United States Senate elections, 1938

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United States Senate elections, 1938
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg
  1936 November 8, 1938 1940  

32 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate
49 seats needed for a majority

 Majority partyMinority party
  AlbenBarkley.jpg Charles mcnary.jpg
Leader Alben Barkley Charles McNary
Party Democratic Republican
Leader sinceJuly 22, 1937March 4, 1933
Leader's seat Kentucky Oregon
Seats before7517
Seats after6823
Seat changeDecrease2.svg 7Increase2.svg 7
Seats up293
Races won2210

 Third partyFourth party
 
Party Farmer–Labor Progressive
Seats before21
Seats after21
Seat changeSteady2.svgSteady2.svg
Seats up00
Races won00

 Fifth party
 
Party Independent
Seats before1
Seats after1
Seat changeSteady2.svg
Seats up0
Races won0

US 1938 senate election map.svg
Results including special elections
     Democratic gain     Democratic hold
     Republican gain     Republican hold

Majority Leader before election

Alben Barkley
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

Alben Barkley
Democratic

The United States Senate elections of 1938 occurred in the middle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. This occurred six years after the Democratic landslide in the 1932 election, and so the opposition Republicans gained seven seats from the Democrats. However, the Democrats retained a commanding lead over the Republicans with more than two-thirds of the chamber.

Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd president of the United States

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II. Roosevelt is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in American history, as well as among the most influential figures of the 20th century. Though he has also been subject to much criticism, he is generally rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.

Democratic Party (United States) political party in the United States

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

Republican Party (United States) Major political party in the United States

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States; the other is its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

Contents

Background

A contemporary account [1] cited a number of reasons for the losses suffered by the Democrats. The first was the Recession of 1937, which had continued into the first half of 1938, and which had arguably weakened public confidence in the administration's New Deal economic policies. Controversy over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan) was also a major factor. There were, in addition, strains between the more liberal New Deal supporters and the conservative wing of the Democratic party centered in the Southern states. These strains were exacerbated by an effort led by President Roosevelt to target certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland and Ellison Smith of South Carolina, along with the chairman of the House Rules Committee, John J. O'Connor of New York. While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Sen. Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated future baseball commissioner Happy Chandler, Sen. James P. Pope of Idaho, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California senator William McAdoo, though McAdoo's Democratic opponent Sheridan Downey had campaigned as a liberal New Dealer who would also do more to improve pension plans. [2]

New Deal Economic programs of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936. It responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. Major federal programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA). They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 rejected U.S. legislation supported by Franklin D. Roosevelt, would have expanded the number of judges on the Supreme Court

The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt's purpose was to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that the court had ruled unconstitutional. The central provision of the bill would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court, up to a maximum of six, for every member of the court over the age of 70 years and 6 months.

Walter F. George American judge

Walter Franklin George was an American politician from the state of Georgia. He was a long-time Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957.

Given the high levels of Democratic success in the 1930, 1932, 1934 and 1936 elections, the Democrats were in a difficult position in defending a large number of seats, even without these pressures. This was the first of five consecutive elections where the GOP made gains in the Senate.

Gains and losses

Overall, the Democrats lost 7 seats to Republicans

  1. Augustine Lonergan (D-CT)
  2. George McGill (D-KS), the last Democrat ever elected to the Senate from Kansas
  3. Fred H. Brown (D-NH)
  4. John Gerald Milton (D-NJ) had been appointed to replace A. Harry Moore (D), who resigned. Milton did not run in the special election to finish the current term (ending in 1941).
  5. Robert J. Bulkley (D-OH)
  6. Herbert Hitchcock (D-SD) had been appointed to replace Peter Norbeck (R), who died. Hitchock lost the Democratic primary both to finish the current term (ending in 1939) and for the new term (ending in 1945).
  7. F. Ryan Duffy (D-WI)

Change in Senate composition

Before the general elections

After the February 1, 1938 appointment in Oregon.

