Stenaelurillus guttiger

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Stenaelurillus guttiger
Stenaelurillus termitophagus - inat 15890939.jpg
The related Stenaelurillus termitophagus
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Stenaelurillus
Species:
S. guttiger
Binomial name
Stenaelurillus guttiger
(Simon, 1901)
Synonyms [1]
  • Aelurillus guttigerSimon, 1901
  • Stenaelurillus natalensisHaddad & Wesołowska, 2006

Stenaelurillus guttiger (synonyms Aelurillus guttiger and Stenaelurillus natalensis) is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that is native to southern Africa. It was first described in 1901 by Eugène Simon based on examples found in South Africa, and subsequently also identified in Botswana, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Initially allocated to the genus Aelurillus , the species was moved to its current genus in 1974. The spider is medium-sized, with a carapace that is between 2.0 and 2.75 mm (0.079 and 0.108 in) long and an abdomen that is between 1.8 and 2.9 mm (0.071 and 0.114 in) long. It is dark brown or brown, and has a pattern of white hairs on both the abdomen and carapace and a pattern of two stripes on the carapace. The abdomen has a white pattern of straight and V-shaped stripes and spots which varies between specimens. The colouring of the clypeus and legs can also range from yellow to dark brown depending on the particular example. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by the design of its sexual organs. The male has an embolus that is short and crab like. The female has a flat plate epigyne with widely separated copulatory openings and insemination ducts and a deep narrow pocket. Stenaelurillusguttiger feeds on termites, particularly Macrotermes and Odontotermes .

Contents

Taxonomy

Aelurillus guttiger was first described by Eugène Simon in 1901. It was initially placed in the genus Aelurillus , which had been created by Simon in 1885. [1] The genus name derives from the Greek word for cat. [2] In 1974, it was moved to Stenaelurillus by D. J. Clark on the basis of its general appearance, and particularly, the similarity between the markings on this spider and those on the abdomen and carapace of Stenaelurillus albopunctatus . [3] The genus Stenaelurillus had been first described by Simon in 1886, with the type species Stenaelurillus nigricaudus . [4] In 2015, Wayne Maddison placed the genus in the subtribe Aelurillina in the tribe Aelurillini in the clade Saltafresia. [5] Two years later, the genus was grouped with nine other genera of jumping spiders under the name Aelurillines by Jerzy Prószyński. [6]

Meanwhile, in 2006, Charles R. Haddad and the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska identified a new species, Stenaelurillus natalensis. [7] It was one of over 500 species identified by Wesołowska. [8] This new species was generally similar to Stenaelurillus guttiger but differed in that the tip of the males's embolus was hidden and there was a chamber in the female's epigyne. [7] In 2018, Dmitri V. Logunov and Galina N Azarkina found the sexual organs to be similar across the specimens of both species and consequently they combined them under the current name. [9] The holotype for Stenaelurillus natalensis was designated the holotype for Stenaelurillus guttiger. [10]

Description

Stenaelurillusguttiger is a medium-sized spider. [11] It has an overall shape that is typical for the genus but shows a high variation in patterns and colours. [12] This does not seem to depend on geographic location with, for example, males with different colour legs and palpal bulbs often living in the same area. [13]

The male spider has a pear-shaped brown or dark brown carapace that is covered in scales that is typically between 2.0 and 2.5 mm (0.079 and 0.098 in) long and 1.4 and 1.9 mm (0.055 and 0.075 in) wide. It is marked with two stripes made of white hairs that travel from front to back and, sometimes, two more that cross from side to side, and has a black eye field. The abdomen is shorter and wider, between 1.8 and 2.5 mm (0.071 and 0.098 in) long and between 1.35 and 2.0 mm (0.053 and 0.079 in) wide, and either brown or dark brown and covered in scales. It has a pattern that consists of a white stripe and V-shape on the front half and white spots on the rear half, sometimes one spot and sometimes three. Occasionally, the white hairs on the spiders rub off, removing the patterns. The chelicerae and clypeus may be dark brown, brown to dark brown, or yellowish brown to brown. In some examples, a sparse covering of white hairs covers the clypeus. The chelicerae may have a few short white hairs or a dense covering of long white hairs. The front and middle spinnerets are yellow the back ones dark brown. The legs may be yellow, brown or dark brown and the pedipalps are a combination of yellow and brown. The cymbium is a combination of brown and yellow with either brown or white hairs. [11] [14] The spider is distinguished from other members of the genus by its short embolus, shaped like a claw, sitting on a wide round base. [15]

