United States Senate elections, 1872 and 1873

United States Senate elections, 1872 and 1873
24 of the 74 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections); 38 seats needed for a majority
Majority Party before election; Republican Party;	Elected Majority Party; Republican Party;

Last updated April 01, 2019

The United States Senate elections of 1872 and 1873 were elections which had the Republican Party, while still retaining a commanding majority, lose two seats in the United States Senate. By the beginning of the Congress, however, they'd lost three more: two as defections to the Liberal Republican Party, and one a resignation of Henry Wilson to become U.S. Vice President. These elections also coincided with President Ulysses S. Grant's easy re-election.

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States; the other is its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.

Liberal Republican Party (United States) American political party (1870-1872)

The Liberal Republican Party of the United States was an American political party that was organized in May 1872 to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Republican supporters in the presidential election of 1872. The party emerged in Missouri under the leadership of Senator Carl Schurz and soon attracted other opponents of Grant. The party opposed Grant's Reconstruction policies and sought civil service reform. It lost in a landslide and disappeared after the 1872 election.

Results summary
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
Result of the elections
Beginning of the next Congress
Race summaries
Special elections during the 42nd Congress
Races leading to the 43rd Congress
Elections during the 43rd Congress
Complete list of races
New York
Pennsylvania
See also
References

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 43rd Congress (1873–1875)

Majority Party: Republican (50–51)
Minority Party: Democratic (19–20)
Other Parties: Liberal Republican (3–2)
Vacant: (2–1)
Total Seats: 74

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the January 30, 1872 special election in North Carolina.

R₄₈ Unknown	R₄₉ Unknown	R₅₀ Unknown	R₅₁ Retired	R₅₂ Retired	R₅₃ Retired	R₅₄ Retired	R₅₅ Retired	R₅₆ Resigned	LR₁ Retired
D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅ Ran	D₁₆ Unknown	D₁₇ Unknown
R₄₇ Ran	R₄₆ Ran	R₄₅ Ran	R₄₄ Ran	R₄₃ Ran	R₄₂ Ran	R₄₁ Ran	R₄₀ Ran	R₃₉ Ran	R₃₈ Ran
Majority →									R₃₈ Ran
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇ Ran
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Result of the elections

R₄₈ Hold	R₄₉ Hold	R₅₀ Hold	R₅₁ Hold	R₅₂ Hold	R₅₃ Gain	LR₁ Re-elected, new party	V₁ R Loss	D₁₉ Gain	D₁₈ Gain
D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅ Hold	D₁₆ Hold	D₁₇ Hold
R₄₇ Hold	R₄₆ Hold	R₄₅ Hold	R₄₄ Hold	R₄₃ Re-elected	R₄₂ Re-elected	R₄₁ Re-elected	R₄₀ Re-elected	R₃₉ Re-elected	R₃₈ Re-elected
Majority →									R₃₇ Re-elected
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇ Re-elected
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Beginning of the next Congress

D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇
R₄₈	R₄₉	R₅₀	LR₁	LR₂ Changed	LR₃ Changed	V₁	V₂ Resigned	D₁₉	D₁₈
R₄₇	R₄₆	R₄₅	R₄₄	R₄₃	R₄₂	R₄₁	R₄₀	R₃₉	R₃₈
Majority →									R₃₇
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

