United States Senate elections, 1974

Last updated
United States Senate elections, 1974 and 1975
Flag of the United States.svg
  1972 November 5, 1974 1976  

34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate
51 seats needed for a majority
 Majority partyMinority party
  Michael Joseph Mansfield.jpg SenHughScott.jpg
Leader Mike Mansfield Hugh Scott
Party Democratic Republican
Leader sinceJanuary 3, 1961September 24, 1969
Leader's seat Montana Pennsylvania
Seats before5642
Seats after6038
Seat changeIncrease2.svg 4Decrease2.svg 4
Popular vote22,544,76116,145,793
Percentage55.2%39.6%
SwingIncrease2.svg 9.7%Decrease2.svg 12.8%
Seats up2014
Races won2311

 Third partyFourth party
 
Party Independent Conservative (N.Y.)
Seats before11
Seats after1 [1] 1
Seat changeSteady2.svgSteady2.svg
Popular vote0822,584
Percentage0%2%
Seats up00
Races won00

1974 Senate election map.svg
Results
     Democratic gain     Democratic hold
     Republican gain     Republican hold

Majority Leader before election

Mike Mansfield
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

Mike Mansfield
Democratic

The 1974 United States Senate elections were held in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Richard M. Nixon's resignation from the presidency, and Gerald Ford's subsequent pardon of Nixon. Economic issues, specifically inflation and stagnation, were also a factor that contributed to Republican losses. [2] Democrats made a net gain of three seats from the Republicans. Following the 1974 elections, the Democratic caucus controlled 60 seats (including one independent) and the Republican caucus controlled 39 seats (including one Conservative).

Watergate scandal Political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States during the early 1970s, following a break-in by five men at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972, and President Richard Nixon's administration's subsequent attempt to cover up his involvement. After the five burglars were caught and the conspiracy was discovered—chiefly through the work of a few journalists, Congressional staffers and an election-finance watchdog official—Watergate was investigated by the United States Congress. Meanwhile, Nixon's administration resisted its probes, which led to a constitutional crisis.

Gerald Ford 38th president of the United States

Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974. Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office by the United States Electoral College.

Inflation increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time

In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. The opposite of inflation is deflation.

Contents

Democrats gained an additional seat in 1975 when Democrat John A. Durkin won a special election in New Hampshire that was held after the 1974 election resulted in two recounts and an extended dispute in the Senate.

John A. Durkin American politician

John Anthony Durkin was an American politician who served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from New Hampshire from 1975 until 1980.

This was the last Senate election where the Democrat won Orange County, California in a race with Republican opposition.

Orange County, California County in California, United States

Orange County is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232, making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States, and more populous than 21 U.S. states. Its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, behind San Francisco County. The county's four largest cities by population, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine, and Huntington Beach, each have a population exceeding 200,000. Several of Orange County's cities are on the Pacific Ocean western coast, including Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Dana Point, and San Clemente.

Gains and losses

Democrats won open seats in Vermont and Florida and unseated incumbents Peter H. Dominick (R-CO) and Marlow Cook (R-KY). Republicans took an open seat in Nevada, where Republican Paul Laxalt defeated Harry Reid by 624 votes. The election also produced other close results; Milton Young (R-ND) won reelection against Democrat William L. Guy by only 186 votes and Henry Bellmon (R-OK) won reelection against Democrat Ed Edmondson by half a percent of the vote. Bob Dole (R-KS) survived the closest election of his career against Democratic Rep. William Roy, a race undoubtedly made close due to Dole's close association with Nixon as chairman of the Republican National Committee. It was the closest the Democrats have come to winning a Senate election in Kansas since George McGill won re-election in 1932 (McGill was defeated by Clyde M. Reed in 1938).

Peter H. Dominick American politician

Peter Hoyt Dominick was an American diplomat, politician and lawyer from Colorado. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the United States Senate from 1963 to 1975. His uncle, Howard Alexander Smith, was a U.S. Senator from New Jersey from 1944 to 1959.

Marlow Cook American politician

Marlow Webster Cook was an American politician who served from his appointment in December 1968 until his resignation, in December 1974, as a Rockefeller (Moderate) Republican United States Senator from Louisville, Kentucky.

Paul Laxalt American politician

Paul Dominique Laxalt was an American attorney and politician who was Governor of Nevada from 1967 to 1971 and a United States Senator from 1974 to 1987. He was one of Ronald Reagan's closest friends in politics. After Reagan was elected President in 1980, many in the national press referred to Laxalt as "The First Friend." He was the older brother of Robert Laxalt, who was a noted and prolific writer. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Results summary

PartiesTotal SeatsPopular Vote
Incum
bents
Not upThis electionResult+/-Vote%
UpRe-
elected
HeldGainedLost
Democratic 573720154Increase2.svg 4Decrease2.svg 160Increase2.svg 322,544,76155.24%
Republican 41271482Increase2.svg 1Decrease2.svg 438Decrease2.svg 316,145,79339.56%
Conservative (N.Y.) 110Steady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svg1Steady2.svg822,5842.02%
Independent110Steady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svg1Steady2.svg199,108<0.01%
Others0Steady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svg0Steady2.svg1,098,1462.69%
Total1006634236Increase2.svg 5Decrease2.svg 5100Steady2.svg40,810,392100.0%

Source: "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1974 [sic]" (PDF). Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. 1975. Retrieved July 8, 2014.

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the January 4, 1974 appointment in Ohio.