The female is similar in shape to the male but larger. It has a carapace that measures between 2.25 and 2.75 mm (0.089 and 0.108 in) in length and between 1.75 and 2.15 mm (0.069 and 0.085 in) in width and an abdomen that measures between 2.0 and 2.9 mm (0.079 and 0.114 in) in length and between 1.85 and 2.2 mm (0.073 and 0.087 in) in width. [14] The colouration is similar to the male, but sometimes the patterns have less complexity and are less bright. For example, a specimen may have only one stripe and two spots on the abdomen. The eye field is orange-brown and the pedipalps are brown-yellow. [16] The epigyne has a flat plate with widely separated lateral copulatory openings and a deep narrow pocket. [17] Although it is similar to Stenaelurillus furcatus , it can be distinguished by the narrowness of the epigyne pocket and the way that the insemination ducts are spaced apart. [15]

Behaviour

The spider has primarily been found in sandy environments, but has been observed thriving in swamps and on plants. [7] The species is a specialist hunter and preys on different types of termites, including members of the genera Macrotermes and Odontotermes . [18] The spider also feeds on other prey like fruit flies and leafhoppers. The spider captures its prey by a process of grasping, holding, and injecting its captured prey with venom. [19] It produces a specialised venom that is dedicated for its prey, unlike other species which produce more general-purpose venom. [20] It shares a similar environment to Stenaelurillus modestus , but the two species do not seem to compete for food or space. [21] Stenaelurillusguttiger has also been found foraging along with Habrocestum africanum and Langellurillus squamiger . [22]

Distribution

Stenaelurillusguttiger has one of the most extensive ranges of the genus, stretching across southern Africa. [23] [24] It was first identified in Makapansgat and Pretoria in South Africa. [25] It has subsequently been found across the country, with examples coming from the provinces of Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West. It has been identified in Francistown, Botswana, initially from examples collected in 2006, as well as in Manicaland and Tsholotsho in Zimbabwe. [26] It has also been found in Manica, Mozambique. [11] The holotype is from Ndumo Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Stenaelurillus brandbergensis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus brandbergensis, synonym Mashonarus brandbergensis, is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Namibia. It was first described in 2006 by Wanda Wesołowska and placed in the genus Mashonarus but was moved to its current genus in 2018. The spider is medium-sized and black, with a cephalothorax between 1.7 and 2.0 mm in length and an abdomen between 1.6 and 2.9 mm long. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by having two broad white stripes that mark both the abdomen and carapace. The epigyne in the female also has shorter insemination ducts than the otherwise similar, though larger, Stenaelurillus guttatus.

<i>Stenaelurillus guttatus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus guttatus, synonym Mashonarus guttatus, is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was first described in 2002 by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg S. Cumming. It was initially the type species for the genus Mashonarus but was moved to its current genus in 2018. The spider is medium-sized, with a cephalothorax that is between 2.1 and 2.7 mm long and 2.0 mm (0.079 in) and an abdomen that is between 2.3 and 3.8 mm long. It is very dark in colour, either dark brown or black, and has a distinctive pattern on its back consisting of two white stripes on the thorax and three sets of two white patches on the abdomen. This pattern gives the species its name, which is based on a Latin word that can be translated spotted. It lives in a wide range of environments, from dry to wet climates, and at altitudes between 500 and 1,500 m above sea level. First observed in a garden, the spider has been found under logs, stones and rocks, in leaf litter, and, after rains, on grass, shrubs and garden walls. It feeds on termites, particularly Odontotermes transvaalensis, and other prey including fruit flies and leafhoppers.