 D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8
D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9
D19D20D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28
D38D37D36D35D34D33D32D31D30D29
D39D40D41D42D43D44D45D46D47D48
Majority →D49
Ran
D58
Ran
D57
Ran
D56
Ran
D55
Ran
D54
Ran
D53
Ran
D52
Ran
D51
Retired
D50
Retired
D59
Ran
D60
Ran
D61
Ran
D62
Ran
D63
Ran
D64
Ran
D65
Ran
D66
Ran
D67
Ran
D68
Ran
I1D77
Ran
D76
Ran
D75
Ran
D74
Ran
D73
Ran
D72
Ran
D71
Ran
D70
Ran
D69
Ran
P1FL2FL1R15
Ran
R14
Ran
R13
Ran
R12R11R10R9
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8

General election results

 D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8
D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9
D19D20D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28
D38D37D36D35D34D33D32D31D30D29
D39D40D41D42D43D44D45D46D47D48
Majority →D49
Re-elected
D58
Re-elected
D57
Hold
D56
Re-elected
D55
Re-elected
D54
Re-elected
D53
Re-elected
D52
Hold
D51
Re-elected
D50
Re-elected
D59
Re-elected
D60
Re-elected
D61
Re-elected
D62
Re-elected
D63
Re-elected
D64
Re-elected
D65
Re-elected
D66
Re-elected
D67
Re-elected
D68
Hold
R19
Gain
R20
Gain
R21
Gain
R22
Gain
P1FL1FL2I1D70
Re-elected
D69
Re-elected
R18
Gain
R17
Gain
R16
Gain
R15
Re-elected
R14
Re-elected
R13
Re-elected
R12R11R10R9
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8

Special election results

 D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8
D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9
D19D20D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28
D38D37D36D35D34D33D32D31D30D29
D39D40D41D42D43D44D45D49D46
Hold
D47
Hold
Majority →D45
Appointee elected
D58D57D56D55D54D53D52D51D50
D59D60D61D62D63D64D65D66D67D68
R19R20R21
Gain
R22
Gain
R23
Gain
P1FL1FL2I1D69
R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11R10R9
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8
Key:
D# Democratic
FL# Farmer–Labor
P# Progressive
R# Republican
I# Independent
V#Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 75th Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1938 or before January 3, 1939; ordered by election date.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Alabama
(Class 2)
J. Lister Hill Democratic1938 (Appointed)Interim appointee elected April 26, 1938.J. Lister Hill (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
New Jersey
(Class 1)
John G. Milton Democratic1938 (Appointed)Interim appointee retired.
Winner elected November 8, 1938.
Republican gain.
W. Warren Barbour (Republican) 53.0%
William H. J. Ely (Democratic) 45.7%
New York
(Class 1)
Royal S. Copeland Democratic 1922
1928
1934
Incumbent died June 17, 1938.
Winner elected November 8, 1938.
Democratic hold.
James M. Mead (Democratic) 53.6%
Edward F. Corsi (Republican) 45.8%
Oregon
(Class 3)
Alfred E. Reames Democratic1938 (Appointed)Interim appointee retired.
Winner elected November 8, 1938.
Republican gain.
Winner also elected to next term, see below.
Alexander G. Barry (Republican)
[Data unknown/missing.]
South Dakota
(Class 3)
Herbert E. Hitchcock Democratic1936 (Appointed)Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term.
Winner elected November 8, 1938.
Republican gain.
Winner did not run for the next term, however, see below.
Gladys Pyle (Republican) 58.1%
John T. McCullen (Democratic) 41.9%
Tennessee
(Class 1)
George L. Berry Democratic1937 (Appointed)Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term.
Winner elected November 8, 1938.
Democratic hold.
Tom Stewart (Democratic) [3] 70.5%
Harley G. Fowler (Republican) 26.2%

