United States Senate elections, 1902 and 1903

United States Senate elections, 1902 and 1903
30 of the 90 seats in the U.S. Senate (as well as special elections); 46 seats needed for a majority
Majority Party before election; Republican;	Elected Majority Party; Republican;

Last updated April 01, 2019

The United States Senate elections of 1902 and 1903 were elections which had the Democratic Party gain three seats in the United States Senate, but the Republicans kept their strong majority.

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.

Results summary
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
Result of the general elections
Beginning of the next Congress
Race summaries
Elections during the 57th Congress
Races leading to the 58th Congress
Election during the 58th Congress
Complete list of races
New York
Pennsylvania
See also
Notes
References

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 58th Congress (1903–1905)

Majority Party: Republican (57)
Minority Party: Democratic (33)
Vacant (0)
Total Seats: 90

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the January 29, 1902, special election in New Jersey.

R₅₄ Retired	R₅₅ Retired	SR₁ Ran	SR₂ Ran	P₁ Ran	P₂ Retired	D₂₉ Retired	D₂₈ Retired	D₂₇ Ran	D₂₆ Ran
					D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆
D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈	D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂ Ran	D₂₃ Ran	D₂₄ Ran	D₂₅ Ran
R₅₃ Retired	R₅₂ Retired	R₅₁ Retired	R₅₀ Ran	R₄₉ Ran	R₄₈ Ran	R₄₇ Ran	R₄₆ Ran	R₄₅ Ran	V₁
Majority →								R₄₅ Ran	V₁
R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈ Ran	R₃₉ Ran	R₄₀ Ran	R₄₁ Ran	R₄₂ Ran	R₄₃ Ran	R₄₄ Ran	V₂
R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
					R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅

Result of the general elections

R₅₄ Gain from P	R₅₅ Gain from P	V₁ D Loss	D₃₂ Gain from SR	D₃₁ Gain from R	D₃₀ Gain from R	D₂₉ Gain from R	D₂₈ Gain from R	D₂₇ Hold	D₂₆ Hold
					D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆
D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈	D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂ Re-elected	D₂₃ Re-elected	D₂₄ Re-elected	D₂₅ Hold
R₅₃ Gain from SR	R₅₂ Gain from D	R₅₁ Hold	R₅₀ Hold	R₄₉ Re-elected	R₄₈ Re-elected	R₄₇ Re-elected	R₄₆ Re-elected	R₄₅ Re-elected	V₂
Majority →								R₄₄ Re-elected	V₂
R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈ Re-elected	R₂₉ Re-elected	R₄₀ Re-elected	R₄₁ Re-elected	R₄₂ Re-elected	R₄₃ Re-elected	R₄₄ Re-elected	V₃
R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
					R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅

Beginning of the next Congress

					D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆
D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈	D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅
R₅₆ Gain from V	R₅₇ Gain from V	D₃₃ Gain from V	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉	D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆
R₅₅	R₅₄	R₅₃	R₅₂	R₅₁	R₅₀	R₄₉	R₄₈	R₄₇	R₄₆
Majority →									R₄₆
R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈	R₃₉	R₄₀	R₄₁	R₄₂	R₄₃	R₄₄	R₄₅
R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
					R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅

Key:

