Stiphodon atropurpureus

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Stiphodon atropurpureus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Gobiiformes
Family: Oxudercidae
Genus: Stiphodon
Species:
S. atropurpureus
Binomial name
Stiphodon atropurpureus
Herre, 1927

Stiphodon atropurpureus, commonly referred to as the Philippine neon goby [2] or blue neon dwarf goby , [3] [4] is a ray-finned fish of the Gobiidae family. It is native to parts of Asia, including the Philippines, China, Japan, Vietnam and Indonesia. [5] [6]

Contents

Description

S. atropurpureus has a fusiform body [7] . It measures between 20 to 50 millimeters. [5] The 2 dorsal fins have seven spines in the front and nine soft dorsal spines in the back. The visual characteristics are similar to other Stiphodon species with which it shares habitat, making identification difficult without detailed anatomical study or genetic testing. [7] [8] [9]

Males display a spectrum of metallic lustre that range from green to blue to purple. This iridescence is most noticeable when the fish are engaged in behaviors such as mating displays or defending their territory. The male's first dorsal fin lacks elongation and a fibrous texture, but features a distinctive narrow red border, enhancing its visual appeal to other fish and playing a critical role during social interactions. [10] [11]

Females are lighter in coloration compared to the males, exhibiting sexual dimorphism. Typically, their bodies are white or a light pastel hue and are marked by two clear transverse lines that run across their bodies. [7] [9] These lines provide them with a protective advantage by reducing their visibility to predators. [8]

The developmental journey from juvenile to adulthood is marked by significant changes, particularly in coloration. Juveniles start with more muted tones, which gradually develop into the vibrant colours seen in adults. [12] This progression is especially pronounced in males, as the intense coloration gained in adulthood plays a vital role in their social interactions and reproductive success. [13]

Distribution and habitat

S. atropurpureus is found in a variety of locations across Asia, including the Philippines, China, Japan, Vietnam and Indonesia. [14] [9] [15] [16] [8] These gobies prefer the clear and oxygen-rich waters of faster streams, which provide not only the necessary environmental conditions for their survival, but also the substrates essential for their feeding habits. [7] Despite the broad geographic range, the specific details of their population dynamics are not well-documented. The challenges posed by their small size and elusive nature make comprehensive population studies difficult. [8] Research efforts are generally localized, focusing on small-scale stream surveys, which do not provide a complete picture of their overall distribution.

S. atropurpureus coexists with other species within the Stiphodon genus, which share similar habitats and ecological niches.

Reproductive behavior and life cycle

S. atropurpureus undergoes a complex life cycle that is amphidromous (including migration from fresh water to the sea, or vice versa, but not for the purpose of breeding). Adults breed in freshwater environments, where they lay their eggs. After hatching, the larvae drift downstream to the marine environment, living planktonically. [7] [16] This marine phase is crucial as it allows the larvae to grow away from the competitive and predatory pressures of the freshwater environment. As they reach the post-larval stage, they begin their journey back to freshwater streams. This migration is significantly aided by their specialized adaptation of fused pelvic fins. These fins form a suction disc that enables the young gobies to cling to rocks and other surfaces, helping them to swim against the current and navigate back to their natal streams. [16] [8] This life cycle is essential for maintaining the genetic diversity and resilience of their populations.

Feeding

S. atropurpureus primarily feeds on algae and biofilms, [7] which they scrape from rocks using their subterminal mouths. [17] This diet is rich in nutrients and the availability of food sources is impacted by the water quality in the surrounding environment.

Conservation

Growing popularity of S. atropurpureus in the aquarium trade has raised awareness of the species, although it has also led to increased harvesting from the wild (since there is currently no dedicated aquaculture for breeding S. atropurpureus, all individuals in the aquarium trade are collected from the wild.) This practice puts more pressure on natural populations and can deplete local populations.

Furthermore, research on their abundance and distribution remains limited, complicating efforts to monitor the species.

Moreover, the species' requirement for high water quality [7] and the requirement for migration to breed makes it vulnerable to human impacts such as dam construction, water pollution, and climate change. [16] [18] This species' high sensitivity to water quality and its inability to breed in polluted waters means that local populations could rapidly decline if the streams they inhabit are contaminated. [7] Additionally, since their ability to migrate freely between freshwater and marine environments can be hindered by obstacles like dams and water diversions, [18] [19] which disrupt natural water flow and degrade stream environments, they significantly affect the survival and reproductive success of this species. Habitat threats like water pollution, construction projects, and climate change can alter the water clarity, temperature, and the flow rate necessary for their migration and survival.