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9D10
D20D19D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11
D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28D29D30
D40
Ran
D39
Ran
D38
Ran
D37D36D35D34D33D32D31
D41
Ran
D42
Ran
D43
Ran
D44
Ran
D45
Ran
D46
Ran
D47
Ran
D48
Ran
D49
Ran
D50
Ran
Majority →D51
Ran
R41
Retired
C1I1D57
Retired
D56
Retired
D55
Retired
D54
Ran
D53
Ran
D52
Ran
R40
Retired
R39
Retired
R38
Retired
R37
Ran
R36
Ran
R35
Ran
R34
Ran
R33
Ran
R32
Ran
R31
Ran
R21R22R23R24R25R26R27R28
Ran
R29
Ran
R30
Ran
R20R19R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10

After the general elections

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9D10
D20D19D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11
D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28D29D30
D40
Re-elected
D39
Re-elected
D38
Re-elected
D37D36D35D34D33D32D31
D41
Re-elected
D42
Re-elected
D43
Re-elected
D44
Re-elected
D45
Re-elected
D46
Re-elected
D47
Re-elected
D48
Re-elected
D49
Re-elected
D50
Re-elected
Majority →D51
Re-elected
D60
Gain
D59
Gain
D58
Gain
D57
Hold
D56
Hold
D55
Hold
D54
Hold
D53
Re-elected
D52
Re-elected
I1C1R38
Gain
R37
Hold
R36
Hold
R35
Re-elected
R34
Re-elected
R33
Re-elected
R32
Re-elected
R31
Re-elected
R21R22R23R24R25R26R27R28
Re-elected
R29
Re-elected
R30
Re-elected
R20R19R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10
Key:
C# Conservative (N.Y.)
D# Democratic
R# Republican
I#Independent

Race summary

Elections leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1975; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State
(linked to
summaries below)
IncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Alabama James Allen Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.James Allen (Democratic) 95.8%
Alvin Abercrombie (Prohibition) 4.2%
Alaska Mike Gravel Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Mike Gravel (Democratic) 58.3%
C. R. Lewis (Republican) 41.7%
Arizona Barry Goldwater Republican 1952
1958
1964 (Retired)
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Barry Goldwater (Republican) 58.3%
Jonathan Marshall (Democratic) 41.7%
Arkansas J. William Fulbright Democratic 1944
1950
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Dale Bumpers (Democratic) 84.9%
John H. Jones (Republican) 15.1%
California Alan Cranston Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Alan Cranston (Democratic) 60.5%
H. L. Richardson (Republican) 36.2%
Jack McCoy (American Independent) 1.7%
Gayle M. Justice (Peace and Freedom) 1.6%
Colorado Peter H. Dominick Republican 1968 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Gary Hart (Democratic) 57.2%
Peter H. Dominick (Republican) 39.5%
John McCandish King (Independent) 2.0%
Joseph Fred Hyskell (Prohibition) 1.0%
Henry John Olshaw (American) 0.3%
Connecticut Abraham A. Ribicoff Democratic 1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Abraham A. Ribicoff (Democratic) 63.7%
James H. Brannen III (Republican) 34.3%
Florida Edward J. Gurney Republican 1968 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Richard Stone (Democratic) 43.4%
Jack Eckerd (Republican) 40.9%
John Grady (American) 15.7%
Georgia Herman Talmadge Democratic 1956
1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Herman Talmadge (Democratic) 71.7%
Jerry Johnson (Republican) 28.2%
Hawaii Daniel Inouye Democratic 1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Daniel Inouye (Democratic) 82.9%
James D. Kimmel (Independent) 17.1%
Idaho Frank Church Democratic 1956
1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Frank Church (Democratic) 56.1%
Robert L. Smith (Republican) 42.1%
Jean Stoddard (American) 1.8%
Illinois Adlai Stevenson III Democratic 1970 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.Adlai Stevenson III (Democratic) 62.2%
George M. Burditt (Republican) 37.2%
Indiana Birch Bayh Democratic 1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Birch Bayh (Democratic) 50.7%
Richard Lugar (Republican) 46.4%
Don L. Lee (American) 2.8%
Iowa Harold Hughes Democratic 1968 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
John Culver (Democratic) 50.0%
David M. Stanley (Republican) 49.3%
Kansas Bob Dole Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Bob Dole (Republican) 50.9%
William R. Roy (Democratic) 49.1%
Kentucky Marlow Cook Republican 1956
1962
1968
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Wendell Ford (Democratic) 53.5%
Marlow Cook (Republican) 44.1%
William E. Parker (American) 2.4%
Louisiana Russell B. Long Democratic 1948 (Special)
1950
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Russell B. Long (Democratic)
Unopposed
Maryland Charles Mathias, Jr. Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Charles Mathias, Jr. (Republican) 57.3%
Barbara Mikulski (Democratic) 42.7%
Missouri Thomas Eagleton Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Thomas Eagleton (Democratic) 60.1%
Thomas B. Curtis (Republican) 39.3%
Cliff Talmage (Independent) 0.6%
Nevada Alan Bible Democratic 1954 (Special)
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Paul Laxalt (Republican) 47.0%
Harry Reid (Democratic) 46.6%
New Hampshire Norris Cotton Republican 1954 (Special)
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Incumbent resigned December 31, 1974.
Winner was appointed December 31, 1974.
Election was contested and later voided.
Louis C. Wyman (Republican) 49.7%
John A. Durkin (Democratic) 49.7%
New York Jacob K. Javits Republican 1956
1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Jacob K. Javits (Republican) 45.3%
Ramsey Clark (Democratic) 38.2%
Barbara A. Keating (Conservative) 15.9%
Rebecca Finch (Socialist Workers Party) 0.1%
William F Dowling Jr (Courage) 0.1%
Robert E Massi (Socialist Labor) 0.08%
Mildred Edelman (Communist) 0.08%
Elijah Boyd Jr (Labor) 0.07%
North Carolina Sam Ervin Democratic 1954 (Special)
1954 (Appointed)
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Robert Burren Morgan (Democratic) 62.1%
William E. Stevens (Republican) 37.0%
North Dakota Milton Young Republican1945 (Appointed)
1946 (Special)
1950
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Milton Young (Republican) 48.4%
William L. Guy (Democratic) 48.3%
Ohio Howard Metzenbaum Democratic1974 (Appointed)Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Incumbent resigned December 23, 1974.
Winner was appointed December 24, 1974.
John Glenn (Democratic) 64.6%
Ralph J. Perk (Republican) 30.7%
Oklahoma Henry Bellmon Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Henry Bellmon (Republican) 49.4%
Ed Edmondson (Democratic) 48.9%
Oregon Bob Packwood Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Bob Packwood (Republican) 54.9%
Betty Roberts (Democratic) 44.2%
Pennsylvania Richard Schweiker Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.Richard Schweiker (Republican) 53.0%
Peter F. Flaherty (Democratic) 45.9%
George W. Shankey (Constitution) 1.1%
South Carolina Ernest Hollings Democratic 1966 (Special)
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Ernest Hollings (Democratic) 69.5%
Gwenyfred Bush (Republican) 28.6%
South Dakota George McGovern Democratic 1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.George McGovern (Democratic) 53.0%
Leo K. Thorsness (Republican) 47.0%
Utah Wallace F. Bennett Republican 1950
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Jake Garn (Republican) 50.0%
Wayne Owens (Democratic) 44.1%
Vermont George Aiken Republican 1940 (Special)
1944
1950
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Patrick Leahy (Democratic) 49.5%
Richard W. Mallary (Republican) 46.4%
Washington Warren Magnuson Democratic 1944
1944 (Appointed)
1950
1956
1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Warren G. Magnuson (Democratic) 60.7%
Jack Metcalf (Republican) 36.1%
Gene Goosman (American Independent) 2%
Clare Fraenzl (Socialist Workers) 0.8%
Pat Ruckert (U.S. Labor) 0.4%
Wisconsin Gaylord Nelson Democratic 1962
1968
Incumbent re-elected.Gaylord Nelson (Democratic) 61.8%
Tom Petri (Republican) 35.8%

