Tulipa suaveolens

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Tulipa suaveolens
Balka Berezova Tulipa gesneriana (T. shrenkii, T.suaveolens) chervonii.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Tulipa
Species:
T. suaveolens
Binomial name
Tulipa suaveolens
Synonyms [2]
  • Tulipa gesneriana var. acutifloraPacz.
  • Tulipa gesneriana subsp. schrenkii(Regel) Nyman
  • Tulipa hortulanorumWender.
  • Tulipa monticolaE.Wulff
  • Tulipa odoratissimaVis.
  • Tulipa oxypetalaSteven
  • Tulipa schrenkiiRegel
  • Tulipa splendensDelip.
  • Tulipa suaveolens var. bicolorRegel
  • Tulipa suaveolens var. plurifloraRegel
  • Tulipa turcarumLevier
  • Tulipa volgensisM.Bieb. ex Eichw.

Tulipa suaveolens, synonym Tulipa schrenkii, the van Thol tulip or Schrenck's tulip, is a bulbous herbaceous perennial of species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family of the Liliaceae. It belongs to the section Tulipa. It is the probable wild ancestor of the garden tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana ). [3]

Contents

Description

The tunic of the bulb is dark brown. Stiff hairs grow on the inside, especially towards the tip. The three to four leaves are glaucous and undulate. They are normally 10, sometimes up to 20 cm long and 3–6 cm wide. [4] The stem is 15–30 cm long and glabrous, sometimes slightly hairy. The flowers are bowl shaped and very varied in colour. They can be red, light-red, pink, mauve, yellow or white. There are also forms with red petals bordered in yellow or white [5]

Systematics

The species was first described in 1794 by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth in the Annalen der Botanik (ed. Usteri) 10, 44. [6] [7] as Tulipa suaveolens. The Latin epithet suaveolens means 'sweet-smelling'. Different species were described from different sites, which later turned out to be all members of the species Tulipa schrenckii. Tulipa schrenckii was described in 1873 by Eduard August von Regel in the Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada. [8] The epithet schrenkii honours the Baltic-German botanist Alexander Gustav von Schrenk. [9]

Habitat

Tulipa suaveolens inhabits the Eurasian steppe: the southern and eastern Ukraine, Crimea, [6] the European part of Russia, especially on the lower Don, around the Sea of Azov, [10] and major part of Ciscaucasia (in south until North-Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria and in the former Chechen-Ingush region, Terek, [11] northern Dagestan), in the south-east of Voronezh Oblast, major part of Volgograd Oblast and Saratov Oblast, southern Samara Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, [12] western and northern Kazakhstan, [13] and the lowlands of western Siberia, [6] Central Asia [14] and China. [11] It also occurs locally in western Iran and Azerbaijan.

The status of the Anatolian populations is dubious, as they could be descended from plants previously cultivated in gardens and parks. Gerhard Pils [15] only lists Tulipa sylvestris , Tulipa humilis , Tulipa saxatilis and Tulipa armena as wild species. Christenhuit et al. assume "ca. seven" wild species, without listing them however. [16]

Tulipa schrenckii grows in meadows and lawns of the Eurasian steppe; there it can flower thickly and as far as the eye can see, even sometimes in semideserts, [10] up to 600 m ASL.

In Russia and Kazakhstan this tulip is a protected species.

History

The wild Tulipa suaveolens is known in Turkey as Kefe Lale (also "Cafe-Lale" after the medieval name of Kaffa on the Crimea). Sultan Selim II had 300.000 bulbs brought from Kefe for the gardens of the Topkapı-Sarajı in Istanbul. They are hybridized with other species present in the collections. These tulips hybrided were imported by Europeans starting from the 16th. century, particularly in Netherlands. They are at the origin of the garden tulip, Tulipa × gesneriana. [17] Tulipa suaveolens is very narrowly related to Tulipa gesneriana, and sometimes classified in the same species.