S. atropurpureus is categorized as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN. [18] [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobiidae</span> Family of fishes

Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, and the family includes some of the smallest vertebrates in the world, such as Trimmatom nanus and Pandaka pygmaea, Trimmatom nanus are under 1 cm long when fully grown, then Pandaka pygmaea standard length are 9 mm (0.35 in), maximum known standard length are 11 mm (0.43 in). Some large gobies can reach over 30 cm (0.98 ft) in length, but that is exceptional. Generally, they are benthic or bottom-dwellers. Although few are important as food fish for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for other commercially important fish such as cod, haddock, sea bass and flatfish. Several gobiids are also of interest as aquarium fish, such as the dartfish of the genus Ptereleotris. Phylogenetic relationships of gobiids have been studied using molecular data.

<i>Schindleria</i> Genus of fishes

Schindleria is a genus of marine fish. It was the only genus of family Schindleriidae, among the Gobioidei of order Perciformes but is now classified under the Gobiidae in the Gobiiformes. The type species is S. praematura, Schindler's fish. The Schindleria species are known generically as Schindler's fishes after German zoologist Otto Schindler (1906–1959), or infantfishes. They are native to the southern Pacific Ocean, from the South China Sea to the Great Barrier Reef off eastern Australia, and Rapa Nui.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eleotridae</span> Family of fishes

Eleotridae is a family of fish commonly known as sleeper gobies, with about 34 genera and 180 species. Most species are found in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, but there are also species in subtropical and temperate regions, warmer parts of the Americas and near the Atlantic coast in Africa. While many eleotrids pass through a planktonic stage in the sea and some spend their entire lives in the sea; as adults, the majority live in freshwater streams and brackish water. One of its genera, Caecieleotris, is troglobitic. They are especially important as predators in the freshwater stream ecosystems on oceanic islands such as New Zealand and Hawaii that otherwise lack the predatory fish families typical of nearby continents, such as catfish. Anatomically, they are similar to the gobies (Gobiidae), though unlike the majority of gobies, they do not have a pelvic sucker.

<i>Stiphodon</i> Genus of fishes

Stiphodon is a genus of freshwater gobies. They inhabit swift, clear streams close to the sea and are found in large parts of Asia and Oceania. Many of the 36 currently recognized species have extremely restricted distributions on single islands or even single streams. These are small gobies with bodies squarish in cross section. A female of Stiphodon multisquamus with a standard length of 60.4mm is the largest Stiphodon individual on record. Males of Stiphodon species are often vividly colored and a few species are occasionally sold in the aquarium trade, including Stiphodon ornatus, Stiphodon atropurpureus, Stiphodon maculidorsalis, Stiphodon semoni, and Stiphodon surrufus.

<i>Schismatogobius</i> Genus of fishes

Schismatogobius is a genus of fish in the subfamily Gobionellinae. They are native to southern and eastern Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Adults dwell in freshwater habitat such as streams and rivers, where they live along the sand and gravel substrates.

Lentipes is a genus of gobies in the family Oxudercidae, native to fresh, marine and brackish waters of the Malay Archipelago and islands in the Pacific. Its species are typically from fast-flowing streams and some are anadromous.

<i>Mugilogobius</i> Genus of fishes

Mugilogobius is a genus of fish in the family Gobiidae. They are found in fresh, brackish and marine water of the Indo-Pacific region. Several of the freshwater species have highly restricted distributions.

