United States Senate elections, 1844 and 1845

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United States Senate elections, 1844 and 1845
Flag of the United States (1837-1845).svg
  1842/43 Various dates 1846/47  

18 of the 54 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
28 seats needed for a majority

 Majority partyMinority partyThird party
 
Party Democratic Whig Law and Order
Last election23 seats27 seatsNew party
Seats before23271
Seats won880
Seats after27240
Seat changeIncrease2.svg 3Decrease2.svg 3Decrease2.svg 1
Seats up5111

Majority Party before election

Whig

Elected Majority Party

Democratic

The United States Senate elections of 1844 and 1845 were elections which, coinciding with James K. Polk's election, had the Democratic Party retake control of the United States Senate, gaining a net total of eleven seats from the Whigs.

James K. Polk 11th president of the United States

James Knox Polk was the 11th president of the United States from 1845 to 1849. He previously was speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and governor of Tennessee (1839–1841). A protégé of Andrew Jackson, he was a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate of Jacksonian democracy. Polk is chiefly known for extending the territory of the United States during the Mexican–American War; during his presidency, the United States expanded significantly with the annexation of the Republic of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession following the American victory in the Mexican–American War.

Democratic Party (United States) political party in the United States

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

Contents

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Part of the United States Constitution

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

State legislature (United States) legislature of a U.S. state

A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 29th Congress (1845–1847)

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

D1D2D3D4D5D6
D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9D8D7
D17D18D19D20
Ran
D21
Ran
D22
Ran
D23
Ran
D24
Retired
LO1
Retired
W27
Retired
Majority →
W17
Ran
W18
Ran
W19
Ran
W20
Ran
W21
Unknown
W22
Unknown
W23
Retired
W24
Retired
W25
Retired
W26
Retired
W16W15W14W13W12W11W10W9W8W7
W1W2W3W4W5W6

Result of the elections

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7
D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9D8
D18D19D20
Re-elected
D21
Re-elected
D22
Re-elected
D23
Re-elected
D24
Gain
D25
Gain
D26
Gain
D27
Gain
Majority →
W18
Re-elected
W19
Re-elected
W20
Hold
W21
Hold
W22
Hold
W23
Gain
W24
Gain
V1
W Loss
V2
New seat
V3
New seat
W17
Re-elected
W16W15W14W13W12W11W10W9W8
W1W2W3W4W5W6W7

Beginning of the next Congress

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7
D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9D8
D18D19D20D21D22D23D24D25D26V4
D Loss
Majority ↑
W18W19W20W21W22W23W24V1V2V3
W17W16W15W14W13W12W11W10W9W8
W1W2W3W4W5W6W7

Beginning of the first session of the next Congress (December 1, 1845)

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7
D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9D8
D18D19D20D21D22D23D24
Hold
D25
Hold
D26
Hold
D27
Gain
Majority →D28
Gain
W18W19W20W21W22W23
Hold
W24
Hold
D30
Gain
D29
Gain
W17W16W15W14W13W12W11W10W9W8
W1W2W3W4W5W6W7
Key:
D# Democratic
LO# Law and Order
W# Whig
V#Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 28th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1844 or in 1845 before March 4; ordered by election date.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Rhode Island
(Class 1)
William Sprague Whig 1842 (Special) Incumbent resigned January 17, 1844.
Winner elected January 25, 1844.
Law and Order gain.
John B. Francis (Law and Order)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana
(Class 3)
Alexander Porter Whig 1833 (Special)
1837 (Resigned)
1843
Incumbent died January 13, 1844.
Winner elected February 12, 1844.
Whig hold.
Henry Johnson (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Arkansas
(Class 2)
William S. Fulton Democratic 1836 (Special)
1840
Incumbent died August 15, 1844.
Winner elected November 8, 1844.
Democratic hold.
Chester Ashley (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
New York
(Class 1)
Daniel S. Dickinson Democratic1844 (Appointed)Appointee elected January 18, 1845.
Winner would later be elected to the next term, see below.
Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic) 27
Millard Fillmore (Whig) 3
Jonathan Thompson (American Republican) 1
New York
(Class 3)
Henry A. Foster Democratic1844 (Appointed)Unknown if appointee retired or lost election.
Winner elected January 18, 1845.
Democratic hold.
John Adams Dix (Democratic) 27
Willis Hall (Whig) 3
Harman B. Cropsey (American Republican) 1