Special election during the 95th Congress

In this special election, the winner was elected after January 3, 1975.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
New Hampshire
(Class 3)
Norris Cotton Republican 1954 (Special)
1956
1962
1968
1974 (Retired)
1975 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected September 16, 1975.
Democratic gain.
John A. Durkin (Democratic) 53.6%
Louis C. Wyman (Republican) 43.04%
Carmen C. Chimento (American Independent) 3.4%

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arizona election
Flag of Arizona.svg
  1968
1980  
  Barry Goldwater photo1962.jpg No image.png
Nominee Barry Goldwater Jonathan Marshall
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote320,396229,523
Percentage58.26%41.74%

1974 Arizona.png
U.S. Senate election results map.
Red denotes counties won by Goldwater.
Blue denotes those won by Marshall.

U.S. Senator before election

Barry Goldwater
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Barry Goldwater
Republican

Incumbent Republican Barry Goldwater decided to run for reelection to a second consecutive term, after returning to the U.S. Senate in 1968 following his failed Presidential run in 1964 against Lyndon B. Johnson. Goldwater defeated Democratic Party nominee philanthropist Jonathan Marshall in the general election.

Barry Goldwater Republican nominee for President, 1964; U.S. Senator from Arizona

Barry Morris Goldwater was an American politician, businessman and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party nominee for President of the United States in 1964. Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited with sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.

Lyndon B. Johnson 36th president of the United States

Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Formerly the 37th vice president of the United States from 1961 to 1963, he assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a United States Representative and as the Majority Leader in the United States Senate. Johnson is one of only four people who have served in all four federal elected positions.

Democratic primary results [3]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jonathan Marshall, philanthropist79,22553.55%
Democratic George Oglesby, attorney36,26224.51%
Democratic William Mathews Feighan32,44921.93%
Total votes147,936100.00
United States Senate election in Arizona, 1974 [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Republican Barry Goldwater 320,396 58.26%
Democratic Jonathan Marshall229,52341.74%
Majority90,87316.52%
Turnout 549,919
Republican gain from Democratic Swing

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Florida

Florida election
Flag of Florida (1900-1985).svg
  1968
1980  
  Richardbernardstone.jpg Jack Eckerd (cropped).jpg
Nominee Richard Stone Jack Eckerd
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote781,031736,674
Percentage43.38%40.91%

 
NomineeJohn Grady
Party American Independent
Popular vote282,659
Percentage15.70%

U.S. Senator before election

Edward Gurney
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Richard Stone
Democratic

Incumbent Republican Edward Gurney declined to seek a second term after being indicted for taking bribes in return for his influence with the Federal Housing Administration.

The primary for the Republican nomination pitted Eckerd drug store owner Jack Eckerd against Florida Public Service Commissioner Paula Hawkins. Eckerd won handily, receiving approximately 67.5% of the vote.