Stiphodon surrufus is a species of goby endemic to the Philippines where it is only known to occur in Lagu Lagu creek on Leyte Island. It inhabits areas with boulders and swift-flowing water. This species can reach a length of 2.1 centimetres (0.83 in) SL.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobiiformes</span> Order of fishes

The Gobiiformes are an order of fish that includes the gobies and their relatives. The order, which was previously considered a suborder of Perciformes, is made up of about 2,211 species that are divided between seven families. Phylogenetic relationships of the Gobiiformes have been elucidated using molecular data. Gobiiforms are primarily small species that live in marine water, but roughly 10% of these species inhabit fresh water. This order is composed chiefly of benthic or burrowing species; like many other benthic fishes, most gobiiforms do not have a gas bladder or any other means of controlling their buoyancy in water, so they must spend most of their time on or near the bottom. Gobiiformes means "goby-like".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sicydiinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

The Sicydiinae are a small subfamily of freshwater gobies, with only nine genera. They are usually found in fast-moving mountain streams in tropical islands. They are characterized by highly developed rounded suction discs and an amphidromous lifecycle. Adult lengths range from 2 to 15 cm. Some species are popular in the aquarium trade. The genera included under Sicydiinae are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Largetooth goby</span> Species of fish

The largetooth goby, also known as Wilbur's goby, is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Gobiidae which is native to the Indo-Pacific from the Seychelles to Micronesia. Its known range has been extended to the Red Sea as specimens were photographed at one site and collected at another site off Egypt. This species lives in sheltered marine waters at depths of from 0 to 20 metres preferring areas with sandy substrates. This species grows to a length of 6.5 centimetres (2.6 in) SL. This species is the only known member of its genus. This species is not obviously sexually dimorphic and it has a background colour of pale brown to greenish-brown and a pale ventral side. The body is marked with brown and white spots, pairs of larger brown spots create a mid-lateral row along its flanks and there is a dark spot on the caudal fin peduncle. It has a brown blotch on the cheek and a series of short brown bars along its back. The largetooth goby is a solitary fish which is found in coastal bays, lagoons and estuaries over fine sandy substrates close to the margins of reefs or silt beds in the vicinity of sheltered and often turbid coastal reefs. It is most frequently collected from shallow waters to 7 metres (23 ft), around coral reefs but off southern Japan, the largetooth goby occurs at the bottom of sandy bays. The specific name honours the American physician, Ray Lyman Wilbur (1875–1949) who was president of Stanford University from 1916–1943, as well as being the United States Secretary of the Interior from 1929–1933. Wilbur helped the author, Herre, get to Palau, the type locality of this species.

Stiphodon multisquamus is a species of amphidromous freshwater goby found in Da Nang, Guangdong, southern Hainan, Okinawa Island and Pulau Tioman. This species can reach a length of 6.4 centimetres (2.5 in) SL represent the largest known members of the genus.

<i>Stiphodon annieae</i> Species of freshwater fish

Stiphodon annieae is a freshwater goby only occurring in Halmahera, Indonesia.

Papuligobius uniporus is a species of small goby in the subfamily Gobionellinae. It is also the type species of the genus Papuligobius.

Barbodes palavanensis is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish from the carp and minnow family, Cyprinidae which is found in the Philippines. It has been considered to be conspecific with the widespread spotted barb which is found throughout mainland south-east Asia and the Malay Archipelago. It was recorded as being abundant in two streams on the island of Palawan, alongside the newly described endemic goby, Stiphodon palavanensis and the cyprinid Rasbora everetti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goby</span> Common name for many species of fish

Goby is a common name for many species of small to medium sized ray-finned fish, normally with large heads and tapered bodies, which are found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments.

Stiphodon discotorquatus is a species of goby found in French Polynesia. This species can reach a length of 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) SL.

Stiphodon sapphirinus, the sapphire stiphodon, is a species of goby found both the North Province and South Province of New Caledonia and in Vanuatu. This species can reach a length of 3.0 centimetres (1.2 in) SL.

Schindleria squirei is a tiny species of fish native to the surroundings of Easter Island, Chile. It belongs to the family Gobiidae, the same family as gobies. The specimens captured for study were caught in deep waters off Hanga Roa. Before its description as a new species, this fish was considered part of Schindleria praematura, because it is native to the Hawaiian archipelago and nearby islands, but Schindleria squirei has a long dorsal spine, different from the other species.