Races leading to the 29th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1845; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Connecticut Jabez W. Huntington Whig 1840 (Special) Incumbent re-elected in 1844 or 1845.Jabez W. Huntington (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Delaware Richard H. Bayard Whig 1836 (Special)
1838 or 1839
1839 (Resigned)
1841 (Special)
Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1845.
Whig hold.
John M. Clayton (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Florida New stateFlorida was admitted March 3, 1845, but its first Class 1 Senator was elected late, during the next Congress.
Vacant.
None.
Indiana Albert White Whig 1838 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1844.
Democratic gain.
Jesse D. Bright (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Maine John Fairfield Democratic 1843 (Special) Incumbent re-elected in 1844 or 1845.John Fairfield (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Maryland William Merrick Whig 1838 (Special)
1839
Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1844 or 1845.
Whig hold.
Reverdy Johnson (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Massachusetts Rufus Choate Whig 1841 (Special) Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1845.
Whig hold.
Daniel Webster (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Michigan Augustus S. Porter Whig 1840 (Special) Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1844 or 1845.
Democratic gain.
Lewis Cass (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Mississippi John Henderson Whig 1838 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
Winner elected in 1844.
Democratic gain.
Jesse Speight (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Missouri Thomas H. Benton Democratic 1821
1827
1833
1839
Incumbent re-elected in 1845.Thomas H. Benton (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
New Jersey William L. Dayton Whig1842 (Appointed)
? (Special)
Incumbent re-elected in 1845.William L. Dayton (Whig)
New York Daniel S. Dickinson Democratic1844 (Appointed)
1845 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected February 4, 1845.Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic) 25
John C. Clark (Whig) 4
Ohio Benjamin Tappan Democratic 1838 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected December 5, 1844. [1]
Whig gain.
Thomas Corwin (Whig)
David T. Disney (Democratic) 46 votes
Ebenezer Lane 1 vote. [1]
Pennsylvania Daniel Sturgeon Democratic 1840 Incumbent re-elected January 14, 1845.Daniel Sturgeon (Democratic) 54.14%
James Cooper (Whig) 36.84%
John Ashmead (Know Nothing) 3.76%
E. W. Keyser (Know Nothing) 1.50%
Jacob Broom (Know Nothing) 0.75%
E. C. Reigert (Know Nothing) 0.75%
John Sergeant (Whig) 0.75%
Not voting 1.50%
Rhode Island John B. Francis Law and Order 1844 (Special) Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1844 or 1845.
Whig gain.
Albert C. Greene (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Tennessee Ephraim H. Foster Whig 1838 (Special)
1839 (Re-elected, but resigned)
1843 (Special)
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1844.
Democratic gain.
Hopkins L. Turney (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Vermont Samuel S. Phelps Whig 1839 Incumbent re-elected in 1845.Samuel S. Phelps (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Virginia William C. Rives Whig 1832 (Special)
1834 (Resigned)
1836 (Special)
1839 (Legislature failed to elect)
1841 (Special)
Legislature failed to elect.
Whig loss.
[Data unknown/missing.]

Special elections during the 29th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were elected in 1845 after March 4; ordered by election date.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Pennsylvania
(Class 3)
James Buchanan Democratic 1834 (Special)
1836
1843
Incumbent resigned March 5, 1845 to become U.S. Secretary of State.
Successor elected March 13, 1845.
Democratic hold.
Simon Cameron (Democratic) 50.38%
George W. Woodward (Democratic) 41.35%
J. R. Ingersoll (Whig) 1.50%
John Banks (Whig) 0.75%
Peter A. Brown (Know Nothing) 0.75%
Thomas S. Bell (Unknown) 0.75%
T. D. Cochran (Whig) 0.75%
Not voting 3.76%
Massachusetts
(Class 2)
Isaac C. Bates Whig 1841 (Special)
1841
Incumbent died March 16, 1845.
Successor elected March 24, 1845.
Whig hold.
John Davis (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Florida
(Class 1)
New stateFlorida was admitted March 3, 1845.
Its first Senators were elected July 1, 1845.
Democratic gain.
David Levy Yulee (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Florida
(Class 3)
New stateFlorida was admitted March 3, 1845.
Its first Senators were elected July 1, 1845.
Democratic gain.
James Westcott (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia
(Class 2)
John M. Berrien Whig 1825
1829 (Resigned)
1840
Incumbent resigned in May 1845 to become judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia.
He did not remain on the court, however, and was re-elected November 13, 1845.
Whig hold.
John M. Berrien (Whig)
[Data unknown/missing.]
South Carolina
(Class 2)
VacantIncumbent Democrat Daniel E. Huger had resigned in the previous Congress.
Winner was elected November 26, 1845.
Democratic gain.
John C. Calhoun (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]
Virginia
(Class 1)
VacantLegislature had failed to elect.
Winner elected late December 3, 1845.
Democratic gain.
Isaac S. Pennybacker (Democratic)
[Data unknown/missing.]