<i>Stenaelurillus ignobilis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus ignobilis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Zimbabwe. The female was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming. The male has yet to be described. The spider takes its name from a Latin word that can be translated unsightly. The spider is medium-sized, with a carapace 2.6 mm (0.10 in) long and abdomen 3.4 mm (0.13 in) long. The carapace is brown, covered in bristles and has an almost indiscernible stripe, while the abdomen is larger and has a stripe of lighter brown down the middle of its generally darker, nearly black, The long spinnerets are also hairy while the legs have both hairs and spines. It is similar to Stenaelurillus mirabilis but can distinguished by the design of the epigyne, and particularly the way that the gonopores are hidden in deep cup-like depressions.

<i>Stenaelurillus fuscatus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus fuscatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Kenya and Tanzania. The species was first identified in 2000 by Wanda Wesołowska & Anthony Russell-Smith, and named for the Latin word for darkish. The spider is medium-sized with a carapace between 2.5 and 3.2 mm long and an abdomen that is between 2.8 and 3.6 in in length. The female carapace is dark brown and has two white stripes and a pattern of a triangle and spots on the abdomen. The colouration is similarly dark but the patterns are less clear. The male abdomen is dominated by a dark scutum. The female is also darker overall, with brown rather than the yellow spinnerets and light brown chelicerae of the male. The male has a hook near the base of the embolus that differentiates it from other species in the genus, while the female's wide insemination ducts sets it apart from the similar Stenaelurillus darwini.

<i>Stenaelurillus mirabilis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus mirabilis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Kenya and Tanzania. It was first described in 2000 by Wanda Wesołowska and Anthony Russell-Smith. The spider is medium-sized, with a dark brown carapace between 1.75 and 2.7 mm in length that has two white stripes across its length and a black abdomen between {1.9 and 2.8 mm long. The female abdomen has orange sides and a white marking of a single stripe interrupted by other marks. The male abdomen has a white cross shape formed of five spors. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the male's long, thin palpal bulb and the female's epigyne with its short and slightly bent insemination ducts.

<i>Stenaelurillus hirsutus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus hirsutus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Central Africa, Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. It was first described in 1927 by Robert de Lessert. The spider is small, with a cephalothorax that ranges in length between 2.3 and 2.7 mm in length and an abdomen between 2.4 to 2.5 millimetres long. The male is distinguished by its black and white striped pattern on the anterior of the carapace and a mane of light-coloured hairs around the eye field that are reminiscent of a Mohawk hairstyle. The female's epigyne has a deep narrow pocket and bean-shaped copulatory openings. The clypeus has a distinctive pattern of three vertical white stripes on its otherwise black exterior.

<i>Stenaelurillus furcatus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus furcatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Namibia. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax between 2.2 and 2.9 mm in length and a black abdomen between {2.0 and 3.6 mm long. The carapace is brown and covered in scales, while the abdomen is a black oval. The chelicerae are yellow to light brown. It can distinguished from other members of the genus by the short forked appendage on the male's palpal bulb, after which the spider gets its name. The female has a distinctive arrangement of a deep pocket and separated copulatory openings in the epigyne.

<i>Stenaelurillus kavango</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus kavango is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Namibia. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska from a holotype specimen found in the Kavango Region, after which it takes its name. Only the female has been identified. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax 2.8 mm (0.11 in) long and abdomen 3.1 mm (0.12 in) long. The carapace is hairy, dark brown and has four white streaks, while the abdomen is brown-black with light stripes. It can distinguished from other members of the genus by the design of the epigyne, which is oval, and its bean-shaped spermathecae.

<i>Stenaelurillus latibulbis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus latibulbis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is medium-sized, with a dark brown cephalothorax between 2.6 and 3.0 mm in length and a black abdomen between {1.9 and 3.4 mm long. The male carapace has patches of white hairs, while the female is marked by two white stripes that stretch from the front to back. The female abdomen has a triangular-shaped white marking. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the male's short, wide palpal bulb and the female's small epigyne with relatively short insemination ducts and round spermathecae.