References

  1. ↑ Jaafar, Z. (2019). "Stiphodon atropurpureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T91083121A91083139. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91083121A91083139.en . Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  2. ↑ Fellowes (2002). "WILD ANIMALS TO WATCH: TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER FAUNA OF CONSERVATION CONCERN IN HONG KONG". Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society– via ResearchGate.
  3. ↑ "Stiphodon atropurpureus – Blue Neon Goby (Microsicydium atropurpureum, Microsicydium formosum) — Seriously Fish" . Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  4. ↑ "Stiphodon atropurpureus Blue Neon Goby, Sumatran cling goby, Electric Blue Neon Dwarf Goby, Cobalt goby". www.reeflex.net. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  5. 1 2 Donaldson, James; Maeda, Ken; Iida, Midori; Kobayashi, Hirozumi; Ebner, Brendan C.; Tran, Hau Duc (2023). "New distributional records of four amphidromous gobies (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in continental Vietnam". Cybium. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2023-019.
  6. ↑ Mulya Al-Kabir, M. Arung (June 2023). "First Report of Stiphodon atropurpureus (Herre, 1927) in Marente Village, Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara". Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health. 12 (2) – via ResearchGate.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mulya, Arung; Citra, Sania; Andini, Ari Okta; Abdur rahman, Rasali; Ariga, Win; Cahyani, Sagita; Islam, Izzul; Hasan, Veryl (2023-05-27). "Fist Report of Stiphodon atropurpureus (Herre, 1927) in Marente Village, Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara". Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health. 12 (2): 191–197. doi: 10.20473/jafh.v12i2.37049 . ISSN   2528-0864.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Nip, Tony H.M. (2010-10-26). "First records of several sicydiine gobies (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae) from mainland China". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2 (11): 1237–1244. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o2439.1237-44.
  9. 1 2 3 MAEDA, KEN; Yoshino, Tetsuo; Tachihara, Katsunori (December 2011). "A redescription of Stiphodon pulchellus (Herre, 1927) (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae)". Cybium: International Journal of Ichthyology. 35 (4): 319–328.
  10. ↑ MAEDA, KEN; PALLA, HERMINIE P. (2015-09-16). "A new species of the genus Stiphodon from Palawan, Philippines (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae)". Zootaxa. 4018 (3): 381–395. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4018.3.3. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   26624046.
  11. ↑ MAEDA, KEN; Yoshino, Tetsuo; Tachihara, Katsunori (December 2011). "A redescription of Stiphodon pulchellus (Herre, 1927) (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae)". Cybium: International Journal of Ichthyology. 35 (4): 319–328.
  12. ↑ "Stiphodon atropurpureus – Blue Neon Goby (Microsicydium atropurpureum, Microsicydium formosum) — Seriously Fish" . Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  13. ↑ Keith, Philippe; Lord-Daunay, Clara; Maeda, Ken (2015). Indo-Pacific Sicydiine gobies: biodiversity, life traits and conservation. Paris: Société française d'ichtyologie. ISBN   978-2-9514628-7-8.
  14. ↑ Keith, Philippe; Lord-Daunay, Clara; Maeda, Ken (2015). Indo-Pacific Sicydiine gobies: biodiversity, life traits and conservation. Paris: Société française d'ichtyologie. ISBN   978-2-9514628-7-8.
  15. ↑ Herre, Albert W. C. T. (1945-03-31). "Two New Genera and Four New Gobies from the Philippines and India". Copeia. 1945 (1): 1–6. doi:10.2307/1438164. ISSN   0045-8511. JSTOR   1438164.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Hasan, Veryl; Valen, Fitri Sil; Islamy, R. Adharyan; Widodo, Maheno; Saptadjaja, Aditya Mirzapahlevi; Islam, Izzul (2021-01-13). "Short Communication: Presence of the vulnerable freshwater goby Sicyopus auxilimentus (Gobiidae, Sicydiinae) on Sangihe Island, Indonesia: Sicyopus auxilimentus from Sangihe Island". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 22 (2). doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d220208 . ISSN   2085-4722.
  17. ↑ title=Stiphodon atropurpureus Blue Neon Goby url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/stiphodon-atropurpureus/
  18. 1 2 3 Giuliani, Silvia; Bellucci, Luca G.; Nhon, Dang H. (2019), "The Coast of Vietnam: Present Status and Future Challenges for Sustainable Development", World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation, Elsevier, pp. 415–435, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100853-9.00027-0, ISBN   978-0-08-100853-9 , retrieved 2024-11-14
  19. ↑ Watson, R. E.; Chen, I.-S. Froese, Ranier; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Stiphodon atropurpureus". FishBase. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  20. ↑ Jaafar, Z. 2019. Stiphodon atropurpureus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T91083121A91083139. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91083121A91083139.en. Accessed on 03 December 2024.


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