Races leading to the 76th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1939; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral
history
Alabama J. Lister Hill Democratic1938 (Appointed)
1938 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected.J. Lister Hill (Democratic) 86.4%
J. M. Pennington (Republican) 13.6%
Arizona Carl Hayden Democratic 1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Carl Hayden (Democratic) 76.5%
B. H. Clingan (Republican) 23.5%
Arkansas Hattie W. Caraway Democratic1931 (Appointed)
1932 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected.Hattie W. Caraway (Democratic) 89.6%
C. D. Atkinson (Republican) 10.4%
California William G. McAdoo Democratic 1932 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Incumbent then resigned and Thomas M. Storke (D) was appointed to finish the term.
Sheridan Downey (Democratic) 54.4%
Philip Bancroft (Republican) 44.7%
Lillain Symes Clements (Socialist) 0.9%
Colorado Alva B. Adams Democratic1923 (Appointed)
1924 (Retired)
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Alva B. Adams (Democratic) 58.2%
Archibald A. Lee (Republican) 40.2%
Connecticut Augustine Lonergan Democratic 1932 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
John A. Danaher (Republican) 42.9%
Augustine Lonergan (Democratic) 40.0%
Bellani Trombley (Socialist) 15.8%
Florida Claude Pepper Democratic 1936 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.Claude Pepper (Democratic) 82.5%
Thomas E. Swanson (Republican) 17.6%
Georgia Walter F. George Democratic 1922 (Special)
1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Walter F. George (Democratic)
Unopposed
Idaho James P. Pope Democratic 1932 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
D. Worth Clark (Democratic) 54.7%
Donald A. Callahan (Republican) 44.9%
Illinois William H. Dieterich Democratic 1932 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Scott W. Lucas (Democratic) 51.3%
Richard J. Lyons (Republican) 48.3%
Indiana Frederick Van Nuys Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected.Frederick Van Nuys (Democratic) 49.8%
Raymond E. Willis (Republican) 49.5%
Herman L. Seeger (Prohibition) 0.4%
Louis E. Roebuck (Socialist) 0.1%
Miles Blansett (Communist) 0.1%
Iowa Guy M. Gillette Democratic 1936 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.Guy M. Gillette (Democratic) 49.7%
Lester J. Dickinson (Republican) 49.4%
Kansas George McGill Democratic 1930 (Special)
1932
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Clyde M. Reed (Republican) 56.2%
George McGill (Democratic) 43.8%
Kentucky Alben W. Barkley Democratic 1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Alben W. Barkley (Democratic) 62.0%
John P. Haswell (Republican) 38.0%
Louisiana John H. Overton Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected.John H. Overton (Democratic)
Unopposed.
Maryland Millard E. Tydings Democratic 1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Millard E. Tydings (Democratic) 68.3%
Oscar Lesser (Republican) 29.3%
Missouri Bennett Champ Clark Democratic 1932
1933 (Appointed)
Incumbent re-elected.Bennett Champ Clark (Democratic) 60.7%
Harry S. Caulfield (Republican) 39.2%
Nevada Patrick A. McCarran Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected.Patrick A. McCarran (Democratic) 59.0%
Tasker L. Oddie (Republican) 41.0%
New Hampshire Fred H. Brown Democratic 1932 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Charles W. Tobey (Republican) 54.2%
Fred H. Brown (Democratic) 45.8%
New York Robert F. Wagner Democratic 1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Robert F. Wagner (Democratic) 54.5%
John Lord O'Brian (Republican) 45.0%
North Carolina Robert R. Reynolds Democratic 1932 (Special)
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Robert R. Reynolds (Democratic) 63.8%
Charles A. Jonas (Republican) 36.2%
North Dakota Gerald P. Nye Republican1925 (Appointed)
1926 (Special)
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Gerald P. Nye (Republican) 50.1%
William Langer (Independent) 42.6%
J. J. Nygard (Democratic) 7.3%
Ohio Robert J. Bulkley Democratic 1930 (Special)
1932
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Robert A. Taft (Republican) 53.6%
Robert J. Bulkley (Democratic) 46.4%
Oklahoma Elmer Thomas Democratic 1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Elmer Thomas (Democratic) 65.4%
Harry G. Glasser (Republican) 33.9%
Oregon Alfred E. Reames Democratic1938 (Appointed)Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Winner also elected to finish term, see above.
Rufus C. Holman (Republican) 54.9%
Willis Mahoney (Democratic) 45.1%
Pennsylvania James J. Davis Republican 1930 (Special)
1932
Incumbent re-elected.James J. Davis (Republican) 54.7%
George H. Earle (Democratic) 44.4%
South Carolina Ellison D. Smith Democratic 1909
1914
1920
1926
1932
Incumbent re-elected.Ellison D. Smith (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Dakota Herbert E. Hitchcock Democratic1936 (Appointed)Interim appointee lost nomination to next term.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Chandler Gurney (Republican) 52.5%
Tom Berry (Democratic) 47.5%
Utah Elbert D. Thomas Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected.Elbert D. Thomas (Democratic) 55.8%
Franklin S. Harris (Republican) 44.2%
Vermont Ernest W. Gibson Republican1933 (Appointed)
1934 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected.Ernest W. Gibson (Republican) 65.7%
John McGrath (Democratic) 34.3%
Washington Homer T. Bone Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected.Homer T. Bone (Democratic) 62.6%
Ewing D. Colvin (Republican) 37.1%
Eugene Solie (Socialist Labor) 0.3%
Wisconsin F. Ryan Duffy Democratic 1932 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Alexander Wiley (Republican) 47.7%
Herman L. Ekern (Progressive) 26.6%
F. Ryan Duffy (Democratic) 24.7%

Elections during the 76th Congress

There were no elections in 1939.