Tulipa suaveolens is also a progenitor of the low-growing Duc-tulips (also called Dukes, Dux or Ducks), which are attested in the Netherlands since the end of the 16th. century. They were named for Adrian Duyk from Oud-Karspel in the Netherlands. [17] [18] A painting by Jakob de Gheyn II., originating between 1600 and 1603 depicts shells, a caterpillar and a vase with love-in the mist, a snake's head fritillary, roses, Aquilegia, lilies-of the valley, pansies and a Tulipa schrenckii with pointed petals. A moth is sitting on the vase. Drawings by Jakob de Gheyn show this plant as well [19] Bulbs of Tulipa suaveolens were imported 1881 into the Netherlands, where they were hybridised with other domesticated tulips. Johannes Marius Cornelis Hoog thinks that it is one of the parent species of the horned tulip, Tulipa cornuta, (often wrongly labelled as Tulipa acuminata in the bulb-trade [20] ).

Related Research Articles

<i>Tulipa clusiana</i> Species of plant

Tulipa clusiana, the lady tulip, is an Asian species of tulip native to Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and the western Himalayas. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental and is reportedly naturalized in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Greece, and Turkey.

<i>Tulipa gesneriana</i> Species of plant

Tulipa gesneriana, the Didier's tulip or garden tulip, is a species of plant in the lily family, cultivated as an ornamental in many countries because of its large, showy flowers. This tall, late-blooming species has a single blooming flower and linear or broadly lanceolate leaves. This is a complex hybridized neo-species, and can also be called Tulipa × gesneriana. Most of the cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana. It has become naturalised in parts of central and southern Europe and scattered locations in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulip</span> Genus of plants

Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the Tulipa genus. Their flowers are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white. They often have a different coloured blotch at the base of the tepals, internally. Because of a degree of variability within the populations and a long history of cultivation, classification has been complex and controversial. The tulip is a member of the lily family, Liliaceae, along with 14 other genera, where it is most closely related to Amana, Erythronium, and Gagea in the tribe Lilieae.

Laleli is a village of the Refahiye District of Erzincan Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The village is populated by Turks and had a population of 29 in 2022.

<i>Tulipa albanica</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa albanica is a flowering plant in the tulip genus, family Liliaceae that is native to Albania. It was discovered near the village of Surroj in Albania in 2010. The plant is a critically endangered (CR) as it grows in an area smaller than 100 ha, surrounded by mining activities.

<i>Tulipa armena</i> Species of plant in the family Liliaceae

Tulipa armena is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family. It is referred to by the common name Armenian tulip, and is native to the historical Armenian Highlands as the name implies; current regions of Armenia, modern day Turkey, Iran, South Caucasus, and Azerbaijan.

<i>Tulipa humilis</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa humilis is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, found in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey, Iran, and the North Caucasus region of Russia. The flowers are pink with yellow centers. Its preferred habitat are rocky mountain slopes. It is known by several other names in horticulture.

<i>Tulipa sprengeri</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa sprengeri, or Sprenger's tulip, is a wild tulip from the Pontic coast of Turkey. It is quite rare and possibly extinct in the wild, but widely cultivated as an ornamental.

Tulipa aleppensis is a wild tulip in the family Liliaceae. It is native to Southeastern Turkey, Syria, near Beirut in Lebanon.

<i>Tulipa sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa sylvestris, the wild tulip or woodland tulip, is a Eurasian and North African species of wild tulip, a plant in the lily family. Its native range extends from Portugal and Morocco to western China, covering most of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins, and Central Asia. The species is also cultivated as an ornamental and naturalized in central and northern Europe as well as a few scattered locations in North America. It was first recorded as being naturalised in Britain in the late 17th century.

<i>Tulipa eichleri</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa eichleri, commonly known as Eichler tulip or Eichler's tulip, is a species of tulip. It is a bulbous flowering perennial with long green leaves,deep red flowers with a central black blotch, coming from the Caucasus Mountains.

<i>Tulipa hungarica</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa hungarica, the Danube tulip, Banat tulip or Rhodope tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is also in the subgenus Tulipa. It is found on the rocky mountainsides of Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Slovenia, especially along the gorges of the river Danube. It has small bright yellow flowers in spring and blue-grey leaves.

Taxonomy of <i>Tulipa</i> Classification of tulips

The taxonomy of Tulipa places the genus in the family Liliaceae, and subdivides it as four subgenera, and comprises about 75 species.

<i>Tulipa orphanidea</i> Species of plant in the family Liliaceae

Tulipa orphanidea is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family. It was described by Pierre Edmond Boissier and Theodor Heinrich Hermann von Heldreich (1862).