D_#	Democratic
LR_#	Liberal Republican
R_#	Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 42nd Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1872 or in 1873 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
North Carolina (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected January 30, 1872. Democratic gain.	√ Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kentucky (Class 3)	Willis B. Machen	Democratic	1872 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 21, 1873 to finish the term.	√ Willis B. Machen (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana	William P. Kellogg	Republican	1868	Incumbent resigned November 1, 1872 to become Governor of Louisiana. The seat remained vacant for the remainder of the term. The seat also remained vacant until January 12, 1876, due to a Senate dispute, see below.^[1] Republican loss.	Pinckney B. S. Pinchback (Republican) William L. McMillen (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Races leading to the 43rd Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1873; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	George E. Spencer	Republican	1868 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	√ George E. Spencer (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Arkansas	Benjamin F. Rice	Republican	1868 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	√ Stephen W. Dorsey (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
California	Cornelius Cole	Republican	1866 or 1867	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	√ Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Connecticut	Orris S. Ferry	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1872 in a new party. Liberal Republican gain.	√ Orris S. Ferry (Liberal Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Florida	Thomas W. Osborn	Republican	1868 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	√ Simon B. Conover (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia	Joshua Hill	Republican	1867 (Won, but not seated) 1871 (Admitted)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1873. Democratic gain.	√ John Brown Gordon (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Illinois	Lyman Trumbull	Liberal Republican	1854 or 1855 1861 1867	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican gain.	√ Richard J. Oglesby (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Iowa	James Harlan	Republican	1855 1857 (Election invalidated) 1857 (Special) 1860 1865 (Resigned) 1866	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected January 17, 1872.^[2] Republican hold.	√ William B. Allison (Republican) Joseph C. Knapp (Democratic)
Indiana	Oliver P. Morton	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected in 1873.	√ Oliver P. Morton (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kansas	Samuel C. Pomeroy	Republican	1861 1867	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1873. Republican hold.	√ John Ingalls (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kentucky	Willis B. Machen	Democratic	1872 (Appointed) 1873 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1872. Democratic hold.	√ Thomas C. McCreery (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana	Vacant			Predecessor had resigned November 1, 1872 to become Governor of Louisiana. The seat remained vacant for the remainder of the term, see above. The seat also remained vacant until January 12, 1876, due to a Senate dispute.^[1]	Pinckney B. S. Pinchback (Republican) William L. McMillen (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Maryland	George Vickers	Democratic	1868 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1872 or in 1873. Democratic hold.	√ George R. Dennis (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Missouri	Francis Blair	Democratic	1871 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1872 or 1873. Democratic hold.	√ Lewis V. Bogy (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Nevada	James W. Nye	Republican	1865 1867	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1873. Republican hold.	√ John P. Jones (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
New Hampshire	James W. Patterson	Republican	1866 or 1867	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected in 1872. Republican hold.	√ Bainbridge Wadleigh (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
New York	Roscoe Conkling	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1873.	√ Roscoe Conkling (Republican) Charles A. Wheaton (Democratic) William M. Evarts (Republican) Henry R. Selden (Liberal Republican)
North Carolina	John Pool	Republican	1868 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1872. Democratic gain.	√ Augustus Merrimon (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Ohio	John Sherman	Republican	1861 (Special) 1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	√ John Sherman (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Oregon	Henry W. Corbett	Republican	1866 or 1867	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1872. Republican hold.	√ John H. Mitchell (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Pennsylvania	Simon Cameron	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1873.	√ Simon Cameron (Republican) 57.14% William A. Wallace (Democratic) 37.59% Thomas Marshall (Liberal Republican) 0.75% Hendrick Wright (Democratic) 0.75%
South Carolina	Frederick A. Sawyer	Republican	1868	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	√ John J. Patterson (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Vermont	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	√ Justin S. Morrill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Wisconsin	Timothy O. Howe	Republican	1861 1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	√ Timothy O. Howe (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Elections during the 43rd Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1873 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts (Class 2)	Henry Wilson	Republican	1855 (Special) 1859 1865 1871	Incumbent resigned. Winner elected March 17, 1873. Republican hold.	√ George S. Boutwell (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
California (Class 1)	Eugene Casserly	Democratic	1868	Incumbent resigned. Winner elected December 23, 1873. Democratic hold.	√ John S. Hager (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]

Complete list of races

New York

The New York election was held January 21, 1873.^[3] Republican Roscoe Conkling had been elected in January 1867 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1873.

Roscoe Conkling was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, the first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms, and the last person to turn down a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed to the post. While in the House, Conkling served as bodyguard for Representative Thaddeus Stevens, a sharp-tongued anti-slavery representative, and fully supported the Republican War effort. Conkling, who was temperate and detested tobacco, was known for his physical condition, maintained through regular exercise and boxing, an unusual devotion for his time. Conkling was elected to the Senate in 1867 as a leading Radical, who supported the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction.