Republican primary results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Jack Eckerd 186,89767.49%
Republican Paula Hawkins 90,04932.52%
Total votes276,946100.00%

The Democratic primary, however, was a crowded field with eleven candidates vying for the nomination. Because no candidate received a majority of the votes, U.S. Representative Bill Gunter and Secretary of State of Florida Richard Stone advanced to a run-off election. Stone won by a small margin of 1.68%.

Democratic primary results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Richard Stone 236,18529.80%
Democratic Bill Gunter 157,30119.85%
Democratic Richard A. Pettigrew 146,72818.51%
Democratic Mallory Horne 90,68411.44%
Democratic Glenn W. Turner51,3266.48%
Democratic George Balmer24,4083.08%
Democratic Burton Young23,1992.93%
Democratic Bob Brewster19,9132.51%
Democratic David B. Higginbottom17,4011.64%
Democratic Duaine E. Macon14,9611.89%
Total votes782,106100.00%
Democratic primary runoff results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Richard Stone321,68350.84%
Democratic Bill Gunter311,04449.16%
Total votes632,727100.00%

Thus, Eckerd and Stone faced off in the general election. John Grady, a family physician and member of George Wallace's American Independent Party, performed exceptionally well for a third party candidate. Grady may have split the conservative vote, allowing for Stone to win. On election day, Stone received 43.38% of the vote, Eckerd garnered 40.91% of the vote, and Grady acquired 15.7% of the vote.

General election results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Richard Stone 781,03143.38%
Republican Jack Eckerd 736,67440.91%
American Independent John Grady282,65915.70%
Independent Jim Fair1170.01%
Independent Henry J. Matthew35<0.01%
Independent Hortense L. Arvan13<0.01%
Independent Timothy L. "Tim" Adams10<0.01%
Majority44,3573.32%
Turnout 1,800,539
Democratic gain from Republican

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Maryland election
Flag of Maryland.svg
  1968
1980  
  Charlesmathiasjr.jpg Senator Nancy Kassebaum's retirement party (cropped).jpg
Nominee Charles Mathias, Jr. Barbara Mikulski
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote503,223374,663
Percentage57.32%42.68%

U.S. Senator before election

Charles Mathias, Jr.
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Charles Mathias, Jr.
Republican

Incumbent Republican Charles Mathias won re-election to a second term. As a Republican representing heavily-Democratic Maryland, Mathias faced a potentially difficult re-election bid for the 1974 election. State Democrats nominated Barbara Mikulski, then a Baltimore City Councilwoman who was well-known to residents in her city as a social activist, but with limited name recognition in the rest of the state. [5] Mathias was renominated by Republicans, fending off a primary election challenge from conservative doctor Ross Pierpont. Pierpont was never a substantial threat to Mathias, whose lack of competition was due in part to fallout from the Watergate scandal. [6] [7]

As an advocate for campaign finance reform, Mathias refused to accept any contribution over $100 to "avoid the curse of big money that has led to so much trouble in the last year". [8] However, he still managed to raise over $250,000, nearly five times Mikulski's total. Ideologically, Mikulski and Mathias agreed on many issues, such as closing tax loopholes and easing taxes on the middle class. On two issues, however, Mathias argued to reform Congress and the U.S. tax system to address inflation and corporate price fixing, contrary to Mikulski. [5] In retrospect, The Washington Post felt the election was "an intelligent discussion of state, national, and foreign affairs by two smart, well-informed people". [9]

United States Senate election in Maryland, 1974 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. (Incumbent)503,22357.3
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski 374,66342.7
Invalid or blank votes
Total votes877,886100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold

Missouri

Nevada

Nevada election
Flag of Nevada (1929-1991).svg
  1968
1980  
  PaulLaxalt.JPG Harry Reid official portrait.jpg
Nominee Paul Laxalt Harry Reid
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote79,60578,981
Percentage47.0%46.6%

 
NomineeJack C. Doyle
Party Independent American
Popular vote10,887
Percentage6.42%

U.S. Senator before election

Alan Bible
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Paul Laxalt
Republican

Incumbent Democrat Alan Bible decided to retire instead of seeking a fourth full term. Republican nominee Paul Laxalt won the open seat.

Former Governor Paul Laxalt won by less than 700 votes, becoming one of the few bright spots in a bad year for Republicans. He beat Lieutenant Governor Harry Reid. Reid would succeed Laxalt twelve years later.

General election results [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Republican Paul Laxalt 79,605 46.97% +1.73%
Democratic Harry Reid 78,98146.60%-8.16%
Independent American Jack C. Doyle10,8876.42%
Majority6240.37%-9.15%
Turnout 169,473
Republican gain from Democratic

New Hampshire

New Hampshire election
Flag of New Hampshire.svg
  1968
  WymanLouis(R-NH).jpg D000574.jpg
Nominee Louis C. Wyman John A. Durkin
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote110,926110,924
Percentage49.6618%49.6609%

U.S. Senator before election

Norris Cotton
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Louis C. Wyman
(Disputed)
Republican

The New Hampshire election resulted in the longest contested election for the U.S. Congress in United States history.

In 1973, then-incumbent Senator Norris Cotton announced he would not seek re-election. Republican strategists admitted that it would be tough for their party to hold on to the seat. [12]

The campaign of 1974 pitted Democrat John A. Durkin, who had served as New Hampshire's Insurance Commissioner and as Attorney General, against Republican Louis C. Wyman, a conservative, widely known member of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire's 1st congressional district. As Wyman was the more experienced politician, he was predicted by many to win handily. [13]

On election day, Wyman won with a margin of just 355 votes.[ citation needed ] Durkin immediately demanded a recount, which, completed November 27, 1974, declared Durkin the winner by a margin of 2 votes. Republican Governor Meldrim Thomson, Jr. awarded Durkin a provisional certificate of election.