D_#	Democratic
P_#	Populist
R_#	Republican
SR_#	Silver Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 57th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1902 or in 1903 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Iowa (Class 2)	Jonathan P. Dolliver	Republican	1900 (Appointed) 1901 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 22, 1902.^[1]	√ Jonathan P. Dolliver (Republican) 119 votes John J. Seerley (Democratic) 20 votes
Michigan (Class 2)	Russell A. Alger	Republican	1902 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 20, 1903.^[2]	√ Russell A. Alger (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
South Dakota (Class 3)	Alfred B. Kittredge	Republican	1901 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 21, 1903.^[3] Winner was also elected to the next term, see below.	√ Alfred B. Kittredge (Republican) 109 votes John A. Bowler ^[4] (Democratic) 13 votes^[3]
New Jersey (Class 2)	William Sewell	Republican	1895 1901	Incumbent died December 27, 1901. New senator elected January 28, 1902.	√ John F. Dryden (Republican) 65 votes Allan McDermott (Democratic) 18 votes^[5]
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected March 2, 1903. Republican gain.	√ L. Heisler Ball (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Delaware (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected March 2, 1903. Republican gain.	√ J. Frank Allee (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Races leading to the 58th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1903; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	Edmund Pettus	Democratic	1897	Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1903.^[6]	√ Edmund Pettus (Democratic) Unopposed
Arkansas	James K. Jones	Democratic	1885 1891 1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator re-elected January 20, 1903.^[2] Democratic hold.	√ James P. Clarke (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
California	George Perkins	Republican	1895 (Special) 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 13, 1903.^[7]	√ George Perkins (Republican) 91 votes Franklin K. Lane (Democratic) 17 votes Eugene E. Schmitz (Union Labor) 7 votes.^[7]
Colorado	Henry M. Teller	Silver Republican	1885 1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1903 as a Democrat.^[8] Democratic gain.	√ Henry M. Teller (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Connecticut	Orville H. Platt	Republican	1879 1885 1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.^[2]	√ Orville H. Platt (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Florida	Stephen R. Mallory II	Democratic	1897	Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Incumbent was later appointed to begin the term. Incumbent was subsequently re-elected, see below.	None.
Georgia	Alexander S. Clay	Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected November 4, 1902.^[9]	√ Alexander S. Clay (Democratic) 171 votes Walter Johnson (Republican) 4 votes^[9]
Idaho	Henry Heitfeld	Populist	1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 13, 1903.^[10] Republican gain.	√ Weldon Heyburn (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Illinois	William E. Mason	Republican	1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 20, 1903.^[2] Republican hold.	√ Albert J. Hopkins (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Indiana	Charles W. Fairbanks	Republican	1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.^[2]	√ Charles W. Fairbanks (Republican) 101 votes Benjamin F. Shively (Democratic) 44 votes^[11]
Iowa	William B. Allison	Republican	1872 1878 1884 1890 1896	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1902.^[1]	√ William B. Allison (Republican) 119 votes E. H. Thayer (Democratic) 20 votes.^[1]
Kansas	William A. Harris	Populist	1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 28, 1903.^[12] Republican gain.	√ Chester I. Long (Republican) 123 Votes William A. Harris (Populist) 35 votes^[12]
Kentucky	William J. Deboe	Republican	1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 15, 1902.^[13] Democratic gain.	√ James B. McCreary (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana	Samuel D. McEnery	Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected early May 22, 1900.^[14]	√ Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Maryland	George L. Wellington	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 15, 1902.^[15] Democratic gain.	√ Arthur Gorman (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Missouri	George G. Vest	Democratic	1879 1885 1891 1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 20, 1903.^[16] Democratic hold.	√ William J. Stone (Democratic) 107 votes Richard C. Kerens (Republican) 66 votes^[16]
Nevada	John P. Jones	Republican	1873 1879 1885 1891 1897	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 27, 1903.^[17] Democratic gain.	√ Francis G. Newlands (Democratic) 43 votes Thomas P. Hawley (Republican) 8 votes^[17]
New Hampshire	Jacob Gallinger	Republican	1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected in 1903.	√ Jacob Gallinger (New Hampshire) Unopposed
New York	Thomas C. Platt	Republican	1881 1881 (Resigned) 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.	√ Thomas C. Platt (Republican) 111 votes John B. Stanchfield (Democratic) 78 votes Elihu Root (Republican) 3 votes
North Carolina	Jeter Pritchard	Republican	1894 (Special) 1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1903. Democratic gain.	√ Lee Overman (Democratic)
North Dakota	Henry C. Hansbrough	Republican	1891 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.^[2]	√ Henry C. Hansbrough (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Ohio	Joseph B. Foraker	Republican	1896	Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1902.^[18]	√ Joseph B. Foraker (Republican) 87 votes Charles W. Baker (Democratic) 53 votes^[18]
Oregon	Joseph Simon	Republican	1898 (Special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 21, 1903.^[19] Republican hold.	√ Charles W. Fulton (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Pennsylvania	Boies Penrose	Republican	1897	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1903.^[2]	√ Boies Penrose (Republican) 194 votes James M. Guffey (Democratic) 52 votes Walter F. Leadom (Republican) 1 vote
South Carolina	John L. McLaurin	Democratic	1897 (Appointed) 1898 (Special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 27, 1903.^[20] Democratic hold.	√ Asbury Latimer (Democratic) Unopposed
South Dakota	Alfred B. Kittredge	Republican	1901 (Appointed) 1903 (Special)	Interim appointee elected January 21, 1903.^[21] New senator was also elected to finish the current term, see above.	√ Alfred B. Kittredge (Republican) 109 votes John A. Bowler ^[4] (Democratic) 13 votes^[21]
Utah	Joseph Rawlins	Democratic	1897	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 20, 1903.^[22] Republican gain.	√ Reed Smoot (Republican) 46 votes Joseph Rawlins (Democratic) 10 votes Heber Wells (Republican) 6 votes^[22]
Vermont	William P. Dillingham	Republican	1900 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected October 14, 1902.^[23]	√ William P. Dillingham (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Washington	George Turner	Silver Republican	1897	Incumbent lost re-election as a Democrat. New senator elected January 29, 1903.^[24] Republican gain.	√ Levi Ankeny (Republican) 99 votes George Turner (Democratic) 23 votes Harold Preston 9 votes John L. Wilson (Republican) 2 votes W. L. Jones (Republican) 1 vote
Wisconsin	John C. Spooner	Republican	1885 1891 (Lost) 1897	Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1903.^[25]	√ John C. Spooner (Republican) Neall Brown (Democratic)