Arizona

United States Senate election in Arizona, 1938
Flag of Arizona.svg
  1932 November 3, 1938 1944  

  Carl Hayden.jpg No image.png
Nominee Carl Hayden Burt H. Clingan
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote82,71425,378
Percentage76.52%23.48%

U.S. Senator before election

Carl Hayden
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Carl Hayden
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Carl Hayden ran for re-election to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan, chairman of the Arizona Industrial Commission, in the general election.

Carl Hayden Democratic U.S. Senator from Arizona

Carl Trumbull Hayden was an American politician and the first United States Senator to serve seven terms. Serving as Arizona's first Representative for eight terms before entering the Senate, Hayden set the record for longest-serving member of the United States Congress more than a decade before his retirement from politics. The longtime Dean of the United States Senate served as its president pro tempore and chairman of both its Rules and Administration and Appropriations committees. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.

Democratic primary results [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Carl T. Hayden68,32865.48%
Democratic Robert E. Miller22,15421.23%
Democratic Whit I. Hughes13,86713.29%
Total votes104,349100.00
United States Senate election in Arizona, 1938 [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Carl T. Hayden 82,714 76.52%
Republican Burt H. Clingan25,37823.48%
Majority57,33653.04%
Turnout 108,092
Democratic gain from Republican Swing

New York

New York Republicans nominated John Lord O'Brian for the U.S. Senate. [6] Democrats re-nominated the incumbent Wagner for the short Senate term. [7] The American Labor party endorsed Wagner. [8]

John Lord OBrian

John Lord O'Brian was an American lawyer who held public offices in the administrations of five U.S. presidents between 1909 and 1945. O'Brian has been recognized by scholars for his commitment to civil liberties. At the time of O'Brian's death at the age of 98, Chief Justice Warren Burger described him as the "dean" of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States.

American Labor Party former U.S. political party, 1936–1956

The American Labor Party (ALP) was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party of America who had established themselves as the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). The party was intended to parallel the role of the British Labour Party, serving as an umbrella organization to unite New York social democrats of the SDF with trade unionists who would otherwise support candidates of the Republican and Democratic parties.

Office Democratic ticket Republican ticket American Labor ticket Socialist ticketIndependent Progressive ticket Industrial Government ticket
U.S. Senator, full term Robert F. Wagner 2,497,029 John Lord O'Brian 2,058,615 Robert F. Wagner Herman J. Hahn [9] 23,553 John Lord O'Brian O. Martin Olson [10] 3,851

New York (Special)

New York Republicans nominated Edward Corsi for the short Senate term. [6] Democrats nominated James M. Mead. [7] The American Labor party endorsed Mead. [8]

James M. Mead American politician

James Michael Mead represented New York in the United States Senate from 1938 until 1947.

Office Democratic ticket Republican ticket American Labor ticket Socialist ticketIndependent Progressive ticket
U.S. Senator, short term [11] James M. Mead 2,438,904Edward F. Corsi2,083,666 James M. Mead Harry W. Laidler 27,161Edward F. Corsi

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Vermont

Further reading

See also

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References

  1. 1939 Britannica Book of the Year, "Democratic Party", pages 205-6
  2. LIFE. Time Inc. p. 13. ISSN   0024-3019 . Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  3. Won special election in November 1938, but remained district attorney general until January 16, 1939, after the next Congress began.
  4. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=268957
  5. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3300
  6. 1 2 DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS in NYT on September 30, 1938 (subscription required)
  7. 1 2 LEHMAN IS DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM in NYT on October 1, 1938 (subscription required)
  8. 1 2 LABORITES NAME LEHMAN WAGNER in NYT on October 4, 1938 (subscription required)
  9. Rev. Herman J. Hahn, of Buffalo, ran also for Lieutenant Governor in 1928 and 1936
  10. O. Martin Olson, of Jamestown, ran also for Comptroller in 1934
  11. to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Royal S. Copeland