New Hampshire United States Senate Election, 1974: Second Recount
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Louis Wyman 110,92649.6618%
Democratic John A. Durkin 110,92449.6609%
American Independent Carmen C. Chimento1,5130.68%
Plurality20.0009%
Turnout 223,363

Wyman promptly appealed to the New Hampshire State Ballot Law Commission. Durkin tried to defeat the appeal in the New Hampshire courts. The state ballot commission conducted its own partial recount and announced on December 24, 1974, that Wyman had won by just two votes. Governor Thomson rescinded Durkin’s certificate, and awarded a new credential to Wyman.

Senator Cotton resigned December 31, 1974, and Governor Thomson appointed Wyman to fill the remainder of the term, which would expire January 3, 1975.

The election contest was not settled, however, and eventually a new election would be called, see below.

New Hampshire (Special)

New Hampshire election
Flag of New Hampshire.svg
  1974 September 16, 1975 1980  
  D000574.jpg WymanLouis(R-NH).jpg
Nominee John A. Durkin Louis C. Wyman
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote140,778113,007
Percentage53.62%43.04%

U.S. Senator before election

Norris Cotton
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

John A. Durkin
Democratic

As a last option to the disputed election above, Durkin petitioned the Senate, which had a 60-vote Democratic majority, to review the case, based on the Constitutional provision that each house of Congress is the final arbiter of elections to that body.

On January 13, 1975, the day before the new Congress convened, the Senate Rules Committee tried unsuccessfully to resolve the matter. Composed of five Democrats and three Republicans, the Rules Committee deadlocked 4–4 on a proposal to seat Wyman pending further review. Democrat James Allen voted with the Republicans on grounds that Wyman had presented proper credentials.

The full Senate took up the case on January 14, with Wyman and Durkin seated at separate tables at the rear of the chamber. Soon, the matter was returned to the Rules Committee, which created a special staff panel to examine 3,500 questionable ballots that had been shipped to Washington. Following this review, the Rules Committee sent a report of 35 disputed points in the election to the full Senate, which spent the next six weeks debating the issue, but resolved only one of the 35 points in dispute. Republicans successfully filibustered the seating of Durkin. [13]

Facing deadlock with the August recess approaching, The Washington Post ran an editorial on July 28 charging that it would be "incredible" if the Senate were to "go on vacation for a month without settling the New Hampshire Senate election case." [14] The Post suggested that Wyman and Durkin themselves should try to reach some agreement to settle the matter. Following up on the suggestion, Louis Wyman wrote to Durkin that day, urging him to support a new, special election. Durkin initially refused, but then on July 29, reversed his earlier position, and announced to a New Hampshire television audience his intention to agree to the new election. [15] The next morning, July 30, he reported this change to the Democratic leadership, thus relieving the Senate from further deliberations on the topic.

Later that same day, the Senate voted 71–21 to declare the seat vacant as of August 8. Governor Thomson this time appointed former Senator Norris Cotton to hold the seat temporarily. New Hampshire then arranged to hold a special election.

The special election was held on September 16, 1975. Widespread attention in the media resulted in a record-breaking turnout, which gave the election to Durkin by a 27,000-vote margin. [13] [16]

United States Senate Special Election in New Hampshire, 1975
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic John A. Durkin 140,77853.62%
Republican Louis Wyman (Disputed incumbent)113,00743.04%
American Independent Carmen C. Chimento8,7873.35%
Majority27,77110.58%
Turnout 262,572
Democratic gain from Republican

New York

North Carolina

North Carolina election
Flag of North Carolina (1885-1991).svg
  1968 November 5, 1974 1980  
  Robert Burren Morgan.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Robert Morgan William Stevens
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote633,647386,720
Percentage61.6%37.6%

U.S. Senator before election

Sam Ervin
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Robert Morgan
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Sam Ervin chose to retire. The general election was fought between the Democratic nominee Robert Morgan and the Republican nominee William Stevens.

Democratic primary [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Robert Morgan 294,98650.40%
Democratic Nick Galifianakis 189,81532.43%
Democratic Henry Wilson 67,24711.49%
Democratic James Johnson 6,1381.05%
Democratic Others27,1404.64%
Turnout 585,326
Republican primary [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican William Stevens 62,41965.12%
Republican Wood Hall Young 26,91828.08%
Republican B. E. Sweatt 6,5206.80%
Turnout 95,857
General election [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Robert Morgan 633,64761.56%+1.00%
Republican William Stevens 386,72037.57%-1.87%
Other8,9740.87%N/A
Turnout 1,029,341

North Dakota

North Dakota election
Flag of North Dakota.svg
  1968
1980  
  Milton Young.jpg William L. Guy North Dakota Governor 1968.jpg
Nominee Milton R. Young William L. Guy
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote114,852114,675
Percentage48.45%48.37%

U.S. Senator before election

Milton R. Young
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Milton R. Young
Republican

Incumbent Republican Milton Young was re-elected to his sixth term, defeating North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate William L. Guy, a former Governor of North Dakota. [11]

Only Young filed as a Republican, and the endorsed Democratic candidate was William L. Guy of Bismarck, North Dakota, who had served as Governor of the state from 1961 to 1973; and had presumably left the office to seek the senate seat. Young and Guy won the primary elections for their respective parties. Guy, who was very popular as governor throughout the state, and Young, who had a high approval rating as senator for the state, created the closest ever election for one of North Dakota's senate seats. Young won the election by only 177 votes, and Guy retired from politics.