Election during the 58th Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1903 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Florida (Class 3)	Stephen R. Mallory II	Democratic	1897 1903 (Appointed)	Interim appointee re-elected April 22, 1903.	√ Stephen R. Mallory II (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]

Complete list of races

New York

The election in New York was held on January 20, 1903 by the New York State Legislature.

The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together. It says only that "legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly." The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York. The permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany.

Republican Thomas C. Platt had previously been re-elected to this seat in 1897, and his term would expire on March 3, 1903.

Thomas Collier Platt was a two-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1873–1877) and a three-term U.S. Senator from New York in the years 1881 and 1897–1909. He is best known as the "political boss" of the Republican Party in New York State in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Upon his death, the New York Times stated that "no man ever exercised less influence in the Senate or the House of Representatives than he," but "no man ever exercised more power as a political leader." He considered himself the "political godfather" of many Republican governors of the state, including Theodore Roosevelt.

At the State election in November 1902, 28 Republicans and 22 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1903-1904) in the State Senate; and 89 Republicans and 61 Democrats were elected for the session of 1903 to the Assembly. State Senator Patrick F. Trainor who had been re-elected, died on December 25, 1902, and his successor Peter J. Dooling was elected only after the senatorial election, on January 27.^[26] The 126th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 23, 1903, at Albany, New York.

Patrick F. Trainor was an American politician from New York.

Peter Joseph Dooling was a U.S. Representative from New York.

The Republican caucus met on January 19. 25 State senators and 84 assemblymen attended, and State Senator William W. Armstrong presided. The caucus re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Thomas C. Platt almost unanimously. A single vote was cast for U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root by Assemblyman William A. Denison, of Jefferson County. Besides Denison voting against Platt, a small number of anti-Platt men did not attend the caucus. Boss Platt had forced the nomination of Attorney General John C. Davies to the New York Supreme Court in the 5th District, against the local Republican organization's wishes who accused Davies of incompetence. Davies was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Watson M. Rogers although the 5th District was heavily Republican. Thus boss Platt's power began to wane.

William W. Armstrong (politician) American politician

William W. Armstrong was an American lawyer and politician from Rochester, Monroe County, New York. In addition to his long legal career in Rochester, he represented his city in both houses of the state legislature. While a member of the state Senate he led an investigation into life insurance company operations and financing that led to publishing the Armstrong Report in 1906. He described himself once as a minority of a minority, since he was "An Irishman, a protestant, and a Republican."

Elihu Root was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the Secretary of State under President Theodore Roosevelt and as Secretary of War under Roosevelt and President William McKinley. He moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D.C. and private-sector legal practice in New York City. For that reason, he is sometimes considered to be the prototype of the 20th century political "wise man," advising presidents on a range of foreign and domestic issues. He was elected by the state legislature as a U.S. Senator from New York and served one term, 1909–1915. Root was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912.

Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,229. Its county seat is Watertown. The county is named after Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States of America. It is adjacent to Lake Ontario, southeast from the Canada–US border of Ontario.

**1903 Republican caucus for United States Senator result**
Candidate	First ballot
√ Thomas C. Platt	108
Elihu Root	1

The Democratic caucus met also on January 19. All 62 State legislators attended, and Assemblyman Charles W. Hinson, of Erie County, presided. They nominated John B. Stanchfield unanimously. Stanchfield had been Mayor of Elmira, and was defeated when running for Governor of New York in 1900 by Republican Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.

Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected. Three Republican anti-Platt men, State Senators Edgar T. Brackett (28th D.), Elon R. Brown and Nathaniel A. Elsberg (15th D.), voted for Elihu Root.

**1903 United States Senator election result**
House	Republican		Democratic		Republican
State Senate (50 members)	√ Thomas C. Platt	25	John B. Stanchfield	21	Elihu Root	3
State Assembly (150 members)	√ Thomas C. Platt	86	John B. Stanchfield	57

Note: The votes were cast on January 20, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 21 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Pennsylvania

The election in Pennsylvania was held on January 20, 1903. Boies Penrose was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly ^[27]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 20, 1903. Incumbent Republican Boies Penrose, who was elected in 1897, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results^[27]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Boies Penrose (Inc.)	194	76.38
	Democratic	James M. Guffey	52	20.47
	Republican	Walter F. Leadom	1	0.39
	N/A	Not voting	7	2.76
Totals			254	100.00%

Notes

1 2 3 Clark, p. 247.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "United States Senators elected". The New York Times . January 21, 1903. p. 3.
1 2 Journal of the Senate of the South Dakota Legislature Commencing January 6, 1903, Eighth Session. Pierre, South Dakota. 1903. p. 296.
1 2 http://files.usgwarchives.net/sd/minnehaha/history/bailey/bios/bowler.txt
↑ "J.F. DRYDEN ELECTED SENATOR". The New York Times. January 29, 1902. p. 3.
↑ "Senator Pettus Re-elected". The New York Times . January 27, 1903. p. 3.
1 2 "Perkins of California Re-elected". The New York Times . January 14, 1903. p. 12.
↑ "TELLER IS AGAIN ELECTED". The New York Times . January 25, 1903. p. 1.
1 2 "Senator Clay of Georgia Re-elected". The New York Times . November 5, 1902. p. 2.
↑ "Idaho Elects Her Senator". The New York Times . January 14, 1903. p. 3.
↑ Journal of the Indiana State Senate During the Sixty-Third Session of the General Assembly commencing Thursday, January 9, 1903. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1903. p. 198.
1 2 Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the State of Kansas. Thirteenth Biennial Session, Topeka, January 13 to March 13, 1903. Topeka, Kansas. 1903. pp. 303–306.
↑ "MANY VOTES TO ELECT". The New York Times . January 16, 1902. p. 3.
↑ "Louisiana Senators Elected". The New York Times . May 23, 1900. p. 2.
↑ "Ratified Mr. German's Election". The New York Times . January 16, 1902. p. 3.
1 2 "SUCCEEDS SENATOR VEST". The New York Times . January 21, 1903. p. 3.
1 2 "Mr. Newlands Elected in Nevada". The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 2.
1 2 "SENATOR FORAKER CHOSEN". The New York Times . January 15, 1902. p. 3.
↑ "OREGON SENATOR CHOSEN". The New York Times. February 22, 1903. p. 3.
↑ "South Carolina's Choice". The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 8.
1 2 Journal of the Senate of the South Dakota Legislature Commencing January 6, 1903, Eighth Session. Pierre, South Dakota. 1903. pp. 299–300.
1 2 "REED SMOOT SENATOR". The New York Times . January 21, 1903. p. 3.
↑ "Senator Dillingham Re-elected". The New York Times . October 15, 1902. p. 9.
↑ "Ankeny Elected in Washington". The New York Times . January 30, 1903. p. 1.
↑ "Senator Spooner Re-elected". The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 8.
↑ "DOOLING ELECTED SENATOR" (PDF). The New York Times . January 28, 1903.
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1903" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

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The United States Senate elections of 1886 and 1887 were elections that had the Republican Party lose two seats in the United States Senate. At the beginning of the 50th Congress, therefore, Republicans had the slimmest possible majority due to a vacant Democratic seat: 38 out of 75 seats. Once that vacancy was filled, Republicans maintained control as the single Readjuster Senator caucused with them.

