United States Senate elections, 1792 and 1793

United States Senate elections, 1792 and 1793
10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate ; (as well as special elections); 16 seats needed for a majority
Majority faction before election; Pro-Administration;	Elected Majority faction; Pro-Administration;

Last updated April 01, 2019

The United States Senate elections of 1792 and 1793 were elections of United States Senators that coincided with President George Washington's unanimous re-election. In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators in class 2.

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.

George Washington was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who also served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. He led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War of Independence, and he presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which established the new federal government. He has been called the "Father of His Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the new nation.

Formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 3rd Congress (1793–1795)

Majority Party: Pro-Administration Party (16)
Minority Party: Anti-Administration Party (13)
Other Parties: 0
Total Seats: 30
Vacant: 1 (later filled by Pro-Administration)

Change in Senate composition

Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

Before the elections

After the June 1792 admission of Kentucky.

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇ Ran	A₈ Ran	A₉ Ran	A₁₀ Ran	A₁₁ Ran	A₁₂ Unknown	V₁	P₁₇ Retired	P₁₆ Unknown
Majority →									P₁₆ Unknown
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃	P₁₄ Ran	P₁₅ Ran
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Results of the election

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇ Re-elected	A₈ Re-elected	A₉ Re-elected	A₁₀ Hold	A₁₁ Gain	V₁	P₁₈ Gain	P₁₇ Gain	P₁₆ Hold
Majority →									P₁₆ Hold
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃	P₁₄ Re-elected	P₁₅ Hold
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Beginning of the next Congress

Two Pro-Administration senators became Anti-Administration.

The vacant seat was filled February 28, 1793 by an Anti-Administration senator; he was sworn in December 1793, but his service began upon election.

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇	A₈	A₉	A₁₀	A₁₁	A₁₂ Gain	A₁₃ Changed	A₁₄ Changed	P₁₆
Majority →									P₁₆
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃	P₁₄	P₁₅
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Key:

A_#	Anti-Administration
P_#	Pro-Administration
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

Elections during the 2nd Congress

In these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1793; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Kentucky (Class 2)	New seat			Kentucky was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Winner elected June 18, 1792. Anti-Administration gain.	√ John Brown (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kentucky (Class 3)	New seat			Kentucky was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Winner elected June 18, 1792. Anti-Administration gain.	√ John Edwards (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
Virginia (Class 2)	Richard Henry Lee	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent resigned October 8, 1792. Winner elected October 18, 1792. Anti-Administration hold.	√ John Taylor (Anti-Administration) 90 Arthur Lee 39 Francis Corbin 33^[2]
Maryland (Class 1)	Charles Carroll	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent resigned November 30, 1792. Winner elected January 10, 1793. Pro-Administration hold.	√ Richard Potts (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect in 1791-1792, leaving the seat vacant. Winner elected February 28, 1793. Anti-Administration gain.	√ Albert Gallatin (Anti-Administration) 45 Henry Miller (Pro-Administration) 35 Arthur St. Clair (Anti-Administration) 1 William Irvine (Anti-Administration) 1^[3]

Races leading to the 3rd Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1793; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Delaware	Richard Bassett	Pro-Administration	1788	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1793. Pro-Administration hold.	√ John Vining (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia	William Few	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1793. Anti-Administration hold.	√ James Jackson (Anti-Administration) 35 William Few 5 George Mathews 1^[4]
Kentucky	John Brown	Anti-Administration	1792 (New state)	Incumbent re-elected December 11, 1792.	√ John Brown (Anti-Administration) Unanimous^[5]
Massachusetts	Caleb Strong	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected in 1793.	√ Caleb Strong (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
New Hampshire	Paine Wingate	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1792. Pro-Administration gain.	√ Samuel Livermore (Pro-Administration) Paine Wingate (Federalist) 28 Nathaniel Peabody 8 Abiel Foster (Federalist) 1^[6]
New Jersey	Philemon Dickinson	Pro-Administration	1790 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner's election date unknown. Pro-Administration hold.	√ Frederick Frelinghuysen (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
North Carolina	Samuel Johnston	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1792.^[7] Anti-Administration gain.	√ Alexander Martin (Anti-Administration) 42 John Leigh 34 Thomas Blount 31 John Steele 31 Gaiter 28 Samuel Johnston (Pro-Administration) 1 William Lenoir 1 Alfred Moore 1 Richard Dobbs Spaight 1 Willie Jones 0
Rhode Island	Joseph Stanton, Jr.	Anti-Administration	1790	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1793. Pro-Administration gain.	√ William Bradford (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
South Carolina	Pierce Butler	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected December 5, 1792.	√ Pierce Butler (Anti-Administration) 118 Charles Pinckney 8 Zachariah Horskins 2 John Little Ward 2 John Baxter 1 John E. Colhoun 1 Adam C. Jones 1 Jacob Read (Federalist) 1^[8]
Virginia	John Taylor	Anti-Administration	1792 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1793.	√ John Taylor (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]