Complete list of races

New York

Two special elections were held on January 18, 1845 and one regular election was held on February 4, 1845.

Nathaniel P. Tallmadge had been re-elected in 1840 to the Class 1 seat (term 1839-1845), but resigned on June 17, 1844, to be appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory by President John Tyler. On November 30, Governor William C. Bouck appointed Lieutenant Governor Daniel S. Dickinson to fill the vacancy temporarily, and Dickinson took his seat on December 9, 1844.

Nathaniel P. Tallmadge American politician

Nathaniel P. Tallmadge was an American lawyer and politician. He was a U.S. Senator from New York and Governor of the Wisconsin Territory.

John Tyler 10th president of the United States

John Tyler was the tenth president of the United States from 1841 to 1845 after briefly being the tenth vice president (1841); he was elected to the latter office on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison. Tyler ascended to the presidency after Harrison's death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. He was a stalwart supporter of states' rights, and as president he adopted nationalist policies only when they did not infringe on the powers of the states. His unexpected rise to the presidency, with the resulting threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other politicians, left him estranged from both major political parties.

William C. Bouck American politician

William Christian Bouck was an American politician from New York. He was the 13th Governor of New York from 1843 to 1844.

Silas Wright, Jr. had been re-elected in 1843 to the Class 3 seat (term 1843-1849), but resigned on November 26, 1844, after his election as Governor of New York. On November 30, Governor William C. Bouck appointed State Senator Henry A. Foster to fill the vacancy temporarily, and Foster took his seat on December 9, 1844.

Governor of New York head of state and of government of the U.S. state of New York

The Governor of New York is the chief executive of the U.S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military and naval forces.

Henry A. Foster American judge

Henry Allen Foster was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was a United States Senator from 1844 to 1845.

The 68th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1845, and the majority Democrats were split between two factions: the "Hunkers" and the "Barnburners". At the Democratic caucus for Speaker Hunker Horatio Seymour received 35 votes against 30 for Barnburner William C. Crain. Both of the temporarily appointed U.S. Senators, Dickinson and Foster, were also Hunkers, but the Barnburners claimed one of the seats.

68th New York State Legislature

The 68th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to May 14, 1845, during the first year of Silas Wright's governorship, in Albany.

New York State Democratic Committee

The New York State Democratic Committee is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of New York. Its headquarters are in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and it has an office in Albany.

Horatio Seymour American politician (1810-1886)

Horatio Seymour was an American politician. He served as Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 1868 presidential election.

A Democratic caucus to nominate candidates for the U.S. Senate met in January [2] with 93 state legislators present. To fill the Class 3 vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Wright, Barnburner John Adams Dix was nominated with 51 votes against Hunker Chief Justice Samuel Nelson with 41 votes. To fill the Class 1 vacancy caused by the resignation of Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, for the remainder of the term which would expire on March 3 next, the incumbent Hunker appointee, Daniel S. Dickinson, was re-nominated.

John Adams Dix Union Army General

John Adams Dix was Secretary of the Treasury, Governor of New York and Union major general during the Civil War. He was notable for arresting the pro-Southern Maryland legislature, preventing that divided border state from seceding, and for arranging a system for prisoner exchange via the Dix–Hill Cartel, concluded in partnership with Confederate Major General Daniel Harvey Hill.

Samuel Nelson American judge

Samuel Nelson was an American attorney and appointed as judge of New York State courts. He was appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1872. He concurred on the 1857 Dred Scott decision, although for reasons different than Chief Justice Taney.

After these nominations were made, it was moved to adjourn, and to postpone the nomination of a candidate for the full term beginning on March 4, which was rejected by a vote of 55 to 37. Dickinson was then nominated to succeed himself for a full term (1845-1851). The vote was 54 for Dickinson, 13 votes for the Barnburner ex-Congressman Michael Hoffman, 3 votes for the Barnburner ex-Congressman Freeborn G. Jewett , 1 for Hunker Samuel Nelson, and 4 blanks. Many Barnburners refused to vote on this nomination, and then opposed the motion to make the nomination unanimous.