Two independent candidates, James R. Jungroth and Kenneth C. Gardner, also filed before the deadline. Jungroth's platform was based on his opposition to strip mining the state's coal reserves. [18] Gardner would later run for the state's other seat in 1988 against then incumbent Quentin Burdick.

1974 United States Senate election, North Dakota
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Republican Milton R. Young 114,852 48.45%
Democratic William L. Guy 114,67548.37%
Independent James R. Jungroth 6,6792.82%
Independent Kenneth C. Gardiner 8530.36%
Majority1770.07%
Turnout 237,059

Ohio

Ohio election
Flag of Ohio.svg
  1968
1980  
  John Glenn 97th Congress 1981.jpg Ralph Perk.jpg
Nominee John Glenn Ralph Perk
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote1,930,670918,133
Percentage64.6%30.7%

U.S. Senator before election

Howard Metzenbaum
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

John Glenn
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Howard Metzenbaum was running for re-election his first full term after he was appointed in 1970 by Ohio governor John J. Gilligan to fill out the Senate term of William B. Saxbe, who had resigned to become United States Attorney General. Metzenbaum lost the primary election to retired astronaut John Glenn, who went on to win the general election and win every county in the state over Republican Ralph Perk, Mayor of Cleveland

OH United States Senate election, 1974 [19]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic John Glenn 1,930,670 64.6%
Republican Ralph Perk918,13330.7%
Independent Kathleen G. Harroff76,8822.6%
Independent Richard B. Kay61,9212.1%
Independent John O'Neill2570.0%
Independent Ronald E. Girkins880.0%

Oklahoma

Oklahoma election
Flag of Oklahoma (1941-1988).svg
  1968
1980  
  BellmonHL.jpg Ed Edmondson.jpg
Nominee Henry Bellmon Ed Edmondson
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote390,997387,162
Percentage49.4%48.9%

U.S. Senator before election

Henry Bellmon
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Henry Bellmon
Republican

Incumbent Republican Henry Bellmon narrowly won re-election to a second term, beating Representative Ed Edmondson by nearly 4,000 votes.

General election results [20]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Republican Henry Bellmon 390,997 49.4%
Democratic Ed Edmondson387,16248.9%
Independent Paul E. Trent13,6501.7%

Oregon

Oregon election
Flag of Oregon.svg
  1968
1980  
  RWPackwood.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Bob Packwood Betty Roberts
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote420,964338,591
Percentage54.9%44.2%

U.S. Senator before election

Bob Packwood
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Bob Packwood
Republican

Incumbent Republican Bob Packwood won re-election to a second term. Betty Roberts was chosen to replace former U.S. Senator Wayne Morse, who won the Democratic primary but died before the general election. [21] [22]

Wayne Morse won the Democratic primary, but died prior to the general election. Wayne Morse.jpg
Wayne Morse won the Democratic primary, but died prior to the general election.

The Democratic primaries were held on May 28, 1974. Incumbent Senator Bob Packwood was running for re-election after his upset victory against popular incumbent Democrat Wayne Morse in 1968 made him the youngest member of the Senate. [23]

In the Democratic primary, former Senator Morse, trying to win back the seat he had for 24 years before losing to Packwood six years earlier, faced Oregon State Senate President Jason Boe and several other candidates for a chance to take back his Senate seat. [24] Boe, who was 45, made Morse's age, 73, an issue in the race while Morse said his experience in the Senate made him a stronger candidate. [25] Boe called for a series of debates around the state, but Morse refused. He went on to defeat Boe 49% to 39%, and planned to use the same strategy in the general election against Packwood, whose narrow victory over Morse 6 years earlier was attributed to Packwood's superior performance at a debate in Portland late in the campaign. [21]

Democratic primary for the United States Senate from Oregon, 1974 [26]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Wayne Morse 155,72948.98%
Democratic Jason Boe 125,05539.33%
Democratic Robert T. Daly21,8816.88%
Democratic Robert E. O'Connor14,9844.71%
Democratic (Scattering)3190.10%
Total votes396,204100.00%

In July, Morse was hospitalized in Portland with what was originally described as a serious urinary tract infection. His condition deteriorated and he died on July 22. [22] The death was originally reported to have been caused by kidney failure, but it was later revealed that Morse died of leukemia; Boe apparently knew of the diagnosis during the campaign but did not make it a campaign issue. [27]

The Oregon Democratic State Central Committee met on August 11, two days after Richard Nixon resigned the Presidency. They chose State Senator Betty Roberts over Boe to replace Morse as the Democratic nominee. [28] Roberts, an Oregon State Senator, had run for the Democratic nomination for Governor that year, but lost in the May primary to eventual general election winner Robert W. Straub. [28]

Outgoing Oregon governor Tom McCall, who had decided not to run in 1968, had pledged to Packwood a year earlier that he would not challenge him in 1974. [29] But as his term as governor ended, McCall began reconsidering his decision, believing he would bring more integrity to the job. In March 1974, at a dinner party held at Packwood's Washington D.C. home in McCall's honor, McCall informed Packwood that he would challenge him. [29] The news of McCall's change of plans soon reached the media. Eventually, McCall decided that he had little chance against Packwood, who had similar positions to his own and had a reputation for ruthless campaigning that McCall did not share. [29] [30] McCall did not run, and Packwood was unopposed in the Republican primary. [24]