The United States Senate elections of 1890 and 1891 were elections in which the Republican Party lost four seats in the United States Senate, though still retaining a slim majority. That majority was increased, however, upon the admission of two more states with Republican senators.

The United States Senate elections of 1862 and 1863 were elections during the American Civil War in which Republicans increased their control of the U.S. Senate. The Republican Party gained three seats, bringing their majority to 66% of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists. As many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, and members left the Senate to join the Confederacy, or were expelled for supporting the rebellion, seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

References

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy, ed. "The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992". United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
"PLATT IS RENOMINATED, ONE VOTE AGAINST HIM; ...Devery Protest Against an Utterance of Mr. Stanchfield in Democratic Caucus" (PDF). The New York Times . January 20, 1903.
"MR. PLATT ELECTED AFTER DENUNCIATION" (PDF). The New York Times . January 21, 1903.

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[FOOTNOTEClark247-1] 1 2 3 Clark, p. 247.

[NYTall-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "United States Senators elected". The New York Times . January 21, 1903. p. 3.

[SDSenateA-3] 1 2 Journal of the Senate of the South Dakota Legislature Commencing January 6, 1903, Eighth Session. Pierre, South Dakota. 1903. p. 296.

[Bowler-4] 1 2 http://files.usgwarchives.net/sd/minnehaha/history/bailey/bios/bowler.txt

[NYTNJ1902-5] "J.F. DRYDEN ELECTED SENATOR". The New York Times. January 29, 1902. p. 3.

[6] "Senator Pettus Re-elected". The New York Times . January 27, 1903. p. 3.

[CA-7] 1 2 "Perkins of California Re-elected". The New York Times . January 14, 1903. p. 12.

[NYTCO-8] "TELLER IS AGAIN ELECTED". The New York Times . January 25, 1903. p. 1.

[NYTGA-9] 1 2 "Senator Clay of Georgia Re-elected". The New York Times . November 5, 1902. p. 2.

[NYTID-10] "Idaho Elects Her Senator". The New York Times . January 14, 1903. p. 3.

[11] Journal of the Indiana State Senate During the Sixty-Third Session of the General Assembly commencing Thursday, January 9, 1903. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1903. p. 198.

[KS1903-12] 1 2 Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the State of Kansas. Thirteenth Biennial Session, Topeka, January 13 to March 13, 1903. Topeka, Kansas. 1903. pp. 303–306.

[NYTKY-13] "MANY VOTES TO ELECT". The New York Times . January 16, 1902. p. 3.

[NYTLA1900-14] "Louisiana Senators Elected". The New York Times . May 23, 1900. p. 2.

[NYTMD-15] "Ratified Mr. German's Election". The New York Times . January 16, 1902. p. 3.

[NYTMO-16] 1 2 "SUCCEEDS SENATOR VEST". The New York Times . January 21, 1903. p. 3.

[NYTNV1903-17] 1 2 "Mr. Newlands Elected in Nevada". The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 2.

[NYTOH1902-18] 1 2 "SENATOR FORAKER CHOSEN". The New York Times . January 15, 1902. p. 3.

[NYTOR1903-19] "OREGON SENATOR CHOSEN". The New York Times. February 22, 1903. p. 3.

[NYTSC-20] "South Carolina's Choice". The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 8.

[SDSenateB-21] 1 2 Journal of the Senate of the South Dakota Legislature Commencing January 6, 1903, Eighth Session. Pierre, South Dakota. 1903. pp. 299–300.

[NYTUT-22] 1 2 "REED SMOOT SENATOR". The New York Times . January 21, 1903. p. 3.

[NYTVT-23] "Senator Dillingham Re-elected". The New York Times . October 15, 1902. p. 9.

[NYTWA-24] "Ankeny Elected in Washington". The New York Times . January 30, 1903. p. 1.

[NYTWI-25] "Senator Spooner Re-elected". The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 8.

[26] "DOOLING ELECTED SENATOR" (PDF). The New York Times . January 28, 1903.

[results-27] 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1903" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

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