<i>Tulipa montana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa montana is a species of tulip native to the mountains of Iran and Turkmenistan. With its deep red petals it has been proposed as a candidate for the Biblical Rose of Sharon, whose identity is unknown.

<i>Tulipa regelii</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa regelii, the plicate tulip or Regel's tulip, is a species of tulip native to southeast Kazakhstan. Rare, growing only in certain dry, rocky areas in the Chu-Ili Range, a northern subrange of the Tian Shan range, it is a very distinctive species with bizarre plicate leaves, usually only one, occasionally two. The species was first formally named by Russian botanist and geographer Andrej Nikolaevich Krasnov. It flowers in April.

<i>Tulipa biflora</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa biflora, the two-flowered tulip, is a species of tulip, native to the former Yugoslavia, Crimea, Anatolia, the Caucasus, southern Russia, Egypt, the Middle East, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang in China. It has many synonyms, including Tulipa polychroma.

<i>Tulipa fosteriana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa fosteriana is a species of tulip, native to the Pamir Mountains and nearby areas of Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

<i>Tulipa kaufmanniana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa kaufmanniana, the water lily tulip, is a species of tulip native to Central Asia.

<i>Tulipa bifloriformis</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa bifloriformis is a species of tulip native to Central Asia. Its dwarfed 'Starlight' cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

  1. ↑ Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 10: 44 (1794)
  2. ↑ "Tulipa suaveolens Roth". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  3. ↑ Kritskaya, Tatyana A.; Kashin, Alexander S.; Perezhogin, Yuri V.; Murtazaliev, Ramazan A.; Anatov, Dzhalaludin M.; Friesen, Nikolai (2020). "Genetic diversity of Tulipa suaveolens (Liliaceae) and its evolutionary relationship with early cultivars of T. gesneriana". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 306 (2). doi:10.1007/s00606-020-01667-7. S2CID   212630061.
  4. ↑ Richard Wilford, Tulips, species and hybrids for the Gardener. Portland, Timber Press 2006, 145
  5. ↑ Jānis Rukšāns 2007. Buried Treasures. Finding and growing the world's choicest bulbs. Portland, Timber Press, 125
  6. 1 2 3 "Tulipa suaveolens". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2013-12-16.
  7. ↑ "Tulipa suaveolens". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 2013-12-16.
  8. ↑ 2/2, 452
  9. ↑ Tulipa schrenkii, Regel 1873.
  10. 1 2 Ahmad Ghahreman, Farideh Attar, Farrokh Ghahremanineja: A New Species of Tulipa (Liliaceae) from Western Iran. Novon 17/4, 2007, 438.
  11. 1 2 "Тюльпан Шренка - Tulipa shrenckii Regel". sevin.ru. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  12. ↑ "ВЛИЯНИЕ АБИОТИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ФЕНОЛОГИЮ TULIPA SCHRENKII - III Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся «СТАРТ В НАУКЕ»". www.school-science.ru. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10.
  13. ↑ "Archived". www.oopt.kz. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2023.[ dead link ]
  14. ↑ M. J. M. Christenhusz, R. Govaerts, J. C. David, T. Hall, K. Borland, P. S. Roberts, A. Tuomisto, S. Buerki, M. W. Chase, M. F. Fay: Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 280–328.
  15. ↑ Gerhard Pils 2006. Flowers of Turkey, a photo-guide, Self-published, 361
  16. ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Rafaël Govaerts, John C. David, Tony Hall, Katherine Borland, Penelope S. Roberts, Anne Tuomisto, Sven Buerki, Mark W. Chase & Michael F. Fay: 'Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172/3, 2013, 280–328. doi : 10.1111/boj.12061
  17. 1 2 Anna Pavord 1999. The tulip. London, Bloomsbury, 25, 41, 138.
  18. ↑ 'Duc van Tol'
  19. ↑ Florence Hopper Boom 1975/76, An Early Flower Piece by Jacques de Gheyn II. Simiolus, Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 8/4, 198.
  20. ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Rafaël Govaerts, John C. David, Tony Hall, Katherine Borland, Penelope S. Roberts, Anne Tuomisto, Sven Buerki, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 312
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