Strong Democratic gains were predicted, giving Roberts a good chance at an upset. In addition, the Senate had no female members and Roberts was one of three women (along with Barbara Mikulski in Maryland and Gwenyfred Bush in South Carolina) seeking a Senate seat. [31] But on the issues, Packwood and Roberts shared many positions, such as on abortion, military spending, and the environment. [32] Moreover, Packwood had distanced himself from Watergate, calling for Nixon's impeachment and denouncing Gerald Ford's pardon of Nixon. [32] [33] Roberts was also at a financial disadvantage, having entered the race late and facing debt from her failed gubernatorial run; Packwood was able to use money he had raised for a primary challenge that never materialized, and led in most polls by a double-digit margin. [32]

Roberts lost the election to Packwood 54% to 44%. [34] Packwood was the only Oregon Republican up for re-election to keep his seat: Democrats won every other available seat. In the Governor's race, Bob Straub, who beat Roberts in the Democratic primary, defeated Vic Atiyeh to become the first Democrat elected governor since 1956; in the U. S. House of Representatives races, Les AuCoin won an open seat in the 1st district and in the 4th district, Jim Weaver upset incumbent John Dellenback. [35]

After the election, Roberts, whose criticism of Packwood's ethics was a theme in her campaign, considered filing a lawsuit against Packwood for misrepresenting her positions on gun control, abortion, and Social Security in campaign advertisements, but later dropped the idea. [36]

United States Senate election in Oregon, 1974 [37]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Bob Packwood 420,98454.93%
Democratic Betty Roberts 338,59144.18%
Write-In Jason Boe 5,0720.66%
Write-InMisc.1,7670.23%
Total votes766,414100.00%
Republican hold

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania election
Flag of Pennsylvania.svg
  1968
1980  
  RichardSchweiker.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Richard Schweiker Peter Flaherty
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote1,843,3171,596,121
Percentage53.0%45.9%

Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Results by County, 1974.svg
County results

U.S. Senator before election

Richard Schweiker
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Richard Schweiker
Republican

Incumbent Republican Richard Schweiker won re-election, defeating Democratic nominee Peter F. Flaherty, Mayor of Pittsburgh.

In the general election campaign, Schweiker faced popular Pittsburgh mayor Peter Flaherty. Both candidates, as highlighted by a New York Times article, "[took] firm stands against inflation, recession, big spending by the Federal Government and abortion on demand." [38] Schweiker, who was endorsed by the AFL–CIO, distanced himself from the Richard Nixon administration, specifically the Watergate scandal, by emphasizing his early calls for Nixon's resignation and the fact that he was on Nixon's "enemies list." [38]

In the end, Schweiker won re-election with 53% of the popular vote, with Flaherty winning 45.9%. Schweiker carried 53 of Pennsylvania's counties, a decrease from the 59 counties he carried in the 1968 election. Flaherty had a strong showing in Allegheny County, which contains his home town of Pittsburgh, which Schweiker had won in 1968. The final election results represented a political divide between the eastern and western portions of the state, Schweiker in the east and Flaherty in the west, with the exception of Flaherty's slim 4,491 vote victory in Philadelphia. [38]

Pennsylvania United States Senate Election, 1974 [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Richard Schweiker (Incumbent)1,843,31753.00%
Democratic Peter F. Flaherty 1,596,12145.89%
Constitution George W. Shankey38,0041.09%
N/AOther3700.01%
Majority247,1967.11%
Turnout 3,477,812
Republican hold

South Carolina

South Carolina election
Flag of South Carolina.svg
  1968
1980  
  Ernest Hollings 91st Congress.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Ernest Hollings Gwen Bush
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote355,107146,649
Percentage69.4%28.7%

U.S. Senator before election

Ernest Hollings
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Ernest Hollings
Democratic

The 1974 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 5, 1974 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Fritz Hollings easily defeated Republican challenger Gwen Bush to win his second full term. Both Hollings and Bush faced no opposition in their party's primaries which allowed both candidates to concentrate solely on the general election. The Watergate scandal caused the Republicans to perform poorly nationwide in 1974 and Gwen Bush was little more than a sacrificial lamb. The main focus of the voters in South Carolina was on the competitive gubernatorial contest and Hollings easily cruised to a comfortable re-election.


South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1974
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Fritz Hollings 355,107 69.4% +7.5%
Republican Gwen Bush 146,64928.7%-9.4%
Independent Harold Hough9,6241.9%+1.9%
Majority208,45840.7%+16.9%
Turnout 511,38051.3%-25.2%
Democratic hold

South Dakota

South Dakota Senate election, 1974
Flag of South Dakota.svg
  1968
1980  
  George McGovern bioguide.jpg Unknown-person.gif
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote147,929130,955
Percentage53.04%46.96%

U.S. Senator before election

George McGovern
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

George McGovern
Democratic

Utah

Vermont

Vermont election
Flag of Vermont.svg
  1968
1980  
  Patrick Leahy 1979 congressional photo.jpg Richard W. Mallary.jpg
Nominee Patrick Leahy Richard W. Mallary
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote70,62966,223
Percentage49.5%46.4%

U.S. Senator before election

George Aiken
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Patrick Leahy
Democratic

Incumbent Republican George Aiken did not run for re-election to another term in the United States Senate. Democratic candidate, attorney and prosecutor Patrick Leahy defeated the Republican candidate, congressman Richard W. Mallary to succeed him.