<i>Stenaelurillus specularis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus specularis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that the endemic to Malawi. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax between 2.1 and 2.8 mm in length and a black abdomen between {2.6 and 3.2 mm long. The carapace has two white streaks and the female abdomen has a triangular-shaped white marking. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the male's shiny black area on the abdomen, after which the species is named. and the female's short, wide epigyne that has two large oval copulatory openings.

<i>Stenaelurillus modestus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus modestus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in South Africa. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The species is a specialist that preys on Odontotermes termites, although its venom is also effective against other prey. The spider is medium-sized, with a brown cephalothorax between 2.0 and 2.7 mm in length and a black abdomen between {1.9 and 2.8 mm long. It is genarally black in colour. The carapace has a border of white hairs and the abdomen is edged with bristles. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the male's elongated palpal bulb and straight embolus, and the horseshoe-shaped depression in the female's epigyne.

<i>Stenaelurillus pecten</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus pecten is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Botswana and Zambia. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax between 2.3 and 3.1 mm in length and a black abdomen between {2.2 and 3.6 mm long. The carapace has a line of brushes around it, formed of white hair. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the comb-like appendage on the male's palpal bulb, after which the spider gets its name. The female has a distinctive arrangement of the copulatory openings in the epigyne.

<i>Stenaelurillus sudanicus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus sudanicus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Sudan. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. Only the female has been identified. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax 2.2 mm (0.087 in) long and an abdomen 2.5 mm (0.098 in) in length. The abdomen has markings similar to a spider of the genus Phlegra. It is distinguished from other members of the genus Stenaelurillus by the way that the copulatory openings face backwards.

<i>Stenaelurillus zambiensis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus zambiensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, the male being smaller than the female, with a brown carapace between 2.6 and 3.2 mm in length and black-brown abdomen between 2.6 and 3.0 mm in length. The male has a distinctive metallic sheen on its abdomen and eye field. The male carapace is marked with two white streaks while the female has white stripes. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the male's hook-shaped end to the embolus and the two depressions in the female epigyne.

<i>Stenaelurillus glaber</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus glaber is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Uganda. It was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Anthony Russell-Smith. Only the male has been identified. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax 2.58 mm (0.102 in) in length and black abdomen between {2.05 and 2.4 mm long. The carapace is marked with four stripes and the abdomen by three white spots. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by its clypeus, which is entirely yellow and hairy.

<i>Stenaelurillus iubatus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus iubatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that in endemic to Nigeria. It was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Anthony Russell-Smith. The spider is medium-sized, with a brown carapace between 2.7 and 2.95 mm in length and abdomen between 2.3 and 3.25 mm in length. The male has two stripes of white scales on the carapace and the female has a heart-shaped white spot on the abdomen. The spider has a distinctive mane-like long hairs on its black eye field, which is recalled in the species name that is derived from the Latin for mane. It can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the ribbon-shaped embolus on the male and highly sclerotized epigyne with its narrow pocket and widely separated copulatory openings on the female.

<i>Stenaelurillus pilosus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus pilosus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that is endemic to Nigeria. It was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Anthony Russell-Smith. The spider is medium-sized, with a brown carapace between 2.6 and 2.8 mm in length and an abdomen between 2.3 and 3.6 mm in length. It can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the dark brown band on its clypeus, the distinctive long orangish-brown hairs on its black eye field, the male's straight embolus and the presence of two fissure-like openings in the epigyne on the female.