Election in 1793 during the 3rd Congress

In this special election, the winner was seated after March 4, 1793, the beginning of the next Congress.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut (Class 3)	Roger Sherman	Pro-Administration	1791 (Special)	Incumbent died July 23, 1793. Winner elected December 2, 1793. Pro-Administration hold.	√ Stephen Mitchell (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]

Pennsylvania

There was a late election on February 28, 1793 for the Class 1 seat from Pennsylvania. Incumbent William Maclay's term had ended on March 3, 1791, but the legislature failed to elect a successor due to a disagreement on the procedure to be followed in the election.

The seat remained vacant until Albert Gallatin was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the seat during this election.^[9]

Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin, born de Gallatin was a Genevan-American politician, diplomat, ethnologist and linguist. He was an important leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, serving in various federal elective and appointed positions across four decades. He represented Pennsylvania in the Senate and the House of Representatives before becoming the longest-tenured United States Secretary of the Treasury and serving as a high-ranking diplomat.

The Pennsylvania General Assembly is the legislature of the U.S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The legislature convenes in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg. In colonial times (1682–1776), the legislature was known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and was unicameral. Since the Constitution of 1776, the legislature has been known as the General Assembly. The General Assembly became a bicameral legislature in 1791.

Upon agreement between the two houses of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the House of Representatives and the Senate, regarding the procedure to elect a new Senator, an election was finally held on February 28, 1793. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. There are 203 members, elected for two-year terms from single member districts.

The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg. Senators are elected for four year terms, staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years. The President Pro Tempore of the Senate becomes the Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the event of the sitting Lieutenant Governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the President Pro Tempore and Lieutenant Governor would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791.

State Legislature Results^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Anti-Administration	Albert Gallatin	45	51.72
	Pro-Administration	Henry Miller	35	40.23
	Pro-Administration	Arthur St. Clair	1	1.15
	Pro-Administration	William Irvine	1	1.15
	N/A	Not voting	5	5.75
Totals			87	100.00%

On February 28, 1794, the Senate determined that Gallatin did not satisfy the citizenship requirement for service and he was removed from office. He later went on to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. Gallatin was replaced in the Senate by a special election in 1794.^[10]

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References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
↑ "Virginia 1792 U.S. Senate, Special". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Mattern, David B., J. C. A. Stagg, Jeanne K. Cross and Susan Holbrook Perdue, ed. The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series. Vol. 14. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1983. 392.)
↑ "Pennsylvania 1793 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). March 6, 1793)
↑ "Georgia 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State (Augusta, GA). December 1, 1792.)
↑ "Kentucky 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Mirrour (Concord, NH). January 28, 1793.; Election of United States Senators by the General Assembly (typed manuscript). Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort.)
↑ "New Hampshire 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Osborne's Newhampshire Spy (Portsmouth, NH). June 23, 1792.)
↑ "North Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Legislative Papers. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.; Legislative Papers 1792 Box 119. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.)
↑ "South Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing "Rough House Journals.")
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 28 February 1793" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
↑ "GALLATIN, Albert, (1761 - 1849)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

External links

Party Division in the Senate, 1789–present via Senate.gov

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Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
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[No_parties-1] Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.

[2] "Virginia 1792 U.S. Senate, Special". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Mattern, David B., J. C. A. Stagg, Jeanne K. Cross and Susan Holbrook Perdue, ed. The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series. Vol. 14. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1983. 392.)

[3] "Pennsylvania 1793 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). March 6, 1793)

[4] "Georgia 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State (Augusta, GA). December 1, 1792.)

[5] "Kentucky 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Mirrour (Concord, NH). January 28, 1793.; Election of United States Senators by the General Assembly (typed manuscript). Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort.)

[6] "New Hampshire 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Osborne's Newhampshire Spy (Portsmouth, NH). June 23, 1792.)

[7] "North Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Legislative Papers. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.; Legislative Papers 1792 Box 119. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.)

[8] "South Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing "Rough House Journals.")

[Pennsylvania-9] 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 28 February 1793" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

[10] "GALLATIN, Albert, (1761 - 1849)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

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