January 18, 1845 United States Senator special election, Class 3
House Democratic Whig American
Republican
State Senate (32 members)John Adams Dix 27 Willis Hall 3 Harman B. Cropsey 1
State Assembly (128 members)John Adams Dix
January 18, 1845 United States Senator special election, Class 1
House Democratic Whig American
Republican
State Senate (32 members)Daniel S. Dickinson 27 Millard Fillmore 3 Jonathan Thompson 1
State Assembly (128 members)Daniel S. Dickinson
February 4, 1845 United States Senator election, Class 1
House Democratic Whig
State Senate (32 members)Daniel S. Dickinson 25 John C. Clark 4
State Assembly (128 members)Daniel S. Dickinson

Dickinson re-took his seat under the new credentials on January 27, 1845, and re-elected, remained in office until March 3, 1851, when his term expired. Dix took his seat on January 27, 1845, and remained in office until March 3, 1849, when his term expired.

Pennsylvania

The general election was held on January 14, 1845. Incumbent Daniel Sturgeon was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate. [3] The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 14, 1845, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1845. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results [3] [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Daniel Sturgeon (Inc.)7254.14
Whig James Cooper 4936.84
Know Nothing John Ashmead53.76
Know Nothing E. W. Keyser21.50
Know Nothing Jacob Broom 10.75
Know Nothing E. C. Reigert10.75
Whig John Sergeant 10.75
N/ANot voting21.50
Totals133100.00%

A special election was held on March 13, 1845. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate. [5] Democrat and future President of the United States James Buchanan was elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, in an 1834 special election and was re-elected in 1836 and 1843. Sen. Buchanan resigned on March 5, 1845, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State by President James K. Polk. [6] Following the resignation of Sen. Buchanan, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 13, 1845, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy and serve the remainder of the term set to expire on March 4, 1849. Five ballots were recorded. The results of the fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Simon Cameron 6750.38
Democratic George W. Woodward 5541.35
Whig J. R. Ingersoll21.50
Whig John Banks 10.75
Know Nothing Peter A. Brown10.75
UnknownThomas S. Bell10.75
Whig T. D. Cochran10.75
N/ANot voting53.76
Totals133100.00%

See also

Related Research Articles

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The United States Senate elections of 1908 and 1909, some states elected their senators directly even before passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election. The Republicans lost two seats overall.

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The 1849 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 6, 1849, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

The 1851 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 4 and March 18/19, 1851, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

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The United States Senate elections of 1850 and 1851 were elections which had the Democratic Party lose seats, but retain a majority in the United States Senate.

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The United States Senate elections of 1874 and 1875 had the Democratic Party gain nine seats in the United States Senate from the Republican Party. Republicans remained in the majority, however.

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The United States Senate elections of 1886 and 1887 were elections that had the Republican Party lose two seats in the United States Senate. At the beginning of the 50th Congress, therefore, Republicans had the slimmest possible majority due to a vacant Democratic seat: 38 out of 75 seats. Once that vacancy was filled, Republicans maintained control as the single Readjuster Senator caucused with them.

The United States Senate elections of 1842 and 1843 were elections which had the Whigs lose seats but maintain control of the United States Senate. Although they lost three seats in the general elections, they gained two of them back by the start of the first session in special elections.

The United States Senate elections of 1840 and 1841 were elections which, corresponding with their Party's success in the 1840 presidential election, had the Whig Party take control of the United States Senate.

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67th New York State Legislature

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1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania

The 1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on March 13, 1845. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.

References

  1. 1 2 Taylor & Taylor, p. 215, vol I.
  2. The exact date is unclear. Hammond writes on February 24, which is an obvious mistake.[ citation needed ] Hammond also confuses the date of the special election and the regular election. Although the nominations for the special and the regular elections were made at the same caucus, the elections were held on different dates. The special election took place in January, the U.S. Senators were recorded in the congressional journals as taking their seats on January 27. The regular election took place on the regular election day, the first Tuesday in February, together with the election of the other State officers.
  3. 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 14 January 1845" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  4. "PA US Senate". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  5. 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 13 March 1845" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  6. "BUCHANAN, James, (1791 - 1868)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.