<i>Stenaelurillus bandama</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus bandama is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Ivory Coast. Named after the country were it was first found, it was first described in 2018 by Dmitri Logunov and Galina Azarkina. The spider is small, with a carapace between 2.45 and 2.55 mm long and abdomen between 2.4 and 3.1 mm long, although the female is larger than the male. They also differ in colouration. The male carapace is brown and has two white stripes unlike the female's yellow carapace. The male abdomen is dark brown has a pattern of spots and stripes while the female is lighter brown and has a single spot and speckles. The clypeus and legs are also brownish-yellow on the male and yellow on the female. It is similar to Stenaelurillus hirsutus, Stenaelurillus iubatus and Stenaelurillus striolatus but can be distinguished by the lack of hair and presence of a wider vertical stripe on the clypeus, the male's narrow embolus and the female's elongated pocket in the epigyne.

<i>Stenaelurillus pseudoguttatus</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus pseudoguttatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Namibia. The species was first described in 2018 by Dmitri Logunov and Galina Azarkina. The holotype had originally been described by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg S. Cumming in 2002 and allocated to the genus Mashonarus guttatus but was recognised as a new species 16 years later. Stenaelurillus pseudoguttatus takes its name from the fact that it had previously been named in the type series of this other species, now named Stenaelurillus guttatus. Only the male has been identified. The spider is medium-sized, with a carapace 2.28 mm (0.090 in) long and an abdomen 2.05 mm (0.081 in) long. The carapace is yellow-brown and has two white stripes, while the abdomen is a dark brown with six white spots. It can be distinguished from both Stenaelurillus brandbergensis and Stenaelurillus guttatus by its long sword-like embolus.

<i>Stenaelurillus senegalensis</i> Species of spider

Stenaelurillus senegalensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Senegal. Named after the country were it was first found, it was first described in 2018 by Dmitri Logunov and Galina Azarkina. The spider is small, with a carapace between 1.7 and 2.5 mm long and abdomen between 1.6 and 3.45 mm long, although the female is larger than the male. The carapace is hairy, brown and has two white stripes. The abdomen differs between the male and female. The male has a pattern of yellow spots and a brown stripe. The female has a cross of yellow stripe and two brown stripes. The male has a bulging palpal bulb while the female has a flat epigyne with widely separated and backward-facing copulatory openings. It is similar to Stenaelurillus nigricaudus, also found in the country, but can distinguished by the design of its long straight embolus and the lack of pockets in the epigyne.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 World Spider Catalog (2023). "Stenaelurillus guttiger (Simon, 1901)". World Spider Catalog. 24.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  2. ↑ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 125.
  3. ↑ Clark 1974, p. 12.
  4. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 4.
  5. ↑ Maddison 2015, p. 279.
  6. ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 95.
  7. 1 2 3 Haddad & Wesołowska 2006, p. 580.
  8. ↑ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
  9. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, pp. 50–51.
  10. 1 2 Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 48.
  11. 1 2 3 Haddad & Wesołowska 2006, p. 576.
  12. ↑ Azarkina & Haddad 2020, p. 22.
  13. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 50.
  14. 1 2 Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 51.
  15. 1 2 Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 47.
  16. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 54.
  17. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 56.
  18. ↑ Pekár et al. 2020, p. 1313.
  19. ↑ Pekár et al. 2018, p. 1643.
  20. ↑ Pekár et al. 2018, p. 1649.
  21. ↑ Pekár et al. 2020, p. 1315.
  22. ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 893.
  23. ↑ Wesołowska 2014, p. 620.
  24. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, p. 116.
  25. ↑ Simon 1901, p. 71.
  26. ↑ Logunov & Azarkina 2018, pp. 48–50.

Bibliography

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  • Clark, D. J. (1974). "Notes on Simon's types of African Salticidae". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 3 (1): 11–27.
  • Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" [The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae)]. Revista ibérica de Aracnología (in Spanish) (22): 125–130. ISSN   1576-9518.
  • Haddad, Charles R.; Wesołowska, Wanda (2006). "Notes on taxonomy and biology of two Stenaelurillus species from southern Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". Annales Zoologici, Warszawa. 56: 575–586.
  • Logunov, Dmitri V.; Azarkina, Galina N. (2018). "Redefinition and partial revision of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (430): 1–126. doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.430.
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