At the State election in November 1871, 21 Republicans and 11 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1872-1873) in the State Senate. In 1872, a faction of the Republican Party opposed the re-election of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Radical Republicans who supported him, and under the name Liberal Republican Party nominated a joint ticket with the Democratic Party. At the State election in November 1872, 91 Republicans, 35 Democrats and 2 Independents were elected for the session of 1873 to the Assembly. The 96th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 30, 1873, at Albany, New York.

Ulysses S. Grant was an American soldier, politician, and international statesman, who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. During the American Civil War Grant led the Union Army as its commanding general to victory over the Confederacy with the supervision of President Abraham Lincoln. During the Reconstruction Era, President Grant led the Republicans in their efforts to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism, racism, and slavery.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 8, State Senator William B. Woodin, of Auburn (25th D.), presided. 18 state senators and 88 assemblymen were present. They re-nominated Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators nominated Ex-First Judge of Dutchess County Charles Wheaton.

William B. Woodin was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States, located at the north end of Owasco Lake, one of the Finger Lakes, in Central New York. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,687. It is the county seat of Cayuga County, and the site of the maximum-security Auburn Correctional Facility, as well as the William H. Seward House Museum and the house of abolitionist Harriet Tubman.

Dutchess County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 297,488. The county seat is the city of Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683, one of New York's first twelve counties, and later organized in 1713. It is located in the Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley, north of New York City.

Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

House	Republican		Democratic		Republican		Liberal Republican
State Senate (32 members)	Roscoe Conkling	20	Charles A. Wheaton ^[4]	5	William M. Evarts	1	Henry R. Selden	1
State Assembly (128 members)	Roscoe Conkling	92	Charles A. Wheaton	26

Note: The vote for Ex-U.S. Attorney General William M. Evarts was cast by Norman M. Allen (32nd D.), the vote for Ex-Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Henry R. Selden by Gabriel T. Harrower (27th D.). Allen, Harrower and Abiah W. Palmer (11th D.) were the three Liberal Republicans in the State Senate.

William Maxwell Evarts was an American lawyer and statesman from New York who served as U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator from New York. He was renowned for his skills as a litigator and was involved in three of the most important causes of American political jurisprudence in his day: the impeachment of a president, the Geneva arbitration and the contests before the electoral commission to settle the presidential election of 1876.

Norman Milton Allen was an American politician from New York.

The New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the U.S. state of New York. The Court of Appeals consists of seven judges: the Chief Judge and six Associate Judges who are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the State Senate to 14-year terms. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals also heads administration of the state's court system, and thus is also known as the Chief Judge of the State of New York.

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and the Pennsylvania State Senate, voted on January 21, 1873. Incumbent Republican Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1867, won re-election.^[5]

State Legislature Results^[5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Simon Cameron (Inc.)	76	57.14
	Democratic	William A. Wallace	50	37.59
	Liberal Republican	Thomas Marshall	1	0.75
	Democratic	Hendrick Wright	1	0.75
	N/A	Not voting	5	3.76
Totals			133	100.00%

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References

1 2 Taft, et al., pages 483–512
↑ Clark, page 167
↑ Although the votes were cast on January 21, both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.
↑ Charles A. Wheaton (1834-1886), lawyer, of Poughkeepsie, First Judge of the Dutchess County Court 1863-67
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy, ed. "The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992". United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Taft, George S.; Furber, George P.; Buck, George M.; Webb, Charles A.; Pierce, Herbert R. (1913). "Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913". U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Members of the 43rd United States Congress
ALBANY.; Unanimous Nomination of Roscoe Conkling for U.S. Senator in NYT on January 9, 1873
ALBANY.; Nomination of Roscoe Conkling as United States Senator in NYT on January 22, 1873
The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling: Orator, Statesman and Advocate by Alfred R. Conkling (page 449) [gives wrong date for governor's inauguration "January 6", the inauguration happens invariably on January 1; and adds non-existent middle initial "G."]
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project

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[Louisiana-1] 1 2 Taft, et al., pages 483–512

[2] Clark, page 167

[3] Although the votes were cast on January 21, both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

[4] Charles A. Wheaton (1834-1886), lawyer, of Poughkeepsie, First Judge of the Dutchess County Court 1863-67

[results-5] 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

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