densely-populated urban areas with poor air quality and higher levels of deprivation; (b) once infected, the risk of dying was higher for older people, males, people with disabilities, and people with other health conditions such as diabetes, and (c) a gene carried by 61% of people with South Asian ancestry doubled the risk of respiratory failure following COVID-19 infection.

As the vaccine programme gathered pace, it became clear that the level of take-up varied significantly between different ethnic groups. Notably, those identifying as Black or Black British reported the highest level of vaccine hesitancy, at over 40%. [73]

Fines and ethnicity

Figures from the Metropolitan Police showed that BAME people received proportionally more fines than white people for breaching COVID-related restrictions. [74]

Coronavirus risk and employment status

The ONS study, using data collected up to 17 April 2020 across England and Wales, concluded that men in low-skilled jobs were four times more likely to die from the virus than those in professional jobs. Women who worked as carers were twice as likely to die than those who worked in technical or professional jobs. The GMB trade union commented on the findings that ministers must stop any return to work until "proper guidelines, advice and enforcement are in place to keep people safe". An analysis of the figures by The Guardian concluded that deaths were higher in occupations where physical distancing was more difficult to achieve. [75]

Analysis by The Independent and the Financial Times concluded that mortality rates from coronavirus were higher in deprived and urban areas than in prosperous and rural locations, across England and Wales. [76] [77] Analysis of the ONS data by the Guardian also concluded that by 13 May, only about 12% of people who had died from the virus in England and Wales were under 65 while 59% were over 80. [78] A Public Health England report in June 2020 found that security guards, taxi and bus drivers, construction workers and social care staff were at a higher risk of COVID-19 when compared to other occupations. [71]

Death rate and Brexit referendum

In November 2021 researchers from the universities of Oxford and Glasgow published a paper stating that the COVID-19 death rate was significantly lower (33%) in districts that voted most in favour of remaining in the European Union in the 2016 Brexit referendum. They suggest "different cultures and belief systems" should be taken into account in dealing with similar situations. [79]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Number of deaths of people who had had a positive test result for COVID-19 and died within 28 days of the first positive test. The actual cause of death may not be COVID-19 in all cases. People who died from COVID-19 but had not tested positive are not included and people who died from COVID-19 more than 28 days after their first positive test are not included. Data from the four nations are not directly comparable as methodologies and inclusion criteria vary.
  2. ↑ Data on COVID-19 associated deaths in England are produced by Public Health England (PHE) from multiple sources linked to confirmed case data. Deaths newly reported each day cover the 24 hours up to 5pm on the previous day. Deaths are only included if the deceased had had a positive test for COVID-19 and died within 28 days of the first positive test.
  3. ↑ Data for Northern Ireland include all cases reported to the Public Health Agency (PHA) where the deceased had a positive test for COVID-19 and died within 28 days. PHA sources include reports by healthcare workers (eg Health and Social Care Trusts, GPs) and information from local laboratory reports. Deaths reported against each date cover the 24 hours up to 9:30am on the same day.
  4. ↑ Data for Scotland include deaths in all settings which have been registered with National Records of Scotland (NRS) where a laboratory confirmed report of COVID-19 in the 28 days prior to death exists. Deaths reported against each date cover the 24 hours up to 9:30am on the same day.
  5. ↑ Data for Wales include reports to Public Health Wales of deaths of hospitalised patients in Welsh Hospitals or care home residents where COVID-19 has been confirmed with a positive laboratory test and the clinician suspects this was a causative factor in the death. The figures do not include individuals who may have died from COVID-19 but who were not confirmed by laboratory testing, those who died in other settings, or Welsh residents who died outside of Wales. Deaths reported each day cover the 24 hours up to 5pm on the previous day. The majority of deaths included occur within 28 days of a positive test result.

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References

  1. 1 2 "Coronavirus: How to understand the death toll". BBC News. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  2. ↑ The different uses of figures on deaths from COVID-19 published by DHSC and the ONS. Office for National Statistics, 28 April 2020.
  3. 1 2 Comparison of weekly death occurrences in England and Wales. Office for National Statistics, 21 April 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Can we trust the Covid-19 death toll?". Channel 4 News, 15 April 2020.
  5. ↑ "What do the statistics really tell us about UK coronavirus deaths?". ITV News. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  6. ↑ Barr, Caelainn; Duncan, Pamela; McIntyre, Niamh. "Why what we think we know about the UK's coronavirus death toll is wrong". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  7. 1 2 Office for National Statistics (8 April 2021). "Deaths registered weekly in England and Wales, provisional (table Covid-19 - Daily occurrences)". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  8. ↑ "How accurate are UK coronavirus death toll numbers?". The Telegraph, 17 April 2020.
  9. ↑ "Deaths registered weekly in England and Wales, provisional: week ending 1 January 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  10. ↑ Leach, Anna. "Are UK coronavirus cases actually going down or are they just harder to count?". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  11. ↑ Coronavirus cases: Reported Cases and Deaths by Country. Worldometer.
  12. ↑ "Coronavirus: Does 20,000 hospital deaths milestone mean failure for UK?". BBC News, 25 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "Coronavirus: Nine in 10 dying have existing illness". BBC News, 16 April 2020.
  14. ↑ "Coronavirus in the UK: How many confirmed cases are there in your area?". BBC News. BBC. 8 September 2020.
  15. ↑ "Coronavirus: Is it time to free the healthy from restrictions?". BBC News . 7 May 2020.
  16. ↑ "How many coronavirus cases are in your area?". The Daily Telegraph , 15 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "Coronavirus: Pro rata, NI has fewer deaths than RoI or GB". The News Letter , 9 April 2020.
  18. 1 2 Giles, Chris (22 April 2020). "UK coronavirus deaths more than double official figure, according to FT study". Financial Times . Retrieved 24 April 2020. ... because of the lag in collating the data, the ONS published figures for the period to 10 April are significantly out of date as they are based on registrations received by the statistical office, which on average arrive four days after the actual date of death. The FT's analysis has extrapolated these figures using the latest trends in the daily hospital deaths assuming the relationship between these and total excess deaths remained stable, as it has so far over the course of the pandemic. Using this calculation, a conservative estimate of UK excess deaths by 21 April was 41,102.
  19. ↑ Blackall, Molly (18 April 2020). "UK care home Covid-19 deaths 'may be five times government estimate'". The Guardian.
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  44. 1 2 3 4 5 "Short-term Mortality Fluctuations (download data and select Tab GBRTENW- or for general impression select graph for England and Wales; the default curve is for Austria)". Human Mortality Database. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
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  50. ↑ Covid booster 88% effective against hospital treatment with Omicron BBC
  51. ↑ Booster campaign stalls as ‘partygate’ undermines trust in official advice The Guardian
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  53. ↑ "Labour calls for inquiry into 'disproportionate' number of ethnic minority deaths from coronavirus" . The Independent. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
  54. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (10 May 2020). "Equality watchdog urged to investigate coronavirus impact on BAME people". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  55. ↑ "Boris Johnson urged to launch independent public inquiry into disproportionate impact of coronavirus on ethnic minorities" . The Independent. 10 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
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  63. ↑ "Risk factors for COVID-19 death revealed in world's largest analysis of patient records to date". University of Oxford. 7 May 2020.
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  66. ↑ "BAME women make up 55% of UK pregnancy hospitalisations with Covid-19". The Guardian. 15 May 2020.
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  74. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (3 June 2020). "Met police twice as likely to fine black people over lockdown breaches – research". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 3 June 2020.
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