Republican primary results [39]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Republican Richard W. Mallary 27,221 59.1%
Republican Charles R. Ross 16,47935.8%
Republican T. Serse Ambrosini 2,2654.9%
Republican Other610.1%
Total votes46,026100.0%
Democratic primary results [39]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Patrick Leahy 19,801 83.9%
Democratic Nathaniel Frothingham3,70315.7%
Democratic Other970.4%
Total votes23,601100.0%
United States Senate election in Vermont, 1974 [40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Patrick Leahy 70,629 49.47%
Republican Richard W. Mallary 66,22346.38%
Liberty Union Bernie Sanders 5,9014.13%
N/AOther190.0%
Total votes142,772100.0%

Washington

Wisconsin

Wisconsin election
Flag of Wisconsin (1913-1981).svg
  1968
1980  
  GaylordNelson.jpg TomPetri.jpg
Nominee Gaylord Nelson Tom Petri
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote740,700429,327
Percentage61.8%35.8%

U.S. Senator before election

Gaylord Nelson
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Gaylord Nelson
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Gaylord Nelson won re-election to a third term over Tom Petri, State Senator since 1973.

General election results
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Gaylord Nelson 740,700 61.8%
Republican Tom Petri429,32735.8%
AmericanGerald L. McFarren24,0032.0%
Lowering the Property Tax Roman Blenski 5,3960.6%

See also

Notes

  1. Harry F. Byrd Jr. (VA) was an Independent who caucused with the Democrats. In some circles he is called an "Independent Democrat," but his actual registration was listed as "Independent." See, e.g., United States Congress. "Harry Flood Byrd, Jr. (id: B001209)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress .
  2. James M. Naughton (November 6, 1974). "Senate and House Margins Are Substantially Enlarged". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  3. "AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 10, 1974". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  4. "AZ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1974". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  5. 1 2 Barker, Karlyn (November 6, 1974). "Mathias Is Elected To a Second Term". The Washington Post . p. A12.
  6. Watson, Douglas (August 15, 1974). "Mathias Purge Threat Ends: White House Scandals Boost Senator's Re-election Bid". The Washington Post . p. C1.
  7. Barker, Karlyn (September 11, 1974). "Mathias Wins GOP Md. Race". The Washington Post . p. A24.
  8. Richards, Bill (February 3, 1974). "Sen. Mathias Re-Election Drive Opens". The Washington Post . p. B1.
  9. "U.S. Senate Choice in Maryland". The Washington Post . October 22, 1980. p. A22.
  10. "1974 Senatorial General Election Results - Maryland".
  11. 1 2 3 "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1974 [sic]" (PDF). Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
  12. Lydon, Christopher (December 17, 1973). "Republican Strategists See Major 1974 Election Losses for G.O.P.; Most Incredible'". The New York Times.
  13. 1 2 3 "Message from New Hampshire". Time . September 29, 1975.
  14. Glass, Andrew (July 29, 2015). "Closest election in Senate annals prompts 'do-over'". Politico .
  15. Wermiel, Stephen (July 30, 1975). "Durkin reverses, asks new N.H. vote" . The Boston Globe .
  16. "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search" . Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  17. 1 2 3 "North Carolina DataNet #46" (PDF). University of North Carolina. April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  18. Our Campaigns - Candidate - James R. Jungroth
  19. "OH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1974". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  20. "OK US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1974". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  21. 1 2 "No debate". The Register-Guard . April 9, 1974. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  22. 1 2 "Death claims ex-Sen. Wayne Morse". The Bulletin (Bend) . July 22, 1974. Retrieved January 29, 2010.[ dead link ]
  23. "From political obscurity, Packwood defeated veteran". The Bulletin (Bend) . November 12, 1974. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  24. 1 2 "Packwood, unopposed, spent most in Senate primary". The Bulletin (Bend) . June 28, 1974. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  25. Willis, Henny (May 26, 1974). "Four want to battle Packwood". The Register-Guard . Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  26. "Oregon US Senate Democratic Primary Race, May 28, 1974". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  27. "Leukemia claimed Wayne Morse". The Bulletin (Bend) . May 28, 1975. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  28. 1 2 "State Sen. Betty Roberts chosen to oppose Packwood". Tri City Herald . August 12, 1974. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  29. 1 2 3 Walth, Brent (November 24, 1994). "McCall wanted Senate seat, despite pledge to Packwood". The Register-Guard . Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  30. "He won't run for Senate, says McCall". Tri City Herald . March 14, 1974. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  31. "All-male ballots may soon become unusual". The Tuscaloosa News . September 19, 1974. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  32. 1 2 3 Aarons, Leroy F. (October 24, 1974). "Packwood faces strong challenge from a woman". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  33. "Packwood believes many Republicans want Nixon to quit". The Bulletin (Bend) . March 27, 1974. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  34. Robinson, Sue (November 6, 1974). "Packwood survives dark night". The Register-Guard . Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  35. Willis, Henny (November 6, 1974). "Weaver wins stunning upset". The Register-Guard . Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  36. "Election suit idea dropped by Roberts". The Register-Guard . November 16, 1974. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  37. "Oregon US Senate Race, Nov 5, 1974". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  38. 1 2 3 Sundquist, Renée M. Lamis ; with a foreword by James L. (2009). The realignment of Pennsylvania politics since 1960 : two-party competition in a battleground state. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 100–102. ISBN   027103419X.
  39. 1 2 "Primary Election Results" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  40. "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 17